22 results on '"Gunby, Rh"'
Search Results
2. Characterization of some molecular mechanisms governing autoactivation of the catalytic domain of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase
- Author
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Tartari, C, Gunby, R, Coluccia, A, Sottocornola, R, Cimbro, B, Scapozza, L, Donella Deana, A, Pinna, L, GAMBACORTI PASSERINI, C, Tartari, CJ, Gunby, RH, Coluccia, AML, Pinna, LA, GAMBACORTI PASSERINI, CARLO, Tartari, C, Gunby, R, Coluccia, A, Sottocornola, R, Cimbro, B, Scapozza, L, Donella Deana, A, Pinna, L, GAMBACORTI PASSERINI, C, Tartari, CJ, Gunby, RH, Coluccia, AML, Pinna, LA, and GAMBACORTI PASSERINI, CARLO
- Abstract
NPM/ALK is an oncogenic fusion protein expressed in similar to 50% of anaplastic large cell lymphoma cases. It derives from the t(2; 5)(p23; q35) chromosomal translocation that fuses the catalytic domain of the tyrosine kinase, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), with the dimerization domain of the ubiquitously expressed nucleophosmin (NPM) protein. Dimerization of the ALK kinase domain leads to its autophosphorylation and constitutive activation. Activated NPM/ALK stimulates downstream survival and proliferation signaling pathways leading to malignant transformation. Herein, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of autoactivation of the catalytic domain of ALK. Because kinases are typically regulated by autophosphorylation of their activation loops, we systematically mutated (Tyr --> Phe) three potential autophosphorylation sites contained in the "YXXXYY" motif of the ALK activation loop, and determined the effect of these mutations on the catalytic activity and biological function of NPM/ALK. We observed that mutation of both the second and third tyrosine residues (YFF mutant) did not affect the kinase activity or transforming ability of NPM/ALK. In contrast, mutation of the first and second (FFY), first and third (FYF), or all three (FFF) tyrosine residues impaired both kinase activity and transforming ability of NPM/ALK. Furthermore, a DFF mutant, in which the aspartic residue introduces a negative charge similar to a phosphorylated tyrosine, possessed catalytic activity similar to the YFF mutant. Together, our findings indicate that phosphorylation of the first tyrosine of the YXXXYY motif is necessary for the autoactivation of the ALK kinase domain and the transforming activity of NPM/ALK.
- Published
- 2008
3. Oncogenic fusion tyrosine kinases as molecular targets for anti-cancer therapy
- Author
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Gunby, R, Sala, E, Tartari, C, Puttini, M, GAMBACORTI PASSERINI, C, Mologni, L, Gunby, RH, TARTARI, CARMEN GIULIA, PUTTINI, MIRIAM, GAMBACORTI PASSERINI, CARLO, MOLOGNI, LUCA, Gunby, R, Sala, E, Tartari, C, Puttini, M, GAMBACORTI PASSERINI, C, Mologni, L, Gunby, RH, TARTARI, CARMEN GIULIA, PUTTINI, MIRIAM, GAMBACORTI PASSERINI, CARLO, and MOLOGNI, LUCA
- Abstract
Deregulated activation of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) is a frequent event underlying malignant transformation in many types of cancer. The formation of oncogenic fusion tyrosine kinases (FTKs) resulting from genomic rearrangements, represents a common mechanism by which kinases escape the strict controls that normally regulate their expression and activation. FTKs are typically composed of an N-terminal dimerisation domain, provided by the fusion partner protein, fused to the kinase domain of receptor or non-receptor tyrosine kinases (non-RTKs). Since FTKs do not contain extracellular domains, they share many characteristics with non-RTKs in terms of their properties and approaches for therapeutic targeting. FTKs are cytoplasmic or sometimes nuclear proteins, depending on the normal distribution of their fusion partner. FTKs no longer respond to ligand and are instead constitutively activated by dimerisation induced by the fusion partner. Unlike RTKs, FTKs cannot be targeted by therapeutic antibodies, instead they require agents that can cross the cell membrane as with non-RTKs. Here we review the PTKs known to be expressed as FTKs in cancer and the strategies for molecularly targeting these FTKs in anti-cancer therapy
- Published
- 2007
4. Structural insights into the ATP binding pocket of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase by site-directed mutagenesis, inhibitor binding analysis, and homology modeling
- Author
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Gunby, R, Ahmed, S, Sottocornola, R, Gasser, M, Redaelli, S, Mologni, L, Tartari, C, Belloni, V, GAMBACORTI PASSERINI, C, Scapozza, L, Gunby, RH, MOLOGNI, LUCA, Tartari, CJ, Scapozza, L., REDAELLI, SARA, GAMBACORTI PASSERINI, CARLO, Gunby, R, Ahmed, S, Sottocornola, R, Gasser, M, Redaelli, S, Mologni, L, Tartari, C, Belloni, V, GAMBACORTI PASSERINI, C, Scapozza, L, Gunby, RH, MOLOGNI, LUCA, Tartari, CJ, Scapozza, L., REDAELLI, SARA, and GAMBACORTI PASSERINI, CARLO
- Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a valid target for anticancer therapy; however, potent ALK inhibitors suitable for clinical use are lacking. Because the majority of described kinase inhibitors bind in the ATP pocket of the kinase domain, we have characterized this pocket in ALK using site-directed mutagenesis, inhibition studies, and molecular modeling. Mutation of the gatekeeper residue, a key structural determinant influencing inhibitor binding, rendered the fusion protein, NPM/ALK, sensitive to inhibition by SKI-606 in the nanomolar range, while PD173955 inhibited the NPM/ALK mutant at micromolar concentrations. In contrast, both wild type and mutant NPM/ALK were insensitive to imatinib. Computer modeling indicated that docking solutions obtained with a homology model representing the intermediate conformation of the ALK kinase domain reflected closely experimental data. The good agreement between experimental and virtual results indicate that the ALK molecular models described here are useful tools for the rational design of ALK selective inhibitors. In addition, 4-phenylamino-quinoline compounds may have potential as templates for ALK inhibitors.
- Published
- 2006
5. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase and its signalling molecules as novel targets in lymphoma therapy
- Author
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Coluccia, A, Gunby, R, Tartari, C, Scapozza, L, GAMBACORTI PASSERINI, C, Passoni, L, Coluccia, AML, Gunby, RH, Tartari, CJ, Passoni, L., GAMBACORTI PASSERINI, CARLO, Coluccia, A, Gunby, R, Tartari, C, Scapozza, L, GAMBACORTI PASSERINI, C, Passoni, L, Coluccia, AML, Gunby, RH, Tartari, CJ, Passoni, L., and GAMBACORTI PASSERINI, CARLO
- Abstract
A crucial issue in the development of molecularly-targeted anticancer therapies is the identification of appropriate molecules whose targeting would result in tumour regression with a minimal level of systemic toxicity. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase, normally expressed at low levels in the nervous system. As a consequence of chromosomal translocations involving the alk gene (2p23), ALK is also aberrantly expressed and constitutively activated in similar to 60% of CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs). Due to the selective overexpression of ALK in tumour cells, its direct involvement in the process of malignant transformation and its frequent expression in ALCL patients, the authors recognise ALK as a suitable candidate for the development of molecularly targeted strategies for the therapeutic treatment of ALK-positive lymphomas. Strategies targeting ALK directly or indirectly via the inhibition of the protein networks responsible for ALK oncogenic signalling are discussed.
- Published
- 2005
6. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to screen for inhibitors of the oncogenic anaplastic lymphoma kinase
- Author
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Gunby, R, Tartari, C, Porchia, F, Donella Deana, A, Scapozza, L, GAMBACORTI PASSERINI, C, Gunby, RH, GAMBACORTI PASSERINI, CARLO, Gunby, R, Tartari, C, Porchia, F, Donella Deana, A, Scapozza, L, GAMBACORTI PASSERINI, C, Gunby, RH, and GAMBACORTI PASSERINI, CARLO
- Abstract
The discovery of novel anti-cancer drugs targeting anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), an oncogenic tyrosine kinase, raises the need for in vitro assays suitable for screening compounds for ALK inhibition. To this aim we have developed and optimized an ALK-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that employs a novel ALK peptide substrate and purified ALK kinase domain.
- Published
- 2005
7. Molecular mechanisms of resistance to imatinib in Philadelphia-chromosome-positive leukaemias.
- Author
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Gambacorti-Passerini CB, Gunby RH, Piazza R, Galietta A, Rostagno R, Scapozza L, Gambacorti-Passerini, Carlo B, Gunby, Rosalind H, Piazza, Rocco, Galietta, Annamaria, Rostagno, Roberta, and Scapozza, Leonardo
- Abstract
Imatinib (STI571 or CGP57148B) is an innovative treatment for tumours with a constitutively activated form of c-ABL, c-KIT, or PDGFR. Such tumours include Philadelphia-chromosome-positive (Ph-positive) leukaemias, gastrointestinal stromal tumours, and PDGFR-positive leukaemias. Diseases such as primary hypereosinophilia and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans also seem to respond to imatinib. Clinical trials assessing the therapeutic effects of imatinib have shown that the drug is highly effective with few associated side-effects, achieving durable cytogenetic responses in many patients with chronic-phase BCR-ABL-positive leukaemias. However, the emergence of resistance, particularly in patients with acute leukaemias, has prompted intense research, and many are concerned about the future prospects for imatinib. The resistance has been found in patients with acute-phase disease, but may also occur in patients with chronic-phase disease. Two cellular mechanisms for resistance to imatinib have been identified: amplification of BCR-ABL gene and mutations in the catalytic domain of the protein. In addition, suboptimum inhibition of BCR-ABL in vivo could contribute to the selection of resistant cells. We have summarised all currently available data on resistance to imatinib, both published and unpublished, including the mechanisms of resistance identified so far, and their clinical relevance to the different forms of Ph-positive leukaemias is discussed. Furthermore, we discuss strategies to overcome or prevent the development of resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. PillarX: A Microfluidic Device to Profile Circulating Tumor Cell Clusters Based on Geometry, Deformability, and Epithelial State
- Author
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Brenda J. Green, Margherita Marazzini, Ben Hershey, Amir Fardin, Qingsen Li, Zongjie Wang, Giovanni Giangreco, Federica Pisati, Stefano Marchesi, Andrea Disanza, Emanuela Frittoli, Emanuele Martini, Serena Magni, Galina V. Beznoussenko, Claudio Vernieri, Riccardo Lobefaro, Dario Parazzoli, Paolo Maiuri, Kristina Havas, Mahmoud Labib, Sara Sigismund, Pier Paolo Di Fiore, Rosalind H. Gunby, Shana O. Kelley, Giorgio Scita, Green, Bj, Marazzini, M, Hershey, B, Fardin, A, Li, Q, Wang, Z, Giangreco, G, Pisati, F, Marchesi, S, Disanza, A, Frittoli, E, Martini, E, Magni, S, Beznoussenko, Gv, Vernieri, C, Lobefaro, R, Parazzoli, D, Maiuri, P, Havas, K, Labib, M, Sigismund, S, Fiore, Ppd, Gunby, Rh, Kelley, So, and Scita, G.
- Subjects
Breast Neoplasms ,Cell Separation ,General Chemistry ,Neoplastic Cells, Circulating ,Prognosis ,Biomaterials ,Mice ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Lab-On-A-Chip Devices ,Animals ,Humans ,Female ,General Materials Science ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Circulating tumor cell (CTC) clusters are associated with increased metastatic potential and worse patient prognosis, but are rare, difficult to count, and poorly characterized biophysically. The PillarX device described here is a bimodular microfluidic device (Pillar-device and an X-magnetic device) to profile single CTCs and clusters from whole blood based on their size, deformability, and epithelial marker expression. Larger, less deformable clusters and large single cells are captured in the Pillar-device and sorted according to pillar gap sizes. Smaller, deformable clusters and single cells are subsequently captured in the X-device and separated based on epithelial marker expression using functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. Clusters of established and primary breast cancer cells with variable degrees of cohesion driven by different cell-cell adhesion protein expression are profiled in the device. Cohesive clusters exhibit a lower deformability as they travel through the pillar array, relative to less cohesive clusters, and have greater collective invasive behavior. The ability of the PillarX device to capture clusters is validated in mouse models and patients of metastatic breast cancer. Thus, this device effectively enumerates and profiles CTC clusters based on their unique geometrical, physical, and biochemical properties, and could form the basis of a novel prognostic clinical tool.
- Published
- 2022
9. PillarX: A Microfluidic Device to Profile Circulating Tumor Cell Clusters Based on Geometry, Deformability, and Epithelial State.
- Author
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Green BJ, Marazzini M, Hershey B, Fardin A, Li Q, Wang Z, Giangreco G, Pisati F, Marchesi S, Disanza A, Frittoli E, Martini E, Magni S, Beznoussenko GV, Vernieri C, Lobefaro R, Parazzoli D, Maiuri P, Havas K, Labib M, Sigismund S, Di Fiore PP, Gunby RH, Kelley SO, and Scita G
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Characterization of compound 584, an Abl kinase inhibitor with lasting effects.
- Author
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Puttini M, Redaelli S, Moretti L, Brussolo S, Gunby RH, Mologni L, Marchesi E, Cleris L, Donella-Deana A, Drueckes P, Sala E, Lucchini V, Kubbutat M, Formelli F, Zambon A, Scapozza L, and Gambacorti-Passerini C
- Subjects
- Anilides chemistry, Animals, Antineoplastic Agents chemistry, Benzamides chemistry, Cell Line, Tumor, Chemistry, Pharmaceutical methods, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm, Humans, Imatinib Mesylate, Mice, Neoplasm Transplantation, Piperazines pharmacology, Protein Kinase Inhibitors chemistry, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Pyrimidines chemistry, Anilides pharmacology, Antineoplastic Agents pharmacology, Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor, Leukemia drug therapy, Protein Kinase Inhibitors pharmacology, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl antagonists & inhibitors, Pyrimidines pharmacology
- Abstract
Background: Resistance to imatinib is an important clinical issue in the treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias which is being tackled by the development of new, more potent drugs, such as the dual Src/Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitors dasatinib and bosutinib and the imatinib analog nilotinib. In the current study we describe the design, synthesis and biological properties of an imatinib analog with a chlorine-substituted benzamide, namely compound 584 (cmp-584)., Design and Methods: To increase the potency, we rationally designed cmp-584, a compound with enhanced shape complementarity with the kinase domain of Abl. cmp-584 was synthesized and characterized in vitro against a panel of 67 serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases using radioactive and enzyme-linked immunosorbent kinase assays. We studied inhibitory cellular activity using Bcr/Abl-positive human cell lines, murine transfectants in proliferation experiments, and a murine xenotrans-planted model. Kinase assays on isolated Bcr/Abl protein were also performed. Finally, we used a wash-out approach on whole cells to study the binding kinetics of the inhibitor., Results: cmp-584 showed potent anti-Abl activity both on recombinant protein (IC(50): 8 nM) and in cell-based assays (IC(50): 0.1-10 nM). The drug maintained inhibitory activity against platelet-derived growth factor receptors and c-KIT and was also active against Lyn (IC(50): 301 nM). No other kinase of the panel was inhibited at nanomolar doses. cmp-584 was 20- to 300-fold more active than imatinib in cells. This superior activity was evident in intact cells, in which full-length Bcr-Abl is present. In vivo experiments confirmed the activity of cmp-584. Wash-out experiments showed that short exposure to the drug impaired cell proliferation and Bcr-Abl phosphorylation for a substantially longer period of time than imatinib., Conclusions: The present results suggest a slower off-rate (dissociation rate) of cmp-584 compared to imatinib as an explanation for the increased cellular activity of the former.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Characterization of some molecular mechanisms governing autoactivation of the catalytic domain of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase.
- Author
-
Tartari CJ, Gunby RH, Coluccia AM, Sottocornola R, Cimbro B, Scapozza L, Donella-Deana A, Pinna LA, and Gambacorti-Passerini C
- Subjects
- Amino Acid Sequence, Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase, Blotting, Western, Catalytic Domain, Enzyme Activation, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Phosphorylation, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases chemistry, Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Signal Transduction, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases metabolism
- Abstract
NPM/ALK is an oncogenic fusion protein expressed in approximately 50% of anaplastic large cell lymphoma cases. It derives from the t(2;5)(p23;q35) chromosomal translocation that fuses the catalytic domain of the tyrosine kinase, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), with the dimerization domain of the ubiquitously expressed nucleophosmin (NPM) protein. Dimerization of the ALK kinase domain leads to its autophosphorylation and constitutive activation. Activated NPM/ALK stimulates downstream survival and proliferation signaling pathways leading to malignant transformation. Herein, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of autoactivation of the catalytic domain of ALK. Because kinases are typically regulated by autophosphorylation of their activation loops, we systematically mutated (Tyr --> Phe) three potential autophosphorylation sites contained in the "YXXXYY" motif of the ALK activation loop, and determined the effect of these mutations on the catalytic activity and biological function of NPM/ALK. We observed that mutation of both the second and third tyrosine residues (YFF mutant) did not affect the kinase activity or transforming ability of NPM/ALK. In contrast, mutation of the first and second (FFY), first and third (FYF), or all three (FFF) tyrosine residues impaired both kinase activity and transforming ability of NPM/ALK. Furthermore, a DFF mutant, in which the aspartic residue introduces a negative charge similar to a phosphorylated tyrosine, possessed catalytic activity similar to the YFF mutant. Together, our findings indicate that phosphorylation of the first tyrosine of the YXXXYY motif is necessary for the autoactivation of the ALK kinase domain and the transforming activity of NPM/ALK.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. A mechanistic design principle for protein tyrosine kinase sensors: application to a validated cancer target.
- Author
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Wakata A, Cahill SM, Blumenstein M, Gunby RH, Jockusch S, Marti AA, Cimbro B, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Donella-Deana A, Pinna LA, Turro NJ, and Lawrence DS
- Subjects
- Amino Acid Sequence, Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase, Antineoplastic Agents chemistry, Fluorescent Dyes, Molecular Structure, Phosphorylation, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases analysis, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases chemistry, Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases metabolism, Tyrosine metabolism
- Abstract
A new mechanistic principle for reporting the phosphorylation of tyrosine is described, which should prove applicable to even the most fastidious of protein tyrosine kinases, as demonstrated by the acquisition of a fluorescent sensor for the extraordinarily demanding anaplastic lymphoma kinase.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Oncogenic fusion tyrosine kinases as molecular targets for anti-cancer therapy.
- Author
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Gunby RH, Sala E, Tartari CJ, Puttini M, Gambacorti-Passerini C, and Mologni L
- Subjects
- Antineoplastic Agents therapeutic use, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic drug effects, Clinical Trials as Topic, Enzyme Inhibitors chemistry, Enzyme Inhibitors therapeutic use, Humans, Immunologic Factors therapeutic use, Oncogene Proteins, Fusion antagonists & inhibitors, Oncogene Proteins, Fusion drug effects, Oncogene Proteins, Fusion physiology, Signal Transduction drug effects, Antineoplastic Agents chemistry, Immunologic Factors chemistry, Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases antagonists & inhibitors, Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases drug effects, Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases physiology
- Abstract
Deregulated activation of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) is a frequent event underlying malignant transformation in many types of cancer. The formation of oncogenic fusion tyrosine kinases (FTKs) resulting from genomic rearrangements, represents a common mechanism by which kinases escape the strict controls that normally regulate their expression and activation. FTKs are typically composed of an N-terminal dimerisation domain, provided by the fusion partner protein, fused to the kinase domain of receptor or non-receptor tyrosine kinases (non-RTKs). Since FTKs do not contain extracellular domains, they share many characteristics with non-RTKs in terms of their properties and approaches for therapeutic targeting. FTKs are cytoplasmic or sometimes nuclear proteins, depending on the normal distribution of their fusion partner. FTKs no longer respond to ligand and are instead constitutively activated by dimerisation induced by the fusion partner. Unlike RTKs, FTKs cannot be targeted by therapeutic antibodies, instead they require agents that can cross the cell membrane as with non-RTKs. Here we review the PTKs known to be expressed as FTKs in cancer and the strategies for molecularly targeting these FTKs in anti-cancer therapy.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. NPM/ALK binds and phosphorylates the RNA/DNA-binding protein PSF in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma.
- Author
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Galietta A, Gunby RH, Redaelli S, Stano P, Carniti C, Bachi A, Tucker PW, Tartari CJ, Huang CJ, Colombo E, Pulford K, Puttini M, Piazza RG, Ruchatz H, Villa A, Donella-Deana A, Marin O, Perrotti D, and Gambacorti-Passerini C
- Subjects
- Animals, Apoptosis, Cell Line, Humans, Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse genetics, Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse pathology, Mice, PTB-Associated Splicing Factor, Phosphorylation, Phosphotyrosine metabolism, Protein Binding, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases chemistry, Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization, Transcription, Genetic genetics, DNA-Binding Proteins metabolism, Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse metabolism, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases metabolism, RNA metabolism, RNA-Binding Proteins metabolism
- Abstract
The oncogenic fusion tyrosine kinase nucleophosmin/anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM/ALK) induces cellular transformation in anaplastic large-cell lymphomas (ALCLs) carrying the t(2;5) chromosomal translocation. Protein-protein interactions involving NPM/ALK are important for the activation of downstream signaling pathways. This study was aimed at identifying novel NPM/ALK-binding proteins that might contribute to its oncogenic transformation. Using a proteomic approach, several RNA/DNA-binding proteins were found to coimmunoprecipitate with NPM/ALK, including the multifunctional polypyrimidine tract binding proteinassociated splicing factor (PSF). The interaction between NPM/ALK and PSF was dependent on an active ALK kinase domain and PSF was found to be tyrosine-phosphorylated in NPM/ALK-expressing cell lines and in primary ALK(+) ALCL samples. Furthermore, PSF was shown to be a direct substrate of purified ALK kinase domain in vitro, and PSF Tyr293 was identified as the site of phosphorylation. Y293F PSF was not phosphorylated by NPM/ALK and was not delocalized in NPM/ALK(+) cells. The expression of ALK fusion proteins induced delocalization of PSF from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and forced overexpression of PSF-inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in cells expressing NPM/ALK. PSF phosphorylation also increased its binding to RNA and decreased the PSF-mediated suppression of GAGE6 expression. These results identify PSF as a novel NPM/ALK-binding protein and substrate, and suggest that PSF function may be perturbed in NPM/ALK-transformed cells.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Structural insights into the ATP binding pocket of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase by site-directed mutagenesis, inhibitor binding analysis, and homology modeling.
- Author
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Gunby RH, Ahmed S, Sottocornola R, Gasser M, Redaelli S, Mologni L, Tartari CJ, Belloni V, Gambacorti-Passerini C, and Scapozza L
- Subjects
- Adenosine Triphosphate metabolism, Amino Acid Sequence, Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase, Aniline Compounds chemistry, Aniline Compounds pharmacology, Benzamides, Binding Sites, Catalytic Domain, Cells, Cultured, Computer Simulation, Humans, Imatinib Mesylate, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutagenesis, Site-Directed, Nitriles chemistry, Nitriles pharmacology, Piperazines chemistry, Piperazines pharmacology, Point Mutation, Protein Conformation, Protein Kinase Inhibitors pharmacology, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases genetics, Pyridones chemistry, Pyridones pharmacology, Pyrimidines chemistry, Pyrimidines pharmacology, Quinolines chemistry, Quinolines pharmacology, Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Adenosine Triphosphate chemistry, Protein Kinase Inhibitors chemistry, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases antagonists & inhibitors, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases chemistry
- Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a valid target for anticancer therapy; however, potent ALK inhibitors suitable for clinical use are lacking. Because the majority of described kinase inhibitors bind in the ATP pocket of the kinase domain, we have characterized this pocket in ALK using site-directed mutagenesis, inhibition studies, and molecular modeling. Mutation of the gatekeeper residue, a key structural determinant influencing inhibitor binding, rendered the fusion protein, NPM/ALK, sensitive to inhibition by SKI-606 in the nanomolar range, while PD173955 inhibited the NPM/ALK mutant at micromolar concentrations. In contrast, both wild type and mutant NPM/ALK were insensitive to imatinib. Computer modeling indicated that docking solutions obtained with a homology model representing the intermediate conformation of the ALK kinase domain reflected closely experimental data. The good agreement between experimental and virtual results indicate that the ALK molecular models described here are useful tools for the rational design of ALK selective inhibitors. In addition, 4-phenylamino-quinoline compounds may have potential as templates for ALK inhibitors.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to screen for inhibitors of the oncogenic anaplastic lymphoma kinase.
- Author
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Gunby RH, Tartari CJ, Porchia F, Donella-Deana A, Scapozza L, and Gambacorti-Passerini C
- Subjects
- Amino Acid Sequence, Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase, Animals, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Humans, Mice, Molecular Sequence Data, Peptides chemistry, Phosphorylation, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Staurosporine pharmacology, Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor methods, Enzyme Inhibitors pharmacology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay methods, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases antagonists & inhibitors
- Abstract
The discovery of novel anti-cancer drugs targeting anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), an oncogenic tyrosine kinase, raises the need for in vitro assays suitable for screening compounds for ALK inhibition. To this aim we have developed and optimized an ALK-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that employs a novel ALK peptide substrate and purified ALK kinase domain.
- Published
- 2005
17. Unique substrate specificity of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK): development of phosphoacceptor peptides for the assay of ALK activity.
- Author
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Donella-Deana A, Marin O, Cesaro L, Gunby RH, Ferrarese A, Coluccia AM, Tartari CJ, Mologni L, Scapozza L, Gambacorti-Passerini C, and Pinna LA
- Subjects
- Amino Acid Sequence, Amino Acid Substitution, Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase, Cell Line, Tumor, Enzyme Activation, Humans, Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic enzymology, Molecular Sequence Data, Oligopeptides chemical synthesis, Phosphorylation, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases chemistry, Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases metabolism, Substrate Specificity, Tyrosine metabolism, Peptides chemical synthesis, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases chemistry, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases metabolism
- Abstract
The anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), whose constitutively active fusion proteins are responsible for 5-10% of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, shares with the other members of the insulin receptor kinase (IRK) subfamily an activation loop (A-loop) with the triple tyrosine motif Y-x-x-x-Y-Y. However, the amino acid sequence of the ALK A-loop differs significantly from the sequences of both the IRK A-loop and the consensus A-loop for this kinase subfamily. A major difference is the presence of a unique "RAS" triplet between the first and second tyrosines of the ALK A-loop, which in IRK is replaced by "ETD". Here we show that a peptide reproducing the A-loop of ALK is readily phosphorylated by ALK, while a homologous IRK A-loop peptide is not unless its "ETD" triplet is substituted by "RAS". Phosphorylation occurs almost exclusively at the first tyrosine of the Y-x-x-x-Y-Y motif, as judged by Edman analysis of the phosphoradiolabeled product. Consequently, a peptide in which the first tyrosine had been replaced by phenylalanine (FYY) was almost unaffected by ALK. In contrast, a peptide in which the second and third tyrosines had been replaced by phenylalanine (YFF) was phosphorylated more rapidly than the parent peptide (YYY). A number of substitutions in the YFF peptide outlined the importance of Ile and Arg at positions n - 1 and n + 6 in addition to the central triplet, to ensure efficient phosphorylation by ALK. Such a peculiar substrate specificity allows the specific monitoring of ALK activity in crude extracts of NPM-ALK positive cells, using the YFF peptide, which is only marginally phosphorylated by a number of other tyrosine kinases.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase and its signalling molecules as novel targets in lymphoma therapy.
- Author
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Coluccia AM, Gunby RH, Tartari CJ, Scapozza L, Gambacorti-Passerini C, and Passoni L
- Subjects
- Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase, Antineoplastic Agents therapeutic use, Gene Silencing drug effects, Humans, Lymphoma metabolism, Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Antineoplastic Agents pharmacology, Lymphoma drug therapy, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases antagonists & inhibitors, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases metabolism, Signal Transduction drug effects
- Abstract
A crucial issue in the development of molecularly-targeted anticancer therapies is the identification of appropriate molecules whose targeting would result in tumour regression with a minimal level of systemic toxicity. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase, normally expressed at low levels in the nervous system. As a consequence of chromosomal translocations involving the alk gene (2p23), ALK is also aberrantly expressed and constitutively activated in approximately 60% of CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs). Due to the selective overexpression of ALK in tumour cells, its direct involvement in the process of malignant transformation and its frequent expression in ALCL patients, the authors recognise ALK as a suitable candidate for the development of molecularly targeted strategies for the therapeutic treatment of ALK-positive lymphomas. Strategies targeting ALK directly or indirectly via the inhibition of the protein networks responsible for ALK oncogenic signalling are discussed.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Bcl-XL down-regulation suppresses the tumorigenic potential of NPM/ALK in vitro and in vivo.
- Author
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Coluccia AM, Perego S, Cleris L, Gunby RH, Passoni L, Marchesi E, Formelli F, and Gambacorti-Passerini C
- Subjects
- Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase, Animals, Apoptosis physiology, Base Sequence, Cell Line, Transformed, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Survival physiology, Female, Humans, Intracellular Membranes drug effects, Intracellular Membranes pathology, Intracellular Membranes physiology, Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse genetics, Membrane Potentials physiology, Mice, Mice, Nude, Mitochondria drug effects, Mitochondria pathology, Mitochondria physiology, Nuclear Proteins metabolism, Nucleophosmin, Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense pharmacology, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases metabolism, Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Recombinant Proteins metabolism, Transfection, Transplantation, Heterologous, bcl-X Protein, Apoptosis drug effects, Apoptosis genetics, Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse pathology, Nuclear Proteins genetics, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases genetics, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 genetics
- Abstract
Deregulated apoptosis is a common finding in tumorigenesis. The oncogenic tyrosine kinase nucleophosmin/anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM/ALK) delivers a strong survival signal in anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs). Although NPM/ALK activates multiple antiapoptotic pathways, the biologic relevance and therapeutic potential of more downstream apoptotic effectors are mostly unknown. In this report, the NPM/ALK-mediated induction of Bcl-XL (but not of Bcl-2) was identified in human ALCL-derived cells. NPM/ALK kinase activity was required to promote Bcl-XL expression and its protective effect on mitochondrial homeostasis. Down-regulation of Bcl-XL significantly reduced the antiapoptotic potential of NPM/ALK in both transformed murine Ba/F3 pro-B cells and human ALCL-derived KARPAS-299 cells. To elucidate the role of Bcl-XL in vivo, Ba/F3-NPM/ALK+ cells expressing a doxycycline (Dox)-inducible Bcl-XL antisense transgene (pTet-ON) were injected into nude mice. Doxycycline administration prevented a fatal systemic disease in 15 of 15 intravenously injected mice and the appearance of subcutaneous tumor xenografts in 9 of 12 mice; in vivo down-regulation of Bcl-XL was also documented. Our results show a pivotal role for Bcl-XL in ALK-mediated oncogenicity; a single protein placed downstream of a known oncogene can be crucial for the survival of neoplastic cells both in vitro and in vivo. Bcl-XL deserves further investigation as a possible therapeutic target in ALK+ ALCLs.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Sensitivity to imatinib but low frequency of the TEL/PDGFRbeta fusion protein in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.
- Author
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Gunby RH, Cazzaniga G, Tassi E, Le Coutre P, Pogliani E, Specchia G, Biondi A, and Gambacorti-Passerini C
- Subjects
- Animals, Benzamides, Cell Line, Transformed, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic drug effects, Humans, Imatinib Mesylate, Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic etiology, Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic pathology, Mice, Oncogene Proteins, Fusion antagonists & inhibitors, Oncogene Proteins, Fusion genetics, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic drug therapy, Oncogene Proteins, Fusion blood, Piperazines pharmacology, Pyrimidines pharmacology
- Abstract
Background and Objectives: Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a myelodysplastic syndrome that has been associated with the expression of platelet-derived growth factor b receptor (PDGFRbeta) fusion proteins, namely TEL/PDGFRbeta. These fusion proteins possess a constitutive PDGFRbeta tyrosine kinase activity, leading to aberrant PDGFRbeta signaling and cellular transformation. The expression of PDGFRbeta fusions in CMML could have therapeutic relevance, as PDGFRb is inhibited by the selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib. Here, we investigated the possibility of employing imatinib to treat CMML., Design and Methods: We assessed the effect of imatinib on TEL/PDGFRbeta transformed cells in terms of proliferation, by trypan blue exclusion and 3H-thymidine uptake, and TEL/PDGFRbeta autophosphorylation by anti-phosphotyrosine immunoblotting. TEL/PDGFRbeta expression in mononuclear cells from the peripheral blood of 27 clinically diagnosed CMML patients was determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction., Results: Imatinib potently inhibited the proliferation of TEL/PDGFRbeta transformed cells (IC50=7.5 nM), and TEL/PDGFRbeta kinase activity. However, TEL/PDGFRbeta expression was detected in only 1 of 27 CMML patients (4%, confidence intervals: 0-13%). Additionally, another PDGFRbeta fusion protein, Hip1/PDGFRbeta, had a similarly low incidence in the same samples: 1 of 25 (4%, confidence intervals: 0-14%)., Interpretation and Conclusions: Although imatinib represents an attractive therapeutic agent for neoplasias associated with abnormal PDGFRbeta signaling, the low frequency of the TEL/PDGFRbeta and Hip1/PDGFRbeta fusion proteins in CMML suggests that its application to this disease maybe limited. Detection of PDGFRbeta fusion genes in individual patients is necessary in order to employ this drug rationally in CMML.
- Published
- 2003
21. Commitment to cell death measured by loss of clonogenicity is separable from the appearance of apoptotic markers.
- Author
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Brunet CL, Gunby RH, Benson RS, Hickman JA, Watson AJ, and Brady G
- Subjects
- Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones pharmacology, Anti-Inflammatory Agents pharmacology, Apoptosis drug effects, Biomarkers, Caspases metabolism, Chromatin metabolism, Clone Cells, Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors pharmacology, Cytoplasm chemistry, Cytoplasm enzymology, Dexamethasone pharmacology, Humans, Kinetics, Lymphocytes enzymology, Lymphocytes ultrastructure, Microscopy, Electron, Mitochondria chemistry, Mitochondria enzymology, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 physiology, Tumor Cells, Cultured cytology, Tumor Cells, Cultured enzymology, Tumor Cells, Cultured ultrastructure, Apoptosis physiology, Lymphocytes cytology
- Abstract
Kinetic analysis of dexamethasone-induced apoptosis in the human lymphoblastoid cell line CCRF CEM C7A has revealed a point when cells, morphologically indistinguishable from untreated cells, have irreversibly engaged a program leading to death, measured by a loss of clonogenicity. Since all cells that fail to clone eventually died through apoptosis, measurements of clonogenicity in this system provide an accurate measure of commitment to apoptotic death. Inhibition of caspases by peptide inhibitors blocked proteolysis of endogenous substrates and reduced nuclear condensation yet did not alter either dexamethasone-induced changes in clonogenicity or mitochondrial membrane potential. In contrast to the results with caspase inhibitors, expression of BCL-2 in CCRF CEM C7A cells proved sufficient to block all changes associated with apoptosis, including loss of both clonogenicity and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. These results demonstrate that commitment to cell death can precede the key biochemical or morphological features of apoptosis by several hours and indicate that separate regulators govern cellular commitment to clonogenic death and the subsequent execution phase characterised as apoptosis.
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. CD40-triggered protein tyrosine phosphorylation on Vav and on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase correlates with survival of the Ramos-Burkitt lymphoma B cell line.
- Author
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Padmore L, An S, Gunby RH, Kelly K, Radda GK, and Knox KA
- Subjects
- B-Lymphocytes cytology, B-Lymphocytes drug effects, Benzoquinones, Burkitt Lymphoma metabolism, Child, Preschool, Enzyme Inhibitors pharmacology, G1 Phase drug effects, Humans, Immunoglobulin M immunology, Lactams, Macrocyclic, Male, Neoplasm Proteins antagonists & inhibitors, Palatine Tonsil pathology, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases, Phosphorylation, Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) antagonists & inhibitors, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-vav, Quinones pharmacology, Rifabutin analogs & derivatives, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Burkitt Lymphoma pathology, CD40 Antigens physiology, Cell Cycle Proteins, Neoplasm Proteins metabolism, Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) metabolism, Protein Processing, Post-Translational, Proto-Oncogene Proteins metabolism
- Abstract
Signals transduced through CD40 rescue cells of the Ramos-Burkitt lymphoma (Ramos-BL) B cell line from surface immunoglobulin M (sIgM)-triggered growth arrest and apoptosis. This study investigates whether protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) activity and tyrosine phosphorylation on p95(vav) and on the p85 regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3 kinase) play a role in the regulation of Ramos-BL B cell survival. The PTK inhibitor herbimycin A (HA) triggers significant growth arrest prior to apoptosis from the G1-phase of the cell cycle, indicating that tyrosine phosphorylation of key proteins is critical for Ramos-BL cell cycle progression and survival. Indeed, signals transduced through CD40 fail to rescue Ramos-BL B cells from HA-triggered growth arrest and apoptosis. Since Vav and PI3 kinase are intimately involved in the regulation of cellular growth, their tyrosine phosphorylation status was determined in unstimulated and anti-IgM- and anti-CD40-treated Ramos-BL B cells: Vav and p85 are devoid of tyrosine-phosphorylated epitopes in control cells whereas p85, but not Vav, is significantly phosphorylated following ligation of sIgM and anti-CD40 triggers tyrosine phosphorylation on both proteins. Thus, tyrosine-phosphorylated Vav may be a critical effector of CD40-mediated survival. As tyrosine-phosphorylated PI3 kinase is common to both sIgM-triggered death and CD40-triggered survival pathways, its lipid kinase activity was correlated with tyrosine phosphorylation on p85: Ramos-BL B cells exhibit high basal levels of PI3 kinase activity, determined by immunoprecipitation with anti-p85 and 32P incorporation into phosphatidylinositol, which is not significantly affected by stimulation with anti-IgM but which is elevated by 36 +/- 2.9% following ligation of CD40. Thus, tyrosine phosphorylation on p85 correlates with the CD40-triggered increase in PI3 kinase activity but not with basal levels nor with sIgM-triggered levels of enzymatic activity: these data suggest the presence of different PI3 kinase isoforms or the existence of multiple regulatory pathways for the same PI3 kinase isotype in Ramos-BL B cells.
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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