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Democratic conditionality has been one of the main drivers of accession Europeanisation and a foreign policy instrument of the European Union’s democracy promotion in third countries through its enlargement policy. In an era of rising autocratisation, however, the normative influence of the EU is increasingly questioned as to whether it continues to be a driver of democratisation. Focusing on one of Turkey’s Christian communities, Armenians, this paper aims at analysing the impact of EU candidacy period between 1999-2022 on the minority policies of Turkey. It employs the concepts of counter-conduct and governmentality to analyse the dynamics through which the Turkish government seeks to uproot and reverse the Europeanisation in minority rights, and how this counter-conduct works in the case of Armenian community.

In this study, the effects of the various types of PEDOT:PSS with different conductivities on the photovoltaic parameters of organic solar cells were investigated. The performances of five various commercially available PEDOT:PSS with formulations such as FET, PT2, PH1000, PH500 and PH were compared. It was observed that the device employing PH1000 as an interlayer between ITO and the active layer exhibited the highest photovoltaic performance as compared to other devices with FET, PT2, PH500 and PH.

In this study, we fabricate a metal- and vacuum-free electrode composed of aligned multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as top electrode in inverted type polymer solar cells. Simply drawn MWCNT sheets from vertically grown arrays were directly transferred over the top layer (PEDOT:PSS) of the device as an anode material. Without any post treatment, devices exhibited a short-circuit current density (J(sc)) of 7.53 mA cm(-2), which is 78% of that of devices employing a thermally deposited silver-based anode (J(sc) = 9.69 mA cm(-2)). Scanning electron microscopy images of the device (top and cross-sectional views) show the successful incorporation of MWCNT sheets over the surface of the device without any damage. The thickness of the MWCNT sheets as top electrode is also investigated, and it has been demonstrated that when the sheets' thickness increased, the conductance of the electrode increased, which showed improvement for the device performance. The attributes of being flexible, vacuum-free, and stable with regard to environmental factors may lead this idea to become a versatile approach toward cost-effective roll-to-roll production of environmentally friendly polymer solar cells.

Highly aligned multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) as fiber were modified with a conducting polymer via a simple dip coating method. Modified MWCNT exhibited admirable improvement in electrocatalytic activity for the reduction of tri-iodide in dye sensitized solar cells. Scanning electron microscopy images confirm the successful deposition of polymer on MWCNT. Cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies were carried out to investigate the inner mechanism for the charge transfer behaviour. Results from bare and modified electrodes revealed that the MWCNT/(poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) composite electrode is much better at catalysing the I-3(-)/I- redox couple compared to the pristine fiber electrode. The photoelectric conversion efficiency of 5.03% for the modified MWCNT electrodes was comparable with that of the conventional Pt-based electrode. The scientific results of this study reveal that MWCNT/PEDOT: PSS may be a better choice for the replacement of cost intensive electrode materials such as platinum. Good performance even after bending up to 90 degrees and in-series connection to enhance the output voltage were also successfully achieved, highlighting the practical application of this novel device.

In this study, we investigated the effect of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in the active layer of anthracene-containing poly(p-phenylene-ethynylene)-alt-poly(p-phenylene-vinylene):phenyl-C-61-butyric acid methyl ester (AnE-PVstat:PCBM)-based bulk heterojunction solar cells. By incorporating Ag NPs of 6 nm in diameter, the power conversion efficiency of AnE-PVstat:PCBM solar cells was improved to 3.10 % from a value of 2.46 % for the solar cells fabricated without nanoparticles. Moreover, ISOS-L-1 stability test showed that the lifetime of the cells was also significantly improved by doping Ag NPs into the active layer.

We have investigated the charge carrier mobility and photovoltaic response of two thiophene-[P1 (MEH-PPE1-PThV2) and P2 (MEH-PThE1-PPV2)] as well as two anthracene-containing poly (phenylene-ethynylene) family of polymers [P3 (MEH-PPE1-PAnV(2)) and P4 (MEH-PAnE(1)-PPV2)], whereby the position of thiophene or anthracene has been shifted from between two double bonds (PI and P3) to the bridge between triple bond and double bond (P2 and 114). P2 shows better photovoltaic performance than PI, whereas similar photovoltaic characteristics were found for P3 and P4. The devices using the blends of P2 as donor and PCBM as acceptor (1:3 weight ratio) exhibited a short-circuit current density of J(SC)=5.2 mA/cm(2), an open-circuit voltage of V-OC=800 mV, fill factor FF=0.44 and resulting power conversion efficiency eta(AM) (1.5)=1.8%. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.