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The real-world effectiveness and safety of a 0/1-hour accelerated protocol using high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) to exclude myocardial infarction (MI) compared to routine care in the United States is uncertain. The objective was to compare a 0/1-hour accelerated protocol for evaluation of MI to a 0/3-hour standard care protocol.

•This study aims to get insights into the overall consumer opinion of electric vehicles and the obstacles that hinder their broad adoption.•This study seeks to uncover and comprehend the elements associated with consumer purchases through theme analysis, which offers a broader spectrum of expression compared to conventional survey methods.•The study also considers the influence of emotions, a factor that is often disregarded.•A unique aspect of this study is using electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) as a primary data source, highlighting the study's relevance to the digital age.•This study further furnishes us with insights into the interconnections among these obstacles, which engender a detrimental cascade impact on the total adoption rate.

AbstractThe present study was carried out to find suitable spatial geometry of Melia dubia(an industrially important fast growing tree) for Cymbopogon martiniiby assessing its growth, physiology, herbage, and essential oil yield and major essential oil constituents. Sole cropping (C. martinii) and silvi-medicinal systems viz., M. dubia(2x2 m)+C. martinii, M. dubia(3x3 m)+C. martinii, M. dubia(3x2 m)+C. martinii, M. dubia(4x4 m)+C. martiniiand M. dubia(4x2 m)+C. martiniiresulted significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect on growth, herbage yield, essential oil content and yield and major essential oil constituents of C. martinii.Height growth, number tillers, plant spread and physiological parameters were better under M. dubia(2X2 m)-C. martiniisilvi-medicinal system.Total fresh, dry herbage and essential yield was higher under M. dubia(2X2 m)-C. martiniisystem compared to wider spatial geometries and sole cropping. Oil yield was higher under silvi-medicinal systems compared to sole cropping system. The essential oil recovery was also higher under M. dubiacompared to sole cropping of C. mrtinii.Growth and yield attributes were higher at 2ndharvest compared to 1stand 3rdharvest. Geranyl acetate percentage was higher under closer spacing of M. dubiaand it was less in sole crop. However, geraniol content was higher in sole crop and wider spatial geometries of M. dubia.

AbstractKaranj(Leguminoceae, subfamily Papilionoideae) is a medium sized tree. Native to humid and subtropical environments, mature trees can withstand water logging and slight frost. A thick yellow-orange to brown oil is extracted from seeds. The oil has a bitter taste and a disagreeable aroma, thus it is considered as non-edible oil. In India, the oil is used as a fuel for cooking and burning of lamps. The oil is also used as a lubricant, water-paint binder, pesticide, and in soap making and tanning industries. Seeds of Karanjhave about 30-35 percent oil and upto 27-28 percent oil can be expressed in crusher and most of the physical and chemical properties of the oil are almost similar to those of the diesel. Twenty seed sources of Pongamia pinnatawere collected from Konkan region of Maharashtra from different agro climatic zones. Pod length varied from 14.50 mm to 69.69 mm and Pod thickness also varied significantly among all seed sources. Avg. pod weight varied from 2.80 g to 7.64 g. Maximum value for seed length (27.75 mm) was observed and maximum avg. seed weight (3.18 g) was recorded. The seed thickness varied from 5.00 to 10.00mm. The oil contain varies from 31.17 to 42 percent was recorded. The variability in seed source attributes is largely attributed to the heterogeneity of the genotypes and the genotype X environment interactions.

Stereoselective synthesis of novel 1‘--substituted-4‘-thionucleosides was achieved starting from d-gulonic acid -lactone via stereoselective nucleophilic substitution.

We have established structure−activity relationships of novel 4‘-thionucleoside analogues as the A3 adenosine receptor (AR) agonists. Binding affinity, selectivity toward other AR subtypes, and efficacy in inhibition of adenylate cyclase were studied. From this study, 2-chloro-N6-methyl-4‘-thioadenosine-5‘-methyluronamide (36a) emerged as the most potent and selective agonist at the human A3 AR. We have also revealed that, similar to 4‘-oxoadenosine analogues, at least one hydrogen on the 5‘-uronamide moiety was necessary for high-affinity binding at the human A3 AR, presumably to allow this group to donate a H bond within the binding site. Furthermore, bulky substituents on the 5‘-uronamide reduced binding affinity, but in some cases large 5‘-uronamide substituents, such as substituted benzyl and 2-phenylethyl groups, maintained moderate affinity with reduced efficacy, leading to A3 AR partial agonists or antagonists. In several cases for which the corresponding 4‘-oxonucleosides have been studied, the 4‘-thionucleosides showed higher binding affinity to the A3 AR.

The classical 4'-oxonucleoside analogs exhibit interesting biological activities such as antibiotic, antiviral and antitumor, which are believed to be the result of inhibition of the viral or cellular DNA or RNA polymerase after being converted to their corresponding 5'-triphosphates. However, the activity of 4'- oxonucleosides were limited by their susceptibility to degradation by nucleoside phosphorylases or acid hydrolysis. This aspect called for the chemical modification of the carbohydrate portion. This compulsion led to two kinds of strategies; (1) replacement of the 4'-oxygen by the methylene group - carbocyclic nucleosides; (2) replacement of the 4' oxygen by sulphur-4'-thionucleosides. This group has also conferred the resistance to the nucleoside cleavage. Although, there were some pioneering work on 4'-thionucleosides in 1960s and 1970s, the interest in this group of compounds was rekindled by the antiviral activities of 2'-deoxy-4'- thionucleosides reported independently by Secrist et al. and Walker et al. Subsequent contributions by the other authors, enhanced its standing as an important class of antiviral agents. Following is a reasonably exhaustive account of this class of compounds reported after 1990.

In order to investigate the role of cyclic AMP (cAMP) during early mammalian embryogenesis, the endogenous cAMP levels were determined on preimplantation mouse embryos using Gilman’s assay procedure and compared with levels of embryos cultivated in defined medium containing various concentrations of theophylline. Embryos were obtained by superovulation and oviductal flushing at day 2 of development. The LD50(50 percent mortality corrected for natural mortality) level of embryo cultivation in theophylline for 48 h was 0.91 ± 0.06 mM. The LD50for 72 h cultivation in theophylline was 0.84 ± 0.10 mM. At the conclusion of the 48 h cultivation period at 1.0 mM, the embryos appeared retarded in development and cAMP levels were raised significantly from the control level of 12.8 ± 4.1 p moles/1000 embryos to 419.3 ± 93.2 p moles/1000 embryos. If the embryos, which were cultured in various amounts of theophylline, were washed and cultured in control medium for an additional 24 h, the LD50significantly changed to 1.36 ± 0.14 mM theophylline and the cAMP level dropped to normal at a measured 12.5 ± 6.3 p moles/1000 embryos. The interrelationship of theophylline effects and elevated cAMP levels are discussed.

Monocrotaline pyrrole (MCTP), a putative, toxic metabolite of monocrotaline, induces delayed and progressive lung injury, vascular remodeling, and pulmonary hypertension in rats. The lung injury is characterized by increased wet lung-to-body weight ratio followed by increases in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and protein concentration in the cell-free bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and increased cellularity of BALF. We evaluated total LDH activity and isozyme patterns in the tissues, cell lysates, sera and cell-free BALF of rats after treatment with MCTP to determine the source of increased LDH activity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given a single injection of MCTP (3.5 mg/kg) or an equal volume of the N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) vehicle in the tail vein on Day 0. Rats were killed at 4, 8, or 14 days after toxicant administration, and several markers of lung injury, LDH activity, and isozyme patterns of various tissues, cells, and body fluids were determined. At 8 and 14 days, the lungs from MCTP-treated rats had multifocal, irregularly shaped lesions of hemorrhage and consolidation. At Day 14 only, the hearts of MCTP-treated rats appeared enlarged and there was right cardioventricular hypertrophy. Rats treated with MCTP had no macroscopic lesions in kidneys, liver, or skeletal muscle. Compared to controls, MCTP-treated animals had no change in total LDH activity or isozyme patterns of samples of lungs, heart, skeletal muscle, liver, kidneys, or erythrocyte lysates. Changes in LDH activity in the cell-free BALF and BALF cell pellet from rats treated with MCTP were characterized by increases in isozymes LDH₄ and LDH₅ and an elevated LDH₄/LDH₅ ratio in the BALF only. Our results suggest the most probable source of the increased LDH activity in cell-free BALF of MCTP-treated rats originates from the lung tissue and is consistent with a contribution from the pulmonary vascular endothelium, a source rich in LDH₄. A combination of plasma, macrophages, and neutrophils in the pulmonary tissue may also have made minor contributions to the increase in cell-free BALF LDH activity, particularly to the activity of LDH₅.Copyright 1994, 1999 Academic Press, Inc.

The effect of synthetic GnRH on the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins in the anterior pituitary and in vitrorelease of LH into the medium was studied. A maximal dose (25 ng/ml) of synthetic GnRH caused optimum release of radioimmunoassayable LH into the medium after 2 h of incubation. A concomitant increase in cyclic AMP accumulation in the tissue and LH in the incubation medium was also observed under the influence of GnRH during different periods of incubation time. Incubation of the rat anterior pituitary with GnRH stimulated the incorporation of [3H]proline into acid precipitable proteins in a time- and dose-dependent manner, similar to radioimmunoassayable LH released into the medium. Similar results were obtained when pituitary was incubated with dibutyryl cyclic AMP. LH, in addition, enhanced the incorporation of [3H]glucosamine and [3H]amine acids mixture into acidprecipitable proteins suggesting that proteins including glycoproteins are synthesized by the rat anterior pituitary under the influence of GnRH. Approximately 10 % of the radioactivity associated with proteins comigrated with radioimmunoassayable LH on the gels. GnRH also enhanced the incorporation of [3H]glucosamine and [3H]amino acid mixture into immunoprecipitable LH. The GnRH-induced incorporation of [3H]proline into anterior pituitary proteins was abolished by specific translation inhibitors.

The antigenic composition of the rat prostatic complex was analysed. The dorsolateral prostate and coagulating glands have three common antigens. The ventral lobe possesses two antigens, one of which is common to dorsolateral prostate and coagulating glands and the other one, which is specific to the gland. Prostate specific antigens are mainly localized in the microsomal fraction. It was observed that at puberty there is an increase in the protein components in γ-region which coincides with the appearance of antigens that are detectable in γ-region. The results of the present study clearly show that the two of the three prostatic antigens are androgen dependent. Estrogen at a higher dose neutralized the androgen-induced changes. Anabolic steroids have no effect on the antigenic pattern.

Testes of Wistar rats contain at least three organ-specific antigens as revealed by the gel diffusion analysis. Antiserum to rat testis absorbed with serum and liver cross-reacts with the extracts of epididymis, brain and ovary. Heating at over 60° C destroys the combining power of all the three testis-specific antigens. Two of the three organ-specific antigens of the Wistar strain of rats are common to two antigens present in the testes of man, sheep, rabbit, hamster, guinea-pig and mouse.

The amylo-1,6-glucosidase activity of human seminal plasma was studied using its specific substrate, α-glucosyl Schardinger dextrin. The enzyme activity of semen is predominantly associated with the seminal plasma and proceeds at maximum velocity at pH 5·8 to 6·0. The secretions of seminal vesicles and testis seem to contribute most of the enzyme activity to the seminal plasma. Amylo-1,6-glucosidase activity is significantly lower in azoospermic samples as compared to those with a good sperm count.

A study was carried out to assess the levels of glycogen and glycogen-degrading enzymes in rat testes from the fetal period to old age in order to elucidate the rôle of glycogen in gonadal maturation. Simultaneously, the capacity of the differentiating testes to secrete androgen was investigated using the maltase activity of the dorsolateral prostate as an index. High levels of glycogen and glycogen-degrading enzymes were observed to be present in the testes and dorsolateral prostate during fetal life. This suggests that glycogen serves as an important energy source for the testes during fetal development.