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WOS: 000441325100034 Enterotoxemia, caused by Clostridium perfringens, is one of the most common problems of small ruminants' industry worldwide. C. perfringens is considered to be a normal resident of the intestines and when the intestinal environment changed, proliferates in large numbers and produces enterotoxins. Vaccination against C. perfringens enterotoxins is of paramount importance for preventing enterotoxemia in small ruminants. Therefore, detection of local enterotoxin types produced by C. perfringens could help deciding the suitable vaccine program. The present study was aimed to determine the types of C. perfringens and their toxins prevalent in small ruminant of Samsun province, Northern Turkey. For this purpose, 221 intestinal samples from sheep and goats with sudden death and/or suspected from enterotoxemia were examined by ELISA for detection of C. perfringens enterotoxins. According to ELISA results, 45.2% of the samples (100/221) were positive for enterotoxemia caused by C. perfringens. Overall, 133 enterotoxins were detected in this 100 positive samples. When evaluating the individual enterotoxins; alfa (alpha), beta (beta), and epsilon (epsilon) toxin were detected in 72.9%, 4.5%, and 22.6%, respectively. According to toxin types, 65 for C. perfringens type A (65.0%), 1 for type C (1.0%), 5 for type C (5.0%), and 29 for type D (29.0%) were determined. In conclusion, it was determined that enterotoxemia was high (45.2%), C. perfringens A and D type dominant strain in sheep and goats in Samsun province. A suitable vaccination program against C. perfringens type A and type D may provide adequate protection against the enterotoxemia of small ruminants in this area.

WOS: 000367865800004 PubMed: 27175186 In this study, 72 Enterococcus faecalis isolates originating from humans (n=39), dogs (n=26) and cats (n=7) were investigated for some virulence factors, some virulence genes, antibiotic resistance phenotypes, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) patterns and biofilm production. Of the isolates, 31 (43.1%) were positive for gelatinase, 11(15.3%) for aggregation substance and cytolysine, 38 (52.8%) for gelE and 34 (47.2%) for asal genes. All isolates were found to be negative for hyl, esp and cylA genes. All isolates were found to be resistant to nalidixic acid and kanamycin. On the other hand, all isolates were cited for susceptible to amoxicillin. Vancomycin resistance genes (vanA, vanB, vanC I/C2 or vanD) have not been detected in any of the phenotypically vancomycin resistant isolates. Isolates from humans, dogs and cats were grouped into 8, 2 and 4 antibiotypes depending upon susceptibilities to 12 different antibiotics. In all human, dog and cat isolates, 9, 12 and 2 genotypes were determined by RAPD-PCR, respectively. Nine (34.6%) of the dog isolates were found to be positive for biofilm production. This study showed that multiple antibiotic resistance among human isolates is more frequent than in dog and cat isolates.

Laboratory diagnosis of brucellosis is generally performed by microbiological and serological methods. PCR assay is a specific and sensitive choice for the detection of different bacterial agents. An evaluation of this test was carried out for the detection of Brucella melitensis DNA in sheep milk. 102 milk samples from sheep after abortion were taken and studied using bacteriological culture, PCR and milk ring test (MRT). PCR found B. melitensis DNA in 24 (23.5%) out of 102 milk samples, while only 8 (7.8%) of the samples were positive to B. melitensis through direct culture. MRT found 28 (27.4%) positive milk samples. The detection limit for PCR in sheep milk inoculated with B. melitensis strain 16 M was 1.7x10³-1.7x10(4) cfu/ml. PCR and MRT coincidence was 96%. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were determined as 100% and 81.3% respectively for PCR assay and 75% and 75% for MRT. PCR is a useful tool for a fast diagnosis of B. melitensis in sheep milk. El diagnóstico de laboratorio de brucelosis es generalmente realizado por métodos microbiológicos y serológicos. La prueba PCR es reconocida como una alternativa específica y sensible para la detección de diferentes agentes bacterianos. Se realizó una evaluación de la prueba PCR para la detección de ADN de Brucella melitensis en leche de oveja. Ciento dos muestras tomadas de ovejas postaborto fueron analizadas por métodos de cultivo bacteriológico, prueba PCR y prueba del anillo en leche (MRT). El PCR detectó ADN de B. melitensis en 24 (23,5%) de 102 muestras de leche, mientras que solamente 8 (7,8%) muestras de leche fueron positivas a B. melitensis por cultivo directo. El MRT detectó 28 (27,4%) muestras positivas de leche. El límite de detección de B. melitensis 16 M por PCR fue de 1,7x10³-1,7x10(4) ufc/ml en leche inoculada. La concordancia entre PCR y MRT fue 96%. La sensibilidad diagnóstica y la precisión fueron determinadas como el 100% y el 81,3% respectivamente para la prueba de PCR y el 75% y el 75% para MRT. En conclusión, PCR es una herramienta muy útil para el diagnóstico rápido de B. melitensis en leche de oveja.

A programme is being carried out in Turkey to eradicate brucellosis from cattle by compulsory slaughtering of positive cases on serological test surveillance. In spite of the very strict application of the programme, the results obtained so far are not satisfactory in respect of eliminating the disease. It seems that it will be very difficult to achieve this goal without considering the disease status in other domestic animals. Brucella abortus is associated with chronic inflammatory conditions including fistulous withers, poll-evil and also joint infection in horses. Consequently, in this study, to evaluate prevalence of brucellosis in horses, a comparative study of standard tube agglutination test (STAT) and Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination Test (RBPT) were carried out on horse sera.

Aeromonas spp. are members of the Vibrionaceae (Janda, 1991). Although they are common in fresh surface water, their presence in faeces of several animals and humans has been proved (Boynukara et al., 2002; Jindal et al., 1993). Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of whole-cell proteins have been used for typing several bacterial species, including Aeromonads (Stephenson and Tabaqchali 1986; Stephenson et al., 1987). A more sensible approach might be to identify isolates as A. hydrophila, A. sobria or A. caviae, and use an electrophoretic fingerprinting technique to further characterize them (Popoff, 1984), Maclnnes et al. (1979) did the first DNA hybridization experiments with Aeromonas, and concluded that the genus consist of two main evolutionary lines; a diverse group of motile Aeromonads and genetically more homogeneous non-motile Aeromonads. Fanning et al. (1985) confirmed that all strains of Aeromonas were more closely related to each other than to species in other families, and found that motile Aeromonas species could be divided into at least 10 different DNA hybridization.

This study was performed on 121 Van Cats at the Van Cat Research Center of the Yucuncu YiI University. Out, of 121 cats 20 showed an uni- or bilateral conjunctivitis. The animals were of both sex aging between 1-9 years. The following symptoms were observed in 20 cats with conjunctivitis: serous or seromucous lacrimation, hyperemia and oedema in the conjunctiva and desquamation around their eyes. Hair samples together with hair follicules were taken from comissura medialis and used for bacteriologial and fungal culture. After cultivation, Staphylococcus spp. in 19 cats, Streptococcus spp. in 7 cats and Microsporum spp. in 2 cats were isolated. All the bacteria detected were sensitivite to cloxacillin and to some other antibiotics according to the antibiogram.

This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of Salmonella sp. and to determine their susceptibility to antibiotics in apparently healthy slaughtered sheep. In this research, a total of 600 (300 rectal and 300 vaginal) swabs taken from sheep were used as materials. A total of 9 (1.5%) Salmonella sp. were isolated from samples. Of the 9 Salmonella sp., 6 (2%) were isolated from rectal swabs and 3 (1%) Salmonella serotypes from vaginal swabs. Salmonella strains were serotyped as Salmonella saintpaul. All Salmonella strains were found to be susceptible to ampicillin, enrofloxacin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, gentamicin, neomycin, chloramphenicol, spectinomycin, cephalothin, amoxycillin/clavulanic acid, trimethoprim+ sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid and penicillin G (except 2 isolates) whereas, they were resistant to erythromycin and novobiocin. This is the first time, S. saintpaul was isolated in rectal and vaginal swab samples of the sheep slaughtered in abattoirs in Turkey.