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Ferrisia setosa (Lobdell) (Fig. 18) Trionymus setosus Lobdell, 1930: 220. Erium setosum; Lindinger, 1935: 122. Change of combination. Ferrisiana setosa; Ferris, 1950: 91. Change of combination. Ferrisia setosa; McKenzie, 1967: 179. Change of combination. Ferrisia lobdellae Varshney, 1982: 857. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1994: 164. Type material examined. Holotype of Trionymus setosus Lobdell: adult ♀, larger specimen (4.0 mm long, 2.5 mm wide) on slide with 1 other adult ♀, slide labels: “Lachnodiella / liquidambaris / On Sweet Gum Roots / Durant, Miss. / Prop.? / Coll. G.R. Williams / Sept. 18, 1926 / S. R. 9740 Draw [this word in pencil]” and “ Trionymus / setosus n. sp. / On Sweet gum roots / Prop.? / G.R. Williams, Coll. / Sept. 18, 1926 / S. R. 9740”; slide envelope: “setosus n. sp. Durant Sept 18, 1926 / on sweet gum roots Holotype / Trionymus S.R.9740” (MEM). Paratypes: 1 adult ♀, on same slide as holotype (MEM); 5 adult ♀ (1 slide), same data as holotype but envelope also says “ On Sweetgum near ground attended by ants / Paratype ” (MEM); 1 adult ♀, same data as holotype except labelled as “ Paratype ” and host given as Liquidamber styraciflua (USNM); 10 adult ♀ (5 slides), labels: “Type material” and “ Trionymus / setosus Lobd. / On Sweet gum / Durant, Miss. / Coll. G.R. Williams / 9- 18-26 / L.E.M. (BME); 6 first-instar nymphs (1 slide), labels: “ Trionymus / setosus n. sp. / crawlers on Sweet gum / Bird Reserve / A & M. College, Miss / J. N. Roney, Coll. / Crawlers Sept 28 from / Durant, Miss.” and “Crawlers / from Durant / Miss. Sept. 28, / 1926. Second / generation / crawlers / Dec 3, 1926 ” and envelope also says “ Paratype ”(MEM); 1 adult ♀ (mature and broken apart) with 4 embryos (1 slide), labels: “ Trionymus / setosus n. sp. / larva & adults / On sweet gum / Bird Reserve / A & M College, Miss. / J.N. Roney, Coll. / Dec. 3, 1926 / #602” and “Crawlers / placed on shrub / Sept 28, 1926 / From Durant, / Miss. anal ring [previous two words in pencil] / Mature adult / with larvae / Dec 3, 1926 ” (MEM). The USNM also has a small box of dry adult ♀, here considered as paratypes, with labels: “Lachnodiella liquidambaris m.s. / on Liquidamber styraciflua / (Sweet gum) / Durant Miss. / G.R. Williams, Coll. / Sept. 1926 / In “cow sheds” / built by ants” and also “ Paratype ” [on outside of box]. The label data match the collection information in the original description, which uses both the scientific and common names of the host plant and refers to “cowsheads” built by ants. The holotype slide is broken in two, as noted by Schiefer (2000), and the mountant of two of the paratype slides from MEM is dried out and cracked. Also as noted by Schiefer (2000), some of Lobdell’s type material is missing (e.g., Lobdell described a second-instar female but only adult females and first-instar nymphs are represented in collections) and for the MEM slides the type designations are written only on the envelopes and not on the slides. Furthermore, the slide in the envelope bearing the holotype designation has two adult females but no explicit indication of which is the holotype. We here recognise the larger and more intact specimen as Lobdell’s holotype because the smaller female is so damaged that it could not have been drawn and the label seems to indicate that the illustration was made from this slide. We consider the two slides of specimens collected on 28 September 1926 to be part of the type series because, although Lobdell (1930) lists the original collection as made on 18 September 1926, she states that the descriptions of the first-instar nymph and adult female were made from material collected on 28 September. She also states that an immature female was reared at A. & M. College until slide-mounted on 26 October. The original description gives the number of anal ring setae as 12–36; 12 is atypically low number of anal ring setae, but the mature and broken female that was reared and then collected on 3 December 1926 has 12 anal ring setae and the label has a pencil annotation “anal ring”, suggesting that Lobdell saw the unusual anal ring and used this female as part of the description. The five slides of adult females in the BME are part of the G.F. Ferris collection and one slide also has an additional label: “ Ferrisiana / setosa / (Lobdell)”, which was the name used by Ferris (1950) in his redescription. Lobdell (1930) makes no mention of specimens being sent to Ferris and we believe that this material must have been acquired by him much later, presumably from the MEM. We consider these BME specimens to be part of the type series and we here treat them as paratypes. Other material examined. U.S.A., Mississippi: 6 adult ♀ (3 slides), ex sweet gum, Goodman, 12.x.1927, G.R. Williams, attended by Crematogaster laeviuscular (MEM); 1 adult ♀, same locality as previous but collected 12.x.1928, M.R. Smith (MEM); 8 adult ♀ (4 slides), ex sweet gum, Mayhew, 14.iv.1927, M.R. Smith (3 slides MEM, 1 slide USNM); 3 adult ♀ (1 slide), ex sweet gum, West Point, 52E Broad St., vii.1929, L. H. Shropshire (MEM). The only records of this species are from (i) the original 1926 collection from Durant, Mississippi, U.S.A., where it was found near the roots of sweet gum, Liquidambar styraciflua (Altingiaceae), under shelters built by Argentine ants [Linepithema humile Mayr] (Lobdell 1930) and (ii) from non-type slides of specimens, also from sweet gum in Mississippi (as listed above). The adult female was described and illustrated by Lobdell (1930) and Ferris (1950) (redrawn here, Fig. 18). This species is most similar to F. claviseta, F. gilli and F. quaintancii as the adult female of all four species lacks the anterior pair of ostioles, and all four species are native to the southeastern U.S.A. However F. setosa is most distinctive in having an anal ring with numerous anal ring setae (12–36, compared with six in all other Ferrisia species). Also each anal lobe cerarius has two to four conical setae, and the openings of the posterior pair of ostioles are lightly sclerotised. There are abundant setae on the abdomen and these are especially noticeable on the venter posterior to the vulva. Multilocular pores are restricted to a few around the vulva and these typically number 1–3 or can be absent. There are about 50 enlarged tubular ducts on the dorsum, mostly marginally around body and usually with one duct on each side of each abdominal segment. There appears to be no recent collections of this species., Published as part of Kaydan, M. B. & Gullan, P. J., 2012, 3543, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 3543 on pages 44-46, {"references":["Lobdell, G. H. (1930) Twelve new mealybugs from Mississippi (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 23: 209 - 236.","Lindinger, L. (1935) Neue Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Schildlause (Coccidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift, 49, 121 - 123.","Ferris, G. F. (1950) Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America. (ser. 5) [v. 5]. The Pseudococcidae (Part I). Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California. 278 pp.","McKenzie, H. L. (1967) Mealybugs of California with Taxonomy, Biology, and Control of North American Species (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). University of California Press, Berkeley. 526 pp.","Varshney, R. K. (1982) Ferrisia lobdellae, a new name for Ferrisia setosa (Lobdell, 1930) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 84, 857 - 858.","Ben-Dov, Y. (1994) A Systematic Catalogue of the Mealybugs of the World (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) with Data on Geographical Distribution, Host Plants, Biology and Economic Importance. Intercept Ltd., Andover, United Kingdom. 686 pp.","Schiefer, T. L. (2000) Notes on scale insects described by Gladys Hoke Lobdell. The Scale, 24, 7 - 12."]}

Ferrisia colombiana Kaydan & Gullan sp. n. (Fig. 6) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: ED34BC70-7B40-43C2-96B0-9C6C896886A3 Type material. Holotype: adult ♀ (farthest from data label on slide with 2 paratypes), ex cut flower, COLOMBIA, Guacamaya, intercepted at Miami, 076163, 88-04646, 15.iv.1988, L. Chang (USNM). Paratypes: 2 adult ♀ on same slide as holotype (USNM). ADULT FEMALE. Diagnosis. Ferrisia colombiana can be diagnosed by the following combination of features: absence of clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on ventral margins of abdominal segments; ventral oral-collar tubular ducts generally associated with 1 or 2 discoidal pores on derm around duct rim, each pore 4–5 µm in diameter and almost two times larger than duct opening; dorsal enlarged tubular ducts totalling 10–29 throughout dorsum, rim of each duct with 1 or 2 oval discoidal pores (sometimes 2 pores almost merged) usually associated with duct opening; number of multilocular disc pores on venter of abdominal segments as follows: V (0 or 1), VI (6–10), VII (14–22), and VIII + IX (8–14); both pairs of ostioles present and well developed. Ferrisia colombiana can be readily distinguished from other species in the genus by having a small number of enlarged dorsal tubular ducts; lacking clusters of small marginal oral-collar tubular ducts; having large discodial pores associated with the ventral oral-collar tubular ducts; and by the presence of multilocular disc pores on abdominal segment VI. Ferrisia colombiana is most similar to F. pitcairnia but the adult female of F. colombiana is usually much larger than those of F. pitcairnia, and slide-mounted specimens of F. colombiana can be distinguished readily from F. pitcairnia by the presence of translucent pores on the hind legs (absent in F. pitcairnia) and by having a higher number of ventral oral-collar tubular ducts (59–75 in F. colombiana and 15–23 in F. pitcairnia). Description of slide-mounted specimens (based on 3 specimens; Fig. 6). Body elongate oval, 1.94–2.10 mm long (holotype 2.00 mm), 1.04–1.18 mm wide (holotype 1.18 mm). Eye marginal, 55–65 µm wide. Antenna 8 segmented, 410–425 µm long; apical segment 95–100 µm long, 27–30 µm wide. Clypeolabral shield 180–195 µm long, 175–182 µm wide. Labium 160–195 µm long, 120–155 µm wide. Anterior spiracles 70–75 µm long, 30–38 µm wide across atrium; posterior spiracles 70–85 µm long, 45–50 µm wide across atrium. Circulus quadrate, 120–150 µm wide, divided by an intersegmental line. Legs well developed; hind trochanter + femur 325–350 µm long, hind tibia + tarsus 330–375 µm long, hind claw 32–35 µm long. Ratio of lengths of hind tibia + tarsus to hind trochanter + femur 1.0–1.07; ratio of lengths of hind tibia to tarsus 2.28–2.66; ratio of length of hind trochanter + femur to greatest width of femur 3.71–4.38. Tarsal digitules subequal, each 47–53 µm long. Claw digitules subequal, each 30–38 µm long. Translucent pores present on hind legs on coxa, femur and distally on tibia, totalling 22–34. Ostioles: both pairs present; each anterior ostiole, with 26–34 trilocular pores and 4–8 setae; each posterior ostiole with 28–35 trilocular pores and 7–8 setae. Anal ring 67–83 µm wide, with 6 anal ring setae, each seta 155–175 µm long. Dorsum. Anal lobe cerarii each with 2 conical setae, 34–38 µm long, with 29–38 trilocular pores and 3–7 auxiliary setae. Dorsal body setae short and slender, each 15–55 µm long. Trilocular pores each 3–4 µm in diameter. Enlarged tubular ducts totalling 10–29 on dorsum, each duct 25–33 µm long, 5–6 µm wide at mid-length, duct opening sclerotised, 7–10 µm in diameter, surrounded by a sclerotised circular rim 17–23 µm in diameter, enclosing 1 or 2 oval discoidal pores and 2–6 (generally 3 or 4) setae; if discoidal pores present on sclerotised rim adjacent to duct opening, sometimes 2 pores almost merged; setae associated with ducts each 20–40 µm long, usually either within sclerotised area around rim (especially on abdomen) or on edge of sclerotisation (especially on head); ducts distributed only marginally on head, thorax and abdominal segments; each segment with 0–2 ducts, but with 2 or 3 ducts on each side of abdominal segment VII. Venter. Body setae slender, each 17–150 µm long, longest setae present medially on head; apical seta of anal lobe 210–240 µm long. Multilocular disc pores present on posterior abdominal segments: 0 or 1 pore on segment V, 6–10 on segment VI, 14–22 on segment VII, 8–14 on segments VIII + IX; each pore 7–10 (mostly 8–9) µm in diameter. Trilocular pores each 2.5–4.0 µm in diameter. Discoidal pores each 4–5 µm in diameter scattered on ventral surface and generally associated with oral-collar tubular ducts, generally 1 or 2 on each anal lobe. Oralcollar tubular ducts small, each 7–10 µm long, 2.5–3.0 µm wide, mostly associated with 1 discoidal pore (rarely 2), filament of duct not visible on specimens available; ducts totalling 59–75, distributed as follows: 14–25 on head and thorax, and on abdominal segments: 4–6 in total on I–III; 2–4 on IV; 8–10 on V; 5–13 on VI; 8–16 on VII; none on VIII. Etymology. This species is named for the country of the only known specimens and should be treated as a noun in apposition., Published as part of Kaydan, M. B. & Gullan, P. J., 2012, 3543, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 3543 on pages 14-16

Ferrisia ecuadorensis Kaydan & Gullan sp. n. (Fig. 9) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B18691C7-9133-4721-935F-0E51497DDFB9 Type material. Holotype: adult ♀, ex Psidium guajava, ECUADOR, 17. i. 1975, Waite & Wright, LA014175 -CA (USNM). ADULT FEMALE. Diagnosis. Ferrisia ecuadorensis can be diagnosed by the following combination of features: presence of large clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on ventral margins of all abdominal segments except abdominal segment I; ventral oral-collar tubular ducts generally with a minute discoidal pore touching rim; dorsal enlarged tubular ducts totalling 98 throughout dorsum, with 1 or 2 oval discoidal pores usually adjacent to rim of each duct opening; number of multilocular disc-pores on venter of abdominal segments as follows: segment VI (3), VII (16), and VIII + IX (12); anal lobe cerarii each with 2 conical setae; both anterior and posterior pairs of ostioles present and well developed. Ferrisia ecuadorensis is most similar to F. milleri, F. kondoi and F. virgata but the adult female is much more slender than the latter three species. The slide-mounted adult female of F. ecuadorensis can be distinguished readily from other species in the genus by having clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on the ventral margins of all abdominal segments except segment I (present only on segments VI–VII or VII–VIII in F. kondoi and on VII–VIII in F. virgata), and each duct is distinctively shaped with a slanted inner end and a long filamentous inner ductule. The adult female of F. ecuadorensis also differs from those of F. virgata in the position of the discoidal pores, which are usually always found adjacent to the rim of duct openings of both enlarged ducts and ventral oral-collar tubular ducts (discoidal pores never adjacent to rim of duct openings in F. virgata). Ferrisia ecuadorensis also is similar to F. milleri but it can be separated from this species by the absence of clusters of small oral-collar tubular on head and thorax (present in F. milleri). Description of slide-mounted specimen (based on the holotype; Fig. 9). Body elongate oval, 2.37 mm long, 0.95 mm wide. Eye marginal, 65–70 µm wide. Antenna 8 segmented, 730–740 µm long; apical segment 130 µm long, 30–35 µm wide. Clypeolabral shield 185 µm long, 175 µm wide. Labium 200 µm long, 112.5 µm wide. Anterior spiracles 72–75 µm long, 40–45 µm wide across atrium; posterior spiracles 90 µm long, 60–80 µm wide across atrium. Circulus quadrate, 165 µm wide, divided by an intersegmental line. Legs well developed; hind trochanter + femur 550–540 µm long, hind tibia + tarsus 580 m long, hind claw 35 µm long. Ratio of lengths of hind tibia + tarsus to hind trochanter + femur 1.05, ratio of lengths of hind tibia to tarsus 3, ratio of length of hind trochanter + femur to greatest width of femur 4.8. Tarsal digitules subequal, each 60 µm long. Claw digitules subequal, each 45 µm long. Translucent pores present on hind coxa, femur and tibia, totalling about 35 on all segments combined, and scattered across dorsal surface of each hind coxa and near apex of femur and tibia. Ostioles: both pairs present; each anterior ostiole poorly developed, with 43 trilocular pores and 15 setae; each posterior ostiole with 45 trilocular pores and 15 setae. Anal ring 105 µm wide, with 6 anal ring setae, each seta 260–280 µm long. Dorsum. Anal lobe cerarii each with 2 conical setae, each seta 43 µm long, with 42–44 trilocular pores and 3 or 4 auxiliary setae. Dorsal body setae slender, each 15–80 µm long. Trilocular pores each 4–5 µm in diameter. Enlarged tubular ducts totalling 98 on dorsum, each duct 28–33 µm long, 6–8 µm wide at mid-length, rim of duct opening 9–10 µm in diameter, sclerotised circular area around duct 15–25 µm in diameter, enclosing 1 or 2 oval discoidal pores (most pores touching rim of duct opening), and with 2–6 (usually 2 or 3) setae, each 25–30 µm long, usually either within rim of duct opening (especially on abdomen) or on edge of rim (especially on head); ducts distributed marginally in clusters of 1–6 on head and thorax, on margins of all abdominal segments in groups of 2 or 3, but with 8 or 9 ducts on each side of abdominal segment VII, 8 submedially on head and thorax, with 2 submedially on abdominal segment VI. Venter. Body setae slender, each 15–180 µm long, longest setae medially on head; apical seta of anal lobe 305 µm long. Multilocular disc pores present on posterior abdominal segments only: 3 pores on segment VI, 16 on VII, and 12 on VIII + IX; each pore 8–10 µm in diameter. Trilocular pores each 4–5 µm in diameter. Minute discodial pores each 2.5 µm in diameter, almost always associated with oral-collar tubular ducts, with 1 or 2 pores touching rim of some oral-collar tubular ducts. Oral-collar tubular ducts on most of venter (excluding margins of posterior abdomen) each 10–11 µm long, 2.5 µm wide, totalling about 35, distributed as follows: 14 on head and thorax, and on abdominal segments: 7 on segments I–III, 2 on IV–VI, 8 on VII, and none on VIII. Small oral-collar tubular ducts each 6–8 µm long, 2.5–3.0 µm wide, inner end of duct distinctively slanted and with a long filamentous inner ductule, distributed on margins of abdominal segments as follows (number for one side of body specified): 32–36 on segment II, 36–39 on III, 32–35 on IV, 42 on V, 38–53 on VI, 47–54 on VII, 36–38 on VIII. Etymology. This species is named for the country of the only known specimen. Variation. The BME has a slide with two adult females that closely resemble the holotype of F. ecuadorensis except that they are less slender (2.30–2.57 mm long, 1.14–1.30 mm wide) and the marginal clusters of small ventral oral-collar tubular ducts are confined to the posterior abdominal segments, with each side of the body having a group of ducts as follows: 0–3 on V, 1–6 on VI, 1–18 on VII and 7–15 on VIII, and only an occasional small duct more anteriorly on the margin. These two specimens were collected on citrus at Limeira, near São Paulo, Brazil, 21 March 1958 by S. E. Flanders [S&R # 1805-II-2]. It is impossible to establish the identity of the latter specimens until more material of F. ecuadorensis is collected to determine variation within this new species.

Ferrisia pitcairnia Kaydan & Gullan sp. n. (Fig. 16) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9387D25D-0AC6-41E8-827D-9C904B603A9F Type material. Holotype: adult ♀ ex Pitcairnia sp., PUERTO RICO, Maricao, Road # 120, km 17.5, 5.xi.2003, D.R. Miller, UCDC type # 1791 (BME). Paratypes: PUERTO RICO: 8 adult ♀ (8 slides), 1 second-instar nymph (1 slide), same data as holotype (BME including DNA voucher ♀ FBK020, 1 adult ♀ BMNH); 27 ♀ (14 slides), 3 third-instar ♀ (3 slides), ex Pitcairnia angustifolia, Maricao, Reserva Forestal, 21.vii.1977, S. Nakahara, N-77-107 (USNM); 6 adult ♀ (5 slides), 1 third-instar ♀ (1 slide), 1 second-instar nymph (on slide with 2 adult ♀), ex tender inner leaf whorl of Pitcairnia angustifolia, Maricao, Maricao State Forest, Rt 120, km 9.5, 18°08’04”N, 66°57’18”W, 5.x.2006, Alex Segarra (BME including DNA voucher ♀ FBK044); 1 adult ♀ + 2 second-instar nymphs (all on 1 slide), on Bromeliaceae, quarantine intercept at DC., 1.viii.1935, C.E. Prince Jr., E.Q. No. 037200 (USNM). ADULT FEMALE. Diagnosis. Ferrisia pitcairnia can be diagnosed by the following combination of features: small body size; absence of clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on ventral margins of abdominal segments; ventral oral-collar tubular ducts generally associated with 1 or 2 minute discoidal pores around the rim (each pore slightly larger than duct opening, 3–4 µm in diameter); dorsal enlarged tubular ducts totalling 13–27 throughout dorsum, rim of each duct often with 1 or 2 oval discoidal pores usually adjacent to duct opening; number of multilocular disc pores on venter as follows: 0–4 on abdominal segment V, 5–9 on VI, 12–27 on VII, and 12–23 on VIII + IX, sometimes 1 pore between labium and anterior spiracle on each side; both pairs of ostioles present and well developed; antennae 7 or 8 (mostly 7) segmented. Ferrisia pitcairnia is most similar to F. colombiana but the two species can be easily separated by the much smaller size of F. pitcairnia (1.3–1.8 mm long, 0.5–1.0 mm wide) compared to F. colombiana (1.9–2.1 mm long, 1.0– 1.2 mm wide); absence of translucent pores on hind legs (present in F. colombiana); and by the smaller number of ventral oral-collar tubular ducts (15–23 in F. pitcairnia and 55–75 in F. colombiana). Description of slide-mounted specimens (based on holotype and 16 adult female paratypes; Fig. 16). Body elongate oval, 1.30–1.78 mm long (holotype 1.29 mm), 0.54–0.96 mm wide (holotype 0.68 mm). Eye marginal, 37.5–50 µm wide. Antenna 7 or 8 segmented, 275–350 µm long; apical segment 75–85 µm long, 25–33 µm wide. Clypeolabral shield 130–170 µm long, 135–160 µm wide. Labium 110–145 µm long, 85–120 µm wide. Anterior spiracles 42–55 µm long, 22–30 µm wide across atrium; posterior spiracles 52–70 µm long, 25–33 µm wide across atrium. Circulus quadrate, 72–85 µm wide, divided by an intersegmental line. Legs well developed; hind trochanter + femur 210–260 µm long, hind tibia + tarsus 215–265 µm long, hind claw 25–30 µm long. Ratio of lengths of hind tibia + tarsus to hind trochanter + femur 0.97–1.1, ratio of lengths of hind tibia to tarsus 1.50–1.86, ratio of length of hind trochanter + femur to greatest width of femur 2.77–3.57. Tarsal digitules subequal, each 37–50 µm long. Claw digitules subequal, each 25–35 µm long. Translucent pores absent on hind legs. Ostioles: both pairs present; each anterior ostiole with 18–27 trilocular pores and 5–6 setae; each posterior ostiole with 19–28 trilocular pores and 5–12 setae. Anal ring 67–83 µm wide, with 6 anal ring setae, each seta 125–213 µm long. Dorsum. Anal lobe cerarii each with 2 conical setae, 17–28 µm long, with 21–25 trilocular pores and 3–7 auxiliary setae. Dorsal body setae short and slender, each 12–63 µm long. Trilocular pores each 3–4 µm in diameter. Enlarged tubular ducts totalling 13–27 on dorsum, each duct 23–27 µm long, 5.0–6.5 µm wide at midlength, duct opening 6.5–8.0 µm in diameter, surrounded by a sclerotised circular rim 13–23 µm in diameter and typically enclosing 1 or 2 oval discoidal pores which are generally adjacent to duct opening, and with 1–5 (generally 2 or 3) setae, each 20–30 µm long, usually either within rim (especially on abdomen) or on edge of rim (especially on head); ducts distributed only marginally on head, thorax and abdominal segments; each segment with 0–2 enlarged ducts, but with 2 or 3 ducts on each side of abdominal segment VII. Venter. Body setae slender, each 13–130 µm long, longest setae medially on head; apical seta of anal lobe 177–210 µm long. Distibution of multilocular disc pores as follows: 0–4 pores on abdominal segment V, 3–8 on segment VI, 12–18 on segment VII, 11–26 on segments VIII + IX, and sometimes 1 pore between anterior spiracle and labium; each pore 7–10 (mostly 8–9) µm in diameter. Trilocular pores each 2.5–4.0 µm in diameter. Minute discoidal pores each 2.5–4.0 µm in diameter scattered on venter and generally associated with oral-collar tubular ducts. Oral-collar tubular ducts minute, each 6.2–8.3 µm long, 2.5 µm wide, totalling 15–23, mostly together with 1 discoidal pore (rarely 2), distributed as follows: 5–8 on head and thorax, and on each abdominal segment: 0–3 total on segments I–III; 0–1 on IV; 0–1 on V; 1–3 on VI; 3–6 on VII; 0 or 1 (generally none) on VIII. Etymology. The species name is derived from the genus name of host plant Pitcairnia. The name should be treated as a noun in apposition. Biological note. The collection of this species made by Alex Segarra on 5 October 2006 was from a clump of plants of Pitcairnia angustifolia growing on the ground under heavy shade at 2,600 feet [793 m] elevation on a SW facing slope, and most of mealybugs were protected within the tender inner leaf whorls (few on the exterior) and they were tended by small ants (A. Segarra, personal communication).

Ferrisia multiformis Granara de Willink (Fig. 15) Ferrisia multiformis Granara de Willink, 1991 a: 181. This species was described and illustrated by Granara de Willink (1991) from Parthenium (Asteraceae) in Argentina based on the holotype and 10 paratype adult females (housed in IMLA, BMNH and USNM). We found no specimens of this species among the unidentified South American material that we examined. We examined the two paratype specimens housed in the USNM and noted the following diagnostic features: both pairs of ostioles are present, multilocular disc pores are present only posterior to the vulva, the dorsal enlarged tubular ducts never number more than two, the hind trochanter + femur is less than 300 µm long, with a ratio of hind trochanter + femur to tibia + tarsus of about 1.1, and the antennae are each about 400 µm long. We have modified the original illustration of the adult female of this species (Fig. 15) based on examination of the paratypes in the USNM. The original drawing showed oral-collar tubular ducts dorsally, but this appears to be an error, possibly resulting from interpreting large discoidal pores as the openings of ducts., Published as part of Kaydan, M. B. & Gullan, P. J., 2012, 3543, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 3543 on page 37, {"references":["Granara de Willink, M. C. (1991) Una nueva especie de Ferrisia Fullaway en la Republica Argentina (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Insecta Mundi, 5 (3 - 4), 181 - 184."]}

Ferrisia milleri Kaydan & Gullan sp. n. (Fig. 14) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D24DD971-A7FA-403A-B0A0-590D02B63BD7 Type material: Holotype: adult ♀, ex? Calophyllum sp. leaf, PUERTO RICO, nr Sabana, 16.vii.1977, N-77-103, S. Nakahara (USNM). Paratypes: PUERTO RICO: 2 adult ♀ (1 slide) ex Inga inga, 14 km E of Mayaguez, 6.ii.1936, M.R. Smith, P.R. No: 1354 (USNM); 2 adult ♀ (1 slide) ex guaba [Inga sp.] leaves, Mayaguez, 20.xii.1935, M.R. Smith, P.R. # 876 (USNM); 1 adult ♀ (on slide with an adult ♀ of an unidentifiable Ferrisia sp.), ex Inga inga, San Sebastian, 5.xi.1935, M.R. Smith, Acc # P.R. 848 (USNM). ADULT FEMALE. Diagnosis. Ferrisia milleri can be diagnosed by having the following combination of features: clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on ventral margins of all body segments, but ducts usually in loose clusters; ventral oral-collar tubular ducts generally associated with 1 or 2 discoidal pores around duct rim, pores nearly as large as duct opening and very close to duct opening, each 2.5–3.5 µm in diameter; dorsal enlarged tubular ducts totalling 51–68 throughout dorsum, rim of each duct mostly with 1 or 2 oval discoidal pores usually associated with rim of duct opening; number of multilocular disc pores on venter of abdominal segments as follows: 1–3 on VI, 12–20 on VII, and 10–23 on VIII + IX; both pairs of ostioles present and well developed; antennae 7 or 8 segmented. Ferrisia milleri is most similar to F. cristinae, F. ecuadorensis, F. kondoi and F. williamsi, but can be distinguished readily by having clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts on the ventral margins of all body segments (present on segments II–VIII in F. ecuadorensis, usually confined to VI–VII in F. cristinae and F. williamsi, and VI–VII or VII–VIII in F. kondoi). The adult female of F.milleri also differs from that of F. virgata in the position of the discoidal pores, which is adjacent to the rim of each duct opening of both dorsal enlarged tubular ducts and ventral oral-collar tubular ducts (discoidal pores rarely adjacent to rim of duct openings in F. virgata). This species is also similar to some specimens of F. gilli by having small oral-collar tubular duct clusters on all body segments, but can be separated from the latter by the presence of anterior ostioles and presence multilocular pores on abdominal segment VI (both features absent in F. gilli). Description of slide-mounted specimens (based on all 6 type specimens; Fig. 14). Body elongate oval, 2.98–3.52 mm long (holotype 2.57 mm), 1.68–1.92 mm wide (holotype 1.37 mm). Eye marginal, 68–90 µm wide. Antenna 7 or 8 segmented, 600–650 µm long; apical segment 120–130 µm long, 35–37 µm wide. Clypeolabral shield 170–195 µm long, 110–145 µm wide. Labium 210–235 µm long, 125–145 µm wide. Anterior spiracles 65–75 µm long, 45–50 µm wide across atrium; posterior spiracles 82–88 µm long, 52–68 µm wide across atrium. Circulus quadrate, 117–160 µm wide, divided by an intersegmental line. Legs well developed; hind trochanter + femur 470–500 µm long, hind tibia + tarsus 530–560 m long, hind claw 40–45 µm long. Ratio of lengths of hind tibia + tarsus to hind trochanter + femur 1.08–1.25, ratio of lengths of hind tibia to tarsus 3.00–3.07, ratio of length of hind trochanter + femur to greatest width of femur 3.91–4.27. Tarsal digitules subequal, each 60–63 µm long. Claw digitules subequal, each 35 µm long. Translucent pores present on hind legs, totalling 12–22 on coxa, femur and tibia combined. Ostioles: both pairs present; anterior ostioles poorly developed, each with 25–29 trilocular pores and 8 setae; each posterior ostiole with 33–46 trilocular pores and 7–11 setae. Anal ring 100–120 µm wide, with 6 anal ring setae, each seta 185–225 µm long. Dorsum. Anal lobe cerarii each with 2 conical setae, each seta 35 µm long, with 27–47 trilocular pores and 3–5 auxiliary setae. Dorsal body setae slender, each 15–88 µm long. Trilocular pores each 4–5 µm in diameter. Enlarged tubular ducts totalling 51–68 on dorsum, each duct 25–33 µm long, 6–8 µm wide at mid-length, rim of duct opening 10–13 µm in diameter, surrounded by a sclerotised circular area 15–25 µm in diameter, enclosing 1 or 2 oval discoidal pores (each pore usually adjacent to rim of duct opening) and with 2–5 (generally 2 or 3) setae, each 25–38 µm long, usually either within rim of duct opening (especially on abdomen) or on edge of rim (especially on head); ducts distributed marginally in clusters of 1–4 on head and thorax, on margins of all abdominal segments in groups of 2–3, but with 4–6 ducts on each side of abdominal segment VII, and also 3–5 submedially on dorsum. Venter. Body setae slender, each 15–240 µm long, longest setae medially on head; apical seta of anal lobe 300–305 µm long. Multilocular disc pores present on posterior abdominal segments only: 1–3 pores on segment VI, 12–20 on segment VII, 10–23 on segments VIII + IX; each pore 7.5–8.0 µm in diameter. Trilocular pores each 3–4 µm in diameter. Minute discodial pores each 2.5–3.5 µm in diameter, almost always associated with oral-collar tubular ducts, with 1 or 2 pores very close to (almost touching) rim of most oral-collar tubular ducts and 1 or 2 pores among many clusters of small oral-collar tubular ducts. Oral-collar tubular ducts on most of venter (excluding margins of posterior abdomen) each 9–10 µm long, 2.5–3.8 µm wide, totalling 67–74, distributed as follows: 17–22 on head and thorax, and on each abdominal segment: 10–12 total on segments I–III, 4–6, on IV; 4–10, on V; 4–12, on VI; 8–14, on VII, and 2–4 on VIII. Small oral-collar tubular ducts each 7.5–9.0 µm long, 3–4 µm wide, distributed on each side of body as follows: 13–19 on head at base of antennae, in loose segmental clusters of 2–11 ducts along margin of thorax; on each side of each abdominal segment: 3–10 on I; 3–10 on II; 9–15 on III; 7–15 on IV; 8–18 on V; 8–18 on VI; 10–17 on VII; 0–6 on VIII; ducts in each group not tightly clustered. Etymology. This species is named in honour of Dr Douglass R. Miller, who assisted with this study in many ways, including hosting the authors’ visits to Beltsville to examine Ferrisia specimens in the USNM, collecting Ferrisia samples for DNA work, and providing much useful advice., Published as part of Kaydan, M. B. & Gullan, P. J., 2012, 3543, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 3543 on pages 35-37

Ferrisia terani Williams & Granara de Willink (Fig. 19) Ferrisia terani Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 181. Type material examined. Paratype: 1 adult ♀, ex Citrus, ARGENTINA, Tucumán, 26.vii.1977, C. Granara de Willink (USNM). Other material examined. 2 adult ♀ (2 slides, DNA vouchers FBK015 & PG90), ex Citrus, ARGENTINA, Tucumán, S. M. de Tucumán, May 2002, M.C. Granara de Willink (BME); 1 adult ♀, ex Persea sp., MEXICO, San Antonio, 15.vi.1972, C. Parker, 4009 (USNM); 1 adult ♀, ex leaf of Eriobotrya sp., MEXICO, intercepted at Los Angeles 049882, 27.v.1985, D. Roll, 85-8491 (USNM); 2 adult ♀ (on slide with a non- Ferrisia mealybug), ex Jodina rhombifolia, URUGUAY, Colonia Suiza, H.L. Parker, received 7.ix.1944, So. Amer. Par. Lab., 869-10 (USNM); 2 adult ♀ (2 slides), ex Vaccinium ashei, USA, Florida, Hawthorne, 21.xi.1997, J. Beckwith, E97-4417 (FSCA). Other material of doubtful identity (not totally typical of F. terani): 1 adult ♀, ex Opuntia sp., MEXICO 18.ii.1993, H. Griab, El Pugo 42832, 93 03393 (USNM). This female has wider enlarged tubular ducts (width at duct mid-length: 6.0–7.3 µm on head; 7.0–8.3 µm on posterior abdomen) than typical specimens of F. terani (see below), but the ducts may have been distorted by overheating in KOH during clearing. The antennae (ca. 700 µm long) and legs of this Mexican specimen also are slightly longer than these appendages on the paratype of F. terani that we examined. This species was described from citrus and cassava in Argentina and Guatemala (Williams & Granara de Willink 1992). Other collections (listed above) suggest that the species is quite widespread in South America and Mexico and also polyphagous, with host-plant records from Ericaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae and Santalaceae, and perhaps also Cactaceae if the female from Opuntia belongs to this species. The adult female is described and well illustrated in the original description (redrawn and modifed here, Fig. 19). It resembles the adult female of F. malvastra in having multilocular pores around the vulva only (fewer than 9 pores for F. terani) and having narrow dorsal enlarged tubular ducts, with a shaft diameter of 4.0–5.0 µm at mid-length (unless the specimen has been over-cleared in KOH, which distorts duct width), with the ducts narrower on the head than on the abdomen. The adult female of F. terani can be distinguished from that of F. malvastra by its slender body shape (body broadly oval for F. malvastra) and by having the dorsal enlarged tubular ducts on the posterior abdominal segments with the associated setae situated inside a large sclerotised area surrounding each duct (setae usually situated on the edge of a small sclerotised area surrounding each duct in F. malvastra)., Published as part of Kaydan, M. B. & Gullan, P. J., 2012, 3543, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 3543 on page 46, {"references":["Williams, D. J. & Granara de Willink, M. C. (1992) Mealybugs of Central and South America. CAB International, London, England. 635 pp."]}

The genus Xenolecanium Takahashi is reviewed and transferred from the subfamily Myzolecaniinae to the Coccinae (tribe Paralecaniini). The type species Xenolecanium mangiferae Takahashi is redescribed, and Xenolecanium takabashii Kondo sp. nov. from Indonesia is described based on the adult female and first instar nymph. A taxonomic key is provided to separate adult females of the two species of Xenolecanium. Xenolecanium rotundum Takahashi is transferred to become the type species of a new monotypic genus, Takahashilecanium Kondo, which is also placed in the Paralecaniini. The morphological justification for placing Xenolecanium and Takahashilecanium in the Paralecaniini is discussed, and we provide a taxonomic key for separating both genera from all other members of the Paralecaniini.

Cook, L. G., Gullan, P. J., Stewart, A. C. (2000): First-instar morphology and sexual dimorphism in the gall-inducing scale insect Apiomorpha RuÈbsaamen (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae). Journal of Natural History 34 (6): 879-894, DOI: 10.1080/002229300299291, URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299291