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Key to the Indian Geum species 1a. Styles not jointed, straight or curved and glabrous............................................................................................................................2 1b. Styles jointed, entirely or interruptedly hairy.................................................................................................................................... 5 2a. Terminal leaflets of radical leaves scarcely longer and not broader than lateral leaflets.................................................................. 3 2b. Terminal leaflets of radical leaves much longer and broader than lateral leaflets............................................................................ 4 3a. Petals yellow; achenes 10–24 per achenecetum; style straight in mature achene............................................................... G. elatum 3b. Petals red; achenes 6–8 per achenecetum; style curved in mature achene......................................................................... G. rubrum 4a. Sepals 3–6 mm broad; petals glabrous......................................................................................................................... G. sikkimense 4b. Sepals 8–10 mm broad; petals hairy....................................................................................................................... G. macrosepalum 5a. Hypanthium flat; achenecetum obovoid-oblongoid.......................................................................................................................... 6 5b. Hypanthium convex or cup-shaped; achenecetum spheroid..............................................................................................................7 6a. Achenes 200–250 per achenecetum; basal segment of style hairy................................................................................ G. aleppicum 6b. Achenes ca. 100 per achenecetum; basal segment of style glabrous.............................................................................. G. urbanum 7a. Terminal leaflets of radical leaves cordate-suborbicular....................................................................................................... G. roylei 7b. Terminal leaflets of radical leaves obovate.............................................................................................................. G. aequilobatum

Geum rubrum (Ludlow) A. A. Khuroo, K. Hussain & R. Gulzar, comb. nov. Geum elatum f. rubrum Ludlow, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 5(5): 276 (1976) Type: NEPAL. Hills south of Jumla, 3500 m 2 July 1952, Polunin, Sykes and Williams 4419 (holotype: BM, digital image!) Specimens examined: INDIA. Kashmir: District Kupwara, Bangus Valley, 32°21′ 24″ N, 74° 00′ 29″E, elevation 3326 m, 19 August 2021, Anzar A. Khuroo, Khalid Hussain & Ruquia Gulzar 46285 & 46286 (KASH!); Kashmir: District Kupwara, Bangus Valley, 32° 21′ 24″N, 74° 00′ 29″E, elevation 3454 m, 16 August 2019, Anzar A. Khuroo 46321 (KASH!). Diagnosis G. rubrum resembles with G. elatum in few characters, such as shape of basal leaves and stem. However, G. rubrum can be clearly distinguished from G. elatum on the basis of several distinctive characters which include: flower diameter (2.2–2.8 cm in G. rubrum vs. 3.0– 3.5 cm in G. elatum), shape of pseudo-sepal (elliptic or lanceolate vs. ovate), type of hairs on calyx (glandular vs. aglandular), color of petals (red vs. yellow), anther attachment (dorsifixed vs. basifixed), number of carpels (6–8 vs. 10–24) and achene size (7.8–8.0 × 1.6–1.8 mm vs. 3.7–3.9 × 0.9–1.1 mm) (Figures 2 & 3 ). A detailed comparison of these delimiting characters between G. rubrum and G. elatum is provided in Table 1. Description Perennial herb, root fibrous, terete, 0.6–0.8 cm in diameter, fascicled. Stem erect, 22–28 cm tall, pubescent, hairs glandular. Radical leaves imparipinnate, 12–18 cm long; leaflets in 8–10 pairs, opposite, unequal with terminal leaflet deeply trilobed, margin incised, coarsely serrate, apex round, venation reticulate, base truncate. Cauline leaves simple, ovate, trilobed, 2.4–3.5 cm long, margin entire, veins prominent on abaxial surface. Inflorescence terminal, 2–5 flowers borne on the branch ends. Flowers showy, 2.2–2.8 cm in diameter, actinomorphic, bisexual and pedicellate. Pedicels 1–1.2 cm long, hirtellous. Sepals 5, triangular-ovate, green, 3.4–3.6× 1.8–1.9 mm, apex acuminate; pseudo-sepals (epicalyx) alternate with sepals, elliptic or lanceolate, minute, 1.3–1.5× 0.5–0.6 mm, apex acuminate, both glandular hairy. Petals 5, scarlet red, obovate with an apical notch, imbricate, 3.0–3.1 × 3.1–3.2 mm. Stamens 76–84, purplish red, ca. 3 mm long; filament linear ca. 1.9 mm long; anthers ellipsoid ca. 1.1 mm long, dorsifixed, longitudinally dehiscent. Carpels 6–8, green, ovary hairy, 3.0–3.1× 1.3–1.5 mm, style upto 4.9 mm long, curved at varied angles at the point of attachment. Fruit aggregate of achenes, ovoid to ellipsoid, 6–8-seeded; achenes ovoid, hirtellous, 7.8– 8.0× 1.6–1.8 mm. (Figure 2) Phenology: Flowering from June–July; fruiting from August–September. Habitat: Occurs in mesic habitats, rocky slopes, meadows, mountain summits, steppes and open glades of alpine and sub-alpine regions. Distribution: Bangus Valley, Kaj Nag Range, Kashmir Himalaya, India; Babaria Lekh, Hills South of Jumla, Maharigaon, Sirtibang Lekh, Nepal., Published as part of Khuroo, Anzar Ahmad, Hussain, Khalid, Gulzar, Ruquia & Ganai, Mansoor R., 2022, Geum rubrum comb. nov. (Rosaceae), elevation of Geum elatum forma rubrum to species rank, pp. 66-72 in Phytotaxa 541 (1) on pages 69-70, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.541.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6375237