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This study introduces a new remittance outflow indicator, the Real Remittance Indicator (RRI), which accounts for inflation and transaction costs. It examines the dynamics of real and nominal remittance outflows in GCC countries, emphasising the need for accurate economic analysis. Using a t-test and a panel ARDL model with dynamic fixed effects, the study analyzes the relationship between remittance outflows and macroeconomic indicators. Key findings show a significant positive correlation between RRI and GDP, and a negative correlation with Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Unit root tests indicate RRI and NRI become stationary after first differencing. The panel ARDL results highlight a positive long-term impact of GDP on RRI and a negative impact of FDI. The study suggests that GCC policymakers should improve economic stability and job security for expatriates, lower transaction fees, and promote digital remittance methods to enhance remittance outflows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) members have reacted differently to strategic shifts in the Middle East, including the relative decline of the United States (US). Why have the GCC governments differed in their defence diversification steps of alignment formation, policy independence and arms procurement? By focusing on the perceptions of Gulf decision-makers, we argue that the GCC governments that are less confident in US security provision have been more proactive in pursuing diversification, whereas those that are more confident in the US have been less pursuant of diversification. We evaluate our argument by comparing the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Qatar and Kuwait. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sukuk and conventional bonds gain their popularity in the global market. Hence, an observation of the dynamic correlation and transmission of volatility between these two instruments is relevant. This article investigates the volatility spillover of sukuk and conventional bond markets by using GARCH-BEKK model. Then, we measure the dynamics of the co-movement of both markets by using GARCH-DCC model, and finally, we examine the macroeconomic factors that determine the dynamic conditional correlation between sukuk and conventional bonds in two Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) markets (i.e., Indonesia and Malaysia) and four Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) markets (i.e., Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar and Oman). The data reveal unidirectional and bidirectional volatility spillovers of sukuk and bond indices. The results also show strong evidence of dynamic conditional correlation for all markets. On the basis of the BEKK and dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) results, we infer that bonds and sukuk in ASEAN and GCC markets show the efficiency of the markets, which do not offer any diversification benefits to investors for having both instruments in their portfolios. As regards portfolio diversification strategies, investors must pay attention to the co-movements and spillover of both markets accordingly. Finally, only Oman market is influenced by all macroeconomic variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a complex multisystem genetic disorder that requires long-term, age-specific monitoring and multidisciplinary care. NF1 symptom burden can significantly affect the quality of life and impose a substantial economic burden on patients and their families. The approval and widespread availability of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitors such as selumetinib for NF1-related plexiform neurofibromas have revolutionized the standard of care for patients with NF1, however their effective utilization hinges on early recognition of NF1. We present a consensus manuscript describing the challenges observed in the Arabian Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) for diagnosing and managing NF1. Experts from the GCC also present recommendations for the early recognition and management of NF1 and its complications. A referral pathway that can play a crucial role in helping primary healthcare providers refer their patients to experts is also proposed. Increasing the availability and accessibility of genetic testing at an affordable cost and optimizing personalized NF1 care are essential for NF1 management. Developing regional guidelines for NF1 management and establishing NF1 centers of excellence may facilitate better care and outcomes for patients with NF1 in the GCC region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with disabilities make up 16% of the world's population, an estimated 1.3 billion individuals. Because many people rely on the media to make sense of the world, a skewed perception of people with disabilities has become dominant in society today. People with disabilities are largely depicted in the media as deserving of pity and charity and always dependent on others for survival. The media provides us with narratives that we use to create interpretations of the world around us and, consequently, become bases of norms and attitudes about issues and persons around us. This paper studies Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries' news coverage of women with disabilities to gain insights into the kind of narratives the Gulf press constructs about them. Through a content analysis of national news agencies' news reports from Bahrain, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), this study reveals how Gulf media contributes to the consolidation of or liberation from established notions and perceptions about women with disabilities in Gulf society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of World Water Policy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This paper aims to analyze the connectedness between the natural gas, wheat, gold, Bitcoin and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) stock indices with the advent of exogenous and unexpected shocks related to the health and political crises. Design/methodology/approach: For this end, a quantile-based connectedness method is applied on returns of different assets during the period 01/01/2016–05/01/2024. Findings: The empirical findings display that the existence of time-varying connectedness between markets is well-documented and seems to be stronger during the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia–Ukraine war. The connectedness is fostered with extreme events, showing that shocks propagate increasingly during turbulent periods compared with calm ones. The connectedness is event-dependent. Practical implications: The empirical results offer insightful information for policymakers and investors about the contagion effect and volatility spillover among GCC stock markets and other asset classes during different crises. Originality/value: This study examines different asset classes' dynamism connection with sock prices in the GCC countries to better apprehend the (dis)similarities between different asset classes in terms of information transmission. It also investigates the connectedness structure among different asset classes under extreme market conditions and how spillover effects across GCC markets and other ones can be time- and event-dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dirasat: Human & Social Sciences is the property of University of Jordan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the dynamics of return connectedness of the Standard & Poor's (S&P) Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) composite index with five regional equity indices, three global equity indices and other different asset classes during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses daily data spanning from January 2, 2018, to December 23, 2021. A subsample analysis is conducted to determine the role of uncertainty in modifying the connectedness structure during the ongoing pandemic period. Findings: The results of this study show that the nature of connectedness is time-frequent, with clear evidence for a higher level of connectedness during stress periods, especially after the onset of the pandemic. The GCC index is found to be a net receiver of shocks to other assets, with an increase in magnitude during the COVID period. Research limitations/implications: This study is limited by the use of only daily data, and future research could consider using higher frequency data. Practical implications: The results of this study confirm the disturbing effects of the pandemic on the GCC index and its connectedness with other assets, which matters for policymakers and investors. Originality/value: This study provides new insights into the dynamics of return connectedness of the GCC index with other assets during the COVID-19 pandemic period, which has not been previously explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study documents the comparative financial performance of the Islamic Banking Services Industry (IBSI) in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region. After drawing the performance evaluation framework (based on the CAMEL framework), the research conducted data analysis of the Islamic Banking Services Industry (IBSI) in the GCC region for 31 quarters (2013Q4–2021Q4). The analysis examines capital adequacy, asset quality, management performance, earnings, and liquidity management. Objectively classified data trends are reported through graphs. Additionally, the research documents internal determinants of financial performance. Findings suggest that the GCC-IBSI has shown overall progress in achieving primary objectives (commercial performance), including healthy capital adequacy, cost control, equity returns, and liquidity management. Capital adequacy, cost control, and liquidity management significantly contribute to financial performance. Managerial implications include cost control, reduction in non-performing loans, and prudent liquidity management. There exist opportunities in the GCC-IBSI for investors, given the mismatch in demand and supply of Islamic financial services. This study contributes to the literature by documenting findings on the achievements of the primary objective of IBSI in multiple GCC-IBSI markets comparatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of per capita income, gross domestic product (GDP) growth, foreign direct investment (FDI), sectoral composition, and domestic credit on employment patterns in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries from 2013 to 2023, based on "Okun's law". The dynamic data panel was analyzed using the generalized method of moments (GMM) and the ordinary least square (OLS) method. The research findings reveal that the agricultural sector's contributions have significantly influenced the employment patterns in GCC countries, emphasizing the traditional role of agriculture in creating job opportunities. However, the contribution of the services and industrial sectors has no significant impact on employment patterns. Domestic credit and FDI inflows have significantly influenced employment patterns in GCC countries, underscoring their vital role in sustaining long-term economic stability. Per capita income and GDP growth did not significantly impact the employment pattern in the GCC countries during the study period. This research provides valuable insights to policymakers, highlighting the need to focus on the services and industrial sectors to promote their contribution to employment in GCC countries. The research findings also augment the literature by identifying the key economic indicators contributing to GCC countries' employment creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the effects of significant global economic shocks, such as the 2008 Global Financial Crisis and the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, on GDP growth in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) nations. Employing a dynamic generalized method of moments (GMM) model, the analysis highlights the strong momentum effect of lagged GDP growth, where past performance plays a critical role in shaping current economic outcomes. The findings also reveal that natural resources continue to positively influence short-term growth, but with diminishing returns over time, supporting the resource curse hypothesis and underscoring the need for broader structural reforms to ensure long-term sustainability. In addition, the results show that external investments flowing into the country, trade balance, and inflation emerge as key drivers of economic growth. While moderate inflation is positively associated with economic expansion, unemployment exerts a significant negative effect on GDP growth, particularly in models that account for country-specific characteristics. This emphasizes the need for labor market reforms to improve employment rates and support sustainable development. The role of gross capital formation, particularly in both the dynamic GMM and random effects models, further underscores the importance of strategic domestic investment, especially during periods of global disruption. These findings emphasize the critical need for economic diversification in the GCC. Policymakers should focus on attracting foreign investment, managing inflation, enhancing human capital, and boosting domestic investment to mitigate the adverse effects of the resource curse and secure sustainability. While market capitalization and oil rents may stimulate short-term growth, their long-term sustainability remains uncertain without greater diversification. Both external and domestic investments emerge as critical drivers of long-term growth, while persistent challenges such as inflation and unemployment continue to pose risks to economic stability. The study highlights the need to reduce reliance on oil and leverage human capital to build more resilient economies capable of adapting to future challenges. By offering dynamic, empirical insights into the balance between resource reliance and sustainable growth, this research adds valuable insights to the policy discussion on economic diversification in the GCC. Policymakers are urged to prioritize FDI, inflation management, domestic capital formation, and human capital development to mitigate vulnerabilities and ensure sustainable economic growth in the face of ongoing global uncertainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we empirically examine the structural and macroeconomic determinants of unemployment rates in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, distinguished by age and gender. We examine several hypotheses regarding the influence of long-run economic growth, labour market flexibility, and the social contract on unemployment rates. Using panel data for the period 2000–2020 and country and time fixed effects estimation methodology, empirical evidence shows that long-run growth reduces unemployment rates regardless of age and gender (except for female youth unemployment rate). Wage flexibility reduces most unemployment rates. Urbanization reduces total and male unemployment rates, while population density reduces total and female unemployment rates. In contrast to these determinants, linking pay to productivity, increases female, total youth, and male youth unemployment rates. Openness ratio increases total, total youth, male and male youth unemployment rates but not female and female youth unemployment rates. The paper has important policy implications for reducing unemployment rates in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses recent developments for fossil fuel (FF) and electricity pricing and consumption in the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), which together form the core of OPEC. These countries still subsidize FFs, albeit to varying degrees and UAE least so. The states have indicated a wish to reform their FF subsidies, which has led to a fiscal drain and lower than desired FF export revenues. Apart from UAE, none of these countries’ plans have however yet come to fruition. We discuss in some detail the political basis for such plans, and the factors making them more or less likely to be pursued and succeed. Long-term considerations, and pressures from budget balance, climate change and efficient economic allocation, all speak in favor of price reforms which will be overall beneficial to all the states. More modernistic views, taking over the countries’ political agendas, also push in the same direction. The paper also discusses similar recent developments in two comparator MENA countries, Iran (structurally most similar to the GCC countries), and Egypt (which has a more different economy and export base). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study empirically examines the factors affecting the financing decisions of non-financial listed companies in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Using static and dynamic two-step generalized method of moments techniques, it analyzes unbalanced panel data from 364 non-financial companies across six GCC countries from 2011 to 2021. The findings partially support optimal capital structure theories, highlighting significant internal factors such as profitability, market-to-book ratio, firm size, earnings volatility, and growth opportunities that influence financing decisions. While no single theory fully explains the financing choices, the association of internal factors with book and market leverage is consistent. The study provides robust and generalizable results, aiding financial institutions and policymakers in formulating pro-development policies and regulations. This research facilitates better coordination between corporate managers and financial institutions, supporting the region's economic transition. It is the first study to use extensive data from GCC non-financial firms to investigate financing decisions, offering valuable insights for investors and a basis for further analysis of capital structure choices in the region and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rising greenhouse gas emissions have significantly altered the composition of the atmosphere, exacerbating global climate disruptions. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), composed of six nations rich in resources, holds a pivotal position in the global economy, prompting an examination of how Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) initiatives can enhance urban sustainability in the region. Methodologically, this study synthesizes existing literature on the impact of ESG on urban sustainability, employing a mixed-methods approach that integrates comparative analysis of major GCC capital market contributors with insights from published sustainability guidelines and reports, as well as findings from seven focus groups. The research investigates the underexplored role of ESG integration in promoting sustainable urban development within the GCC. It identifies various barriers to ESG adoption in the region, including cultural factors, regulatory gaps, and limitations in data availability. Despite global efforts, the GCC faces distinctive challenges, such as climate change impacts and economic reliance on hydrocarbons. Key findings reveal that ESG integration can incentivize sustainable practices among corporations, attract responsible investments, and enhance economic resilience. However, challenges persist due to cultural factors, regulatory gaps, and insufficient stakeholder knowledge. The study proposes strategies to address these challenges, emphasizing the improvement of sustainability reporting across both private and public sectors, the promotion of standardized ESG metrics, and the effective use of technology for robust data management. By overcoming these hurdles, the transformative potential of ESG in GCC urban sustainability initiatives can be maximized. This research offers crucial insights for stakeholders, policymakers, and urban planners navigating the evolving landscape of ESG integration and urban sustainability in the GCC and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We implement a two‐stage methodology based on the structural vector autoregressive and time‐varying parameter vector autoregressive models to examine the time‐varying effect of distinct types of oil‐price shocks on sovereign credit risks measured by credit default swap (CDS) spreads in Gulf Cooperation Council countries. Using monthly data for the period from May 2011 to February 2022, our results show time‐varying responses to structural oil shocks in the short‐ and medium‐run periods, with more fluctuations in responses detected over the full sample period in the former. Overall, we detect a break in the contagious impacts of oil shocks during and in the aftermath of, the 2014–2015 oil crisis and COVID‐19 crisis. Specifically, the Bahraini market is found to exhibit a positive (negative) reaction to the oil supply shocks (OS) and oil market‐specific demand shocks (OSD) throughout the pandemic period. Furthermore, we uncover a transient response from the Saudi and Qatari CDS spreads to the aggregate demand shocks (ADS) and the OSD over the full sample period, indicating the need for portfolio rebalancing. In the UAE, we detect a positive impact over the three sampled years of OSD since 2011. Moreover, a notable decoupling pattern continues to appear between short‐ and medium‐term innovations in the ADS. Our results suggest adopting more conservative trading in the CDS markets while understanding the oil price and the economic state. The complexity of the trading strategy should also depend on the target Gulf market itself and that seems essential when it comes to investing in Qatar and Saudi Arabia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the relationship between political connections, financing decisions and cash holding. Design/methodology/approach: Based on historical data from 181 active non-financial firms listed on Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Stock Exchange Markets during the period of 2009–2016, this study uses ordinary least squares and dynamic system-generalized method of moments to test the research hypotheses. The final data set comprises a total of 1,448 firm-year observations from ten major non-financial industry classifications. Findings: This study finds a positive relationship between political connections and each of internal financing proxied by retained earnings ratio and external financing proxied by short- and long-term debt to total asset. The findings also show a positive relationship between political connections and cash holding. Practical implications: The findings of the study provide a better understanding of the role of politically connected directors in financing decisions and cash holding in the GCC. Investors can consider the presence of royal family members in the board of directors when making investment decision. Policymakers are encouraged to develop more effective policies that encourage listed firms to provide information on the political positions of the board of directors, managers and major shareholders/owners of companies. Originality/value: This study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence on the relationship between political connections and financing decisions by focusing on the GCC region. This study also highlights that boards in connected firms in the GCC have lower monitoring role owing to political interventions, and that connected firms face higher agency problems as they have weak governance and boards compared with non-connected firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to provide some insights into the importance of family business in the transition of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region into a diversified, modern economic region. Design/methodology/approach: This is a viewpoint paper, bringing together recent relevant academic and industry literature combined with the authors' observations of emerging regional trends. Findings: The authors find that family businesses have been an anchor of private sector economic development in the GCC. Family businesses across the region reflect both the challenges and opportunity of the context. Recent social and economic changes present challenges to the historical ways of operation, and yet they also present opportunities. Originality/value: This paper is intended to be thought provoking and insightful for those in the region and those with an interest in the region. The unique social, historical and economic characteristics of the region are discussed along with their impact on family businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some US-listed country exchange-traded funds (ETFs) suffer from chronic and meaningful mispricing in the form of premiums or discounts relative to their fundamental value despite the presence of the creation/redemption mechanism. This mispricing is mainly attributed to the staggered information flow due to nonoverlapping time zones between the market where the ETF is listed and its underlying home market. This study provides out-of-sample evidence on the price formation of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) country ETFs and gauges the impact of mispricing on their underlying home markets. The GCC context is particularly insightful because these markets have nonoverlapping time zones with the US and follow distinct trading schedules. Our sample comprises daily data from three countries' iShares that exclusively track the Qatari, Saudi, and Emirati stock markets from 17 September 2015 to 14 March 2023. The results show that GCC ETFs are driven mainly by their net asset values (NAVs), albeit imperfectly, while the S&P500 exerts a relatively mild influence on these ETFs compared to other country ETFs, as reported by prior studies. Moreover, we find that crude oil prices positively and significantly impact GCC ETFs' pricing. When we control for unsynchronized trading days between the US and the GCC home markets, we find a structural difference between overlapping and nonoverlapping trading days. This structural difference manifests in a sluggish adjustment to correct mispricing in the ETF market on the day the home market is closed; however, other variables, including the S&P500, show no discernible difference, which refutes the overreaction explanation. This recurrent pattern is reflected in a clear day-of-the-week pattern in the price discovery these ETFs offer to their underlying home markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

الملخص: أهداف البحث: تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى مقارنة الوفيات وسنوات فقدان الحياة المحتملة والخسائر الاقتصادية الناجمة عن تسعة أمراض غير معدية بين مجالس الصحة لدول مجلس التعاون الخليجي. طريقة البحث: تم الحصول على عدد الوفيات ومتوسطالعمر المتوقع حسب العمر والجنس في كل بلد من قاعدة بيانات منظمة الصحة العالمية لعام 2019 لحساب سنوات فقدان الحياة المحتملة حسب المرض والجنس. تم تقدير الخسارة الاقتصادية من خلال الجمع بين الدخل السنوي المعدل للقيمة الحالية مضروبا في مستويات سنوات فقدان الحياة المحتملة لكل مرض حسب الجنس والبلد. النتائج: كشفت النتائج أن الأمراض غير المعدية التسعة كانت مسؤولة عن 152,854 حالة وفاة، و3 ملايين حالة سنة من الحياة المحتملة المفقودة و23.9 مليار دولار أمريكي كخسارة اقتصادية في دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي. كان السبب الأكثر شيوعا للوفاة هو مرض نقص تروية القلب الذي تسبب في 82,232 حالة وفاة (54% من الإجمالي)، و1.6 مليون حالة وفاة (54% من الإجمالي)، و12.8 مليار دولار أمريكي من الخسائر الاقتصادية (53% من الإجمالي). من ناحية أخرى، كان سرطان الرئة هو السبب الأقل شيوعا للوفاة، حيث تسبب في وفاة 1960 شخصا، و37287 شخصا من سنوات فقدان الحياة المحتملة، و317.6 مليون دولار أمريكي كخسارة اقتصادية. وكانت المملكة العربية السعودية الدولة الأكثر تضررا بين جميع دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي من حيث الوفيات (68,027)، وسنوات فقدان الحياة المحتملة (1,4 مليون)، والخسائر الاقتصادية (14.3 مليار دولار أمريكي). وتجدر الإشارة إلى أن المملكة العربية السعودية تمثل 45%، و49%، و60% من الوفيات، والخسائر الاقتصادية، على التوالي للمنطقة بأكملها. وفي المقابل، تعتبر قطر الدولة الأقل تضررا من حيث الوفيات والإصابات، في حين أن اليمن هي الدولة الأقل تضررا من حيث الخسارة الاقتصادية. الاستنتاجات: أظهرت نتائج هذه الدراسة أن عبء الأمراض غير المعدية في دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي كان كبيرا من حيث الوفيات، وحالات الوفاة المبكرة، والخسائر الاقتصادية. ويتعين على صناع السياسات أن يولوا المزيد من الاهتمام لاكتشاف هذه الأمراض غير المعدية والوقاية منها والسيطرة عليها وعوامل الخطر المرتبطة بها. Abstract: Objectives: This study was aimed at comparing deaths, years of potential life loss (YPLL), and economic loss due to nine non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among Health Council of Gulf Cooperation (GCC) countries. Methods: The number of deaths and life expectancy by age and sex in each country, obtained from the 2019 World Health Organization database, were used to calculate YPLL by disease and sex. Economic loss was estimated by combining the annual income adjusted for the present value multiplied by the YPLL for each disease by sex and country. Results: The nine NCDs were responsible for 152,854 deaths, 3 million YPLL, and 23.9 billion US$ economic loss in GCC countries. The most common cause of death was ischemic heart disease, which caused 82,232 deaths (54% of the total), 1.6 million YPLL (54% of the total), and a 12.8 billion US$ economic loss (53% of the total). The least common cause of death was lung cancer, which caused 1,960 deaths, 37,287 YPLL, and a 317.6 million US$ economic loss. KSA was the most affected country among all GCC countries in terms of deaths (68,027), YPLL (1.4 million), and economic loss (14.3 billion US$). Notably, KSA had 45%, 49%, and 60% of the entire region's deaths, YPLL, and economic loss, respectively. In contrast, Qatar was the least affected country in terms of deaths and YPLL, and Yemen was the least affected country in terms of economic loss. Conclusion: The burden of NCDs in GCC countries in terms of deaths, YPLL, and economic loss is substantial. Policymakers should pay greater attention to detecting, preventing, and controlling these NCDs and their risk factors.

Many of the proposals for post-war reconstruction of Yemen are founded upon idealistic and unrealistic visions of the state of the country. This article, by contrast, focuses on the multiple and complex problems which will have to be faced once Yemen returns to a semblance of recognisable governance. It lists the different types of constraints which will have to be addressed, both intrinsic and international. Internally, there are both long-standing factors which are unrelated to the war situation and others which are largely war-related. Externally there are factors which depend on the country's international partners, such as the states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and multilateral and international financial institutions. In the first category, water scarcity and other climate change factors are the most fundamental, followed by demographic issues including social infrastructure, the age pyramid and the overall discrepancy between the growing size of the population and the available natural resources. War – related constraints are primarily of two kinds: the deep and serious fragmentation of the country, and the socio-economic impact of years of dependence on humanitarian aid. Equally important, are the development strategies imposed by the external financiers and the likelihood that the available financing will be well below both need and expectation. Throughout, the article briefly outlines suggestions to address these constraints, insofar as this can be done in ignorance of the outcome of the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. This study aims to provide cancer incidence and mortality estimates in 2020 in the GCC countries alongside future projections for 2040 to shape cancer control policy in the region. Methods: The estimated numbers of new cancer cases and deaths were extracted from the GLOBOCAN database developed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer; new cancer cases, cancer deaths, and corresponding age‐standardized incidence and mortality rates for the year 2020 are presented. Results: An estimated 42,475 new cancer cases and 19,895 deaths occurred in the GCC countries in 2020, with corresponding age‐standardized incidence and mortality rates of 96.5 and 52.3 per 100,000, respectively. Female breast (16%), colorectal (13%), and thyroid (9%) were the most common types of cancer in the GCC countries, accounting for almost 40% of all cancer incidence. Colorectal (14%) followed by breast cancer (9%) were the leading causes of cancer death, though the magnitude of rates of the major cancer types varied substantially across the GCC countries. Even if we assume rates in the region will remain unchanged over the next two decades, the cancer burden in the GCC will increase by 116% (Saudi Arabia) to 270% (Qatar), reaching nearly 104,000 cancer cases by the year 2040. Conclusion: The sharp increase in the estimated cancer incidence and mortality predicted over the next decades in the region requires workforce and financial planning for the healthcare systems in the constituent countries, alongside broader strengthening of national cancer prevention and control efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This review paper explores strategies and recommendations for reducing healthcare expenses in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) by understanding physicians' attitudes regarding the utilization of generic medicines. Methods A comprehensive search of seven databases yielded 24 437 titles and abstracts. Using inclusion criteria focusing on physicians' insights into generic prescribing and exclusion criteria, cutting out systematic reviews, case studies, and non-English articles, the review process led to an in-depth analysis of six studies. Results Findings revealed that while physicians generally comprehend terms like "generic", "brand", and "bioequivalence", they face difficulty discussing bioequivalence with patients. Lack of emphasis on generic medicines in medical education and complex patient communication were potential impediments to generic medicine prescribing in the GCC countries. Strategies & Recommendations: Promoting the benefits of generic drugs could support their usage and help decrease healthcare costs. Improving medical education to include a larger focus on generic medications and their benefits, as well as training physicians in effectively communicating bioequivalence concepts to patients, could promote the use of more cost-effective, generic options. Conclusion The review calls for attention to the potential of generic medicine prescribing to reduce healthcare expenses in the GCC. Future research studies should consider broadening the geographical scope to provide global insights into these issues and their possible solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to document the impact of oil price variations on generating stock returns in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) markets during the COVID-19 era. It documents the pandemic era results from January 2020 to October 2022 by employing cointegration, Granger causality, and time-varying coefficient-vector autoregression techniques on daily data. The findings suggest two-way causality between all stock indices and the oil market. Time-dependent relationships were observed during the review period. The findings (based on regression and variance decomposition) indicate that although the reliance of the GCC stock markets was not on oil alone, oil had a significant impact during the study period. It is recommended that investors not consider diversifying portfolios in GCC stocks and oil markets to optimize benefits. The findings are expected to enhance the understanding of academics, market players, regulators, and investors regarding relationships among GCC stocks and oil markets. This study contributes to the literature by documenting the impact of the oil market on stocks during an abnormal period of the COVID-19 pandemic, considering time-varying parameters in a net oil exporting region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to develop a methodology for determining the modification of digital marketing and logistics and the peculiarities of their management under the influence of artificial intelligence. A theoretical and methodological analysis of existing research was carried out, relevance and purposefulness of the study is substantiated on the basis of scientific generalization. It has been proven that the functioning of modern business is inextricably linked with transformations, which characterized by the intense influence of artificial intelligence. Development trends have been identified and a classification of the main artificial intelligence technologies has developed, which necessitate the need for effective management of modifications in digital marketing and logistics of modern companies. Structured indicators of the dynamics of development of digital marketing and logistics pressure the influence of artificial intelligence. It is substantiated that the penetration of artificial intelligence into the management of digital marketing and logistics of modern companies leads to their modification, which is due to the automation and optimization of business processes. An economic and statistical analysis of the interdependence of trends in the development of digital marketing and trends in the contract logistics market for the Gulf Cooperation Council was carried out. The interdependence is determined and the main prospects for the development of digital marketing and logistics are argued in the context of the impact of artificial intelligence. The results have practical value and can be used to formulate a methodology for managing modifications in digital marketing and logistics of modern companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper provides a comprehensive review of the influential and intellectual aspects of the literature on the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region's banking activities. Design/methodology/approach: This study undertakes a bibliometric meta-analysis review of the GCC region banking literature, covering 199 articles published between 2004 and 2022, extracted from the Web of Science (WoS) database, followed by a content analysis of highly cited papers. Findings: This paper identifies the influential aspects of the GCC region banking literature in terms of journals, articles, authors, universities and countries. The paper also identifies and discusses five major research clusters: (1) bank efficiency; (2) corporate governance (CG) and disclosure; (3) performance and risk-taking; (4) systemic risk, bank stability and risk spillovers and (5) intellectual capital (IC). Finally, it identifies gaps in the literature and highlights some important research issues that provide directions for future research. Research limitations/implications: This paper is limited to the articles indexed in the WoS database and written in English. Though the WoS database encompasses a wide range of multidisciplinary journals, there is a chance that some relevant articles are not included in the WoS database or written in another language. Practical implications: This study provides regulators, practitioners and academics with valuable insight and an in-depth understanding of the banking system of the GCC region. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first review paper on GCC region banking literature. This study provides regulators, practitioners and academics with valuable insight and an in-depth understanding of the banking system of the GCC region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonal influenza poses significant health and economic challenges globally each year, particularly impacting the elderly population (aged ≥ 65 years) with increased rates of hospitalization, and mortality. The population of older adults is steadily increasing in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and is likely to increase even further. In addition, there is a high burden of chronic comorbidities in these countries like diabetes and obesity, which increases the likelihood of severe consequences of influenza infection. The GCC countries also host mass gathering events like Hajj, Umrah pilgrimage, Arba'een (nearby Iraq) pilgrimage, and international sports and business events, which further intensify the risk of outbreaks like influenza. These events facilitate the mixing of visitors from various countries. Thus, influenza activity in this North Hemisphere (NH) geography is usually present even before the availability of NH seasonal influenza vaccine. This is especially problematic for the elderly, whose protection from the previous year's immunization would have waned. Higher dosages of antigens or adjuvants have been used to improve immunogenicity in older people with superior vaccine effectiveness. Therefore, there is a compelling argument in favor of the implementation of high-dose seasonal influenza vaccines in the GCC countries to improve the protection of individuals aged 65 years and older against influenza infection and associated severe complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to examine the simultaneous effect of variations in the Capital Adequacy Ratio and Credit Risk of Islamic banks of the Gulf Cooperation Council under the influence of the Basel III regulations using an innovative approach. Design/methodology/approach: This approach highlights the critical importance of the Basel III reform in preserving the stability of the regional and international financial sector in the Gulf Cooperation Council and globally by examining the complex dynamics between Capital Adequacy Ratio and Credit Risk and their interaction under regulatory constraints. The annual reports and financial performance of 26 Islamic banks were analyzed over the period 2013–2021. Findings: The findings highlight the critical importance of the Basel III reform in preserving the stability of the regional and international financial sector in the Gulf Cooperation Council and globally by examining the complex dynamics between Capital Adequacy Ratio and Credit Risk and their interaction under regulatory constraints. The annual reports and financial performance of 26 Islamic banks were analyzed over the period 2013–2021. Originality/value: The insights from findings help define effective strategies to manage and mitigate Credit Risk while strengthening solvency under Basel III prudential supervision. Policymakers, regulatory authorities and banking institutions can optimize the management of Credit Risk and create a robust and stable financial environment for Islamic banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the financial interconnections among Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), sukuk (Islamic bonds), and oil in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) nations. The study sample comprises S&P GCC Composite Equity Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) Shariah, the S&P GCC Bond and Sukuk Index, and the OPEC crude oil basket on a daily basis. The duration of coverage spans from 2014 until the beginning of 2024. The TVP-VAR methodology is utilized to examine the interrelationship among the assets. The results indicate that Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) and oil are sources of volatility transmission, whereas sukuk is a recipient of volatility within the network. Examining the net pairwise directional linkages of two assets, namely REITs and oil markets, reveals that they transfer their volatility to the sukuk market. Moreover, a reciprocal relationship exists between REITs and oil regarding volatility spillover. It means that REITs act as transmitters to the oil markets during specific periods, while the influence is reversed at other times. This study implies that portfolio managers and investors can discern the volatility patterns of assets in order to enhance their risk-management techniques. For policymakers, comprehending the interdependence of certain asset classes provides valuable knowledge for formulating regulations that might stabilize the financial system and foster economic growth. From a research and academic perspective, this study enhances understanding of the interconnections between different financial asset classes and pricing dynamics in financial markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the impact of financial literacy on the savings behavior of investors residing in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region. It also investigates the moderating impact of financial confidence and risk aversion in the relationship between financial literacy and savings behavior. The primary data were collected from 357 respondents through a structured questionnaire using the snowball sampling method. The findings of this study suggest that financial literacy has a positive impact on investors' savings behavior. Further, the study also found that risk aversion significantly moderates the relationship between financial literacy and savings behavior. The three-way interaction between financial literacy, risk aversion, and financial confidence significantly affects the investors' savings behavior. The study suggests that policymakers should emphasize training programs for investors on financial literacy, financial confidence, and risk aversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and earnings management in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)-listed companies. It specifically addresses the question of whether companies that practice greater corporate social responsibility are less likely to engage in earnings management practices. The study sample consisted of 300 firms listed between 2015 and 2021 on GCC bourses (Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, and Kuwait). In this study, we developed multiple linear regression models and collected data from the Bloomberg database, Refinitiv, annual reports, official firms' websites, and the GCC's bourse websites for the period from 2015 to 2021. In the pre-pandemic period, firms that engaged in corporate social responsibility activities were more likely to have fewer classification-shifting practices. During the pandemic era, however, this relationship became significantly positive, suggesting that firms' corporate social responsibility practices may be used to hide their opportunistic classification-shifting practices during difficult times, such as a pandemic. This paper presents a thorough investigation of how businesses may alter their behavior toward increasingly applied but understudied earnings management strategies and CSR practices during a difficult period such as a pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study challenges traditional rentier state theory and contributes to a new generation of scholarship focused on state-business relations by evaluating the relationship between different degrees of state policymaking autonomy and business elite influences in political and economic institutions. The findings of this study address central policy questions about economic reform in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. Using primary data from my case studies of Qatar and Kuwait, I posit two arguments. First, states with lesser business elite influence over political institutions have more autonomy to realise their economic reform goals; a less dominant and influential business elite circle will more likely submit to state-led economic reform initiatives. Greater business elite dominance, meanwhile, tends to create a powerful bloc undercutting economic change, such as labour reform or new regulatory frameworks, that would benefit the long-term stability of the state. Second, rentier states with higher degrees of state-led capitalism have more autonomy to conduct economic reforms; state-led capitalism produces more coherent and cohesive state apparatuses that can incentivize business elite cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Climate change and extreme weather events have led to a surge in natural hazards in Pakistan that have escalated into humanitarian disasters. While remittances are often central to the livelihood of the most vulnerable, research has produced limited knowledge regarding the role of remittances in time of disaster. This paper investigates the reaction of Pakistani migrants to five major natural disasters via remittances from 1972 to 2023. Using an event‐study methodology, the paper compares the responses of remittances in different host countries namely Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), Europe & the UK and North America. We provide evidence that remittances intensify in response to climate‐induced disasters, thus representing a reactive mechanism in time of hardship. The response is significant two (one) months after the events for GCC (Europe & the UK and North America) and tends to dissipate 5 months from the disaster occurrence (except for GCC). The intensity and the persistence of remittances' responsiveness (abnormal returns and volatility) depends on the nature of disasters, host countries' features and the economic conditions of migrants. Our findings highlight the need for further understanding the role of remittances as a coping mechanism in the face of environmental hazards to better inform policies geared toward disaster risk reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to evaluate the Islamic banking sector with the help of financial performance criteria and to reveal whether the sector is sustainable or not. The sustainability analysis uses the latest unit root tests that take into account Fourier expansions. The study uses unit root tests, which are generally used to analyze the sustainability of public debt, with updated versions that differ from the literature and with the help of financial performance indicators of the banking sector for sustainability analysis. The study uses the data of the Islamic banking sector operating in the member countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) for the 4th quarter of 2013 and the 2nd quarter of 2022. The quarterly data of “ROA, ROE and Net Profit Margin” are considered as financial performance indicators for sustainability analysis. Although the results of the empirical analysis show different results for each of the financial indicators of Islamic banking in the analyzed countries, in general it shows that the Islamic banking sector operating in all GCC countries except the UAE is sustainable in terms of the financial indicators used in at least one category. These results show that the development of Islamic banking is real and promising for the future. Therefore, the development of projects that contribute to the development of the Islamic financial sector and the support of this sector is an important responsibility for the relevant parties. It is expected that these results will provide important signals to the policymakers of the respective countries and contribute to the healthy development of the Islamic banking sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the effect of earnings management on earnings quality and sustainability in the GCC region, particularly in distressed and non-distressed companies. Studies on earnings quality and sustainability have mostly concentrated on developed markets, with little attention paid to emerging markets like the GCC region. This research is the first to examine how manipulating earnings impacts the quality and sustainability of earnings in distressed and non-distressed companies. This study utilized a unique dataset that represents the GCC region, which has a specific socio-cultural context. We collected data from 839 publicly listed companies in the GCC region between 2011 and 2022 using DataStream®, WorldScope (WS), and Refinitiv Eikon. To test our hypotheses and ensure accuracy, we used three types of regressions (the fixed effects model, OLS, and 2SLS) and conducted robustness and endogeneity tests. The results of this study indicate that accruals-based earnings management has a negative impact on earnings quality for distressed and non-distressed firms but a positive effect on earnings sustainability for both types of companies. The results of this study also find variations in earnings management practices across industries. These findings provide valuable guidance for auditors, investors, and other stakeholders to evaluate the earnings quality and sustainability of distressed and non-distressed companies, benefiting the GCC economy and similar economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to delve into the complex interplay between earnings management (EM), the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) implementation and the reporting lag (RL) within the specific context of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region, with a particular emphasis on the Saudi context, offering insights into their influence on financial reporting practices. Design/methodology/approach: Using a panel data set of 135 Saudi companies over an eight-year period, covering four years before and after the mandatory adoption of IFRS in 2017, this study investigates the Saudi financial reporting landscape. It uses interaction moderation analysis to explore variable effects and includes robustness analyses to validate the findings. Findings: The findings reveal three key outcomes. First, they challenge conventional expectations by showing no significant impact of discretionary accruals (DACC) on RL, contrary to established accounting theories. This deviation is attributed to unique market characteristics within the GCC region, including family-owned businesses, government involvement and distinct regulations, with specific insights relevant to Saudi Arabia. Second, an unexpected positive association between IFRS adoption and RL in Saudi Arabia emerged. Several contextual factors contribute, including transition costs, compliance expenses, institutional dynamics and reconciling IFRS with local Shariah principles. Most importantly, IFRS adoption significantly reduced RL, especially for companies with high DACC levels. This highlights IFRS's transformative role, emphasizes aligning EM with international standards for investor confidence and mitigating nonconformity risks in the GCC region's business landscape. Practical implications: The research findings carry significant practical implications for companies operating within the GCC region, accentuating the strategic imperative of timely financial reporting to bolster credibility, align with international standards and fortify investor confidence. Moreover, regulators and policymakers are urged to consider tailoring accounting regulations to accommodate the distinctive GCC context, thereby adeptly addressing the intricacies stemming from the interplay of EM, IFRS adoption and RL dynamics in the region. Originality/value: This study adds to the current body of literature by highlighting the significant moderating influence of IFRS transition on the nexus between DACC and RL. It underscores the crucial role of this global accounting framework in reshaping financial reporting practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universities face organisational challenges to learn and adopt administrative practices that aid both staff and educational development. Although the prospects of ambidexterity as an organisational learning strategy are appreciated in research and practice, understanding the nature of culture-based factors that support ambidextrous mindsets in educational settings remains underdeveloped. This article explores the ambidextrous culture-based enablers that foster ambidextrous learning by universities. Thematic analysis of semi-structured interview data from 32 university administrators within the Gulf Cooperation Council region serve as the basis for empirical insights. Findings from the interviews show that 2Es and 2Cs are culture-based enablers consisting of employee diversity, employee fairness, clear communication and consistent practice. From a theoretical perspective, the article contributes to knowledge by capturing the enabling factors of a culture-learning praxis for ambidexterity, while managerially, the article urges for dedicated ‘learning to learn’ action plans that develop best practice for ambidextrous learning by universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the international system has witnessed the dynamics of competition between great powers over regional key Regions. In this context, the Indian Ocean appears as a strategic and vital region for the powers inside and outside it, and any development in it affects the security of the region. Considering the need to establish security in the current situation where increasing competition prevails in the Indian Ocean, analyzing and investigating the economic developments of these countries is of great importance. The purpose of this research, which has been carried out by using the descriptive-analytical method and library sources, is to describe the concept of the Blue Economy and evaluate it in the countries of the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. It also explains the challenges and opportunities they face in the Indian Ocean. The results of the study of the water economy of the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council countries indicate the relative difference in the level of these countries to each other, so if these countries seek to achieve development and maximum use of resources and opportunities which the Indian Ocean has provided for them, they also have the intention of overcoming the challenges governing this ocean, and they should put special emphasis on the actions that lead to convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on financialisation in the six members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) over the past three decades. The key economic features of the GCC countries relevant for financialisation are outlined. The dimensions of financialisation are drawn to allow investigation of financial developments in the GCC countries. The evolving structures of financial institutions in GCC countries are indicated and compared with their evolution in other countries. Sovereign wealth funds play an important role in the internationalisation of finance in the GCC, as does Islamic finance. Thus, the GCC countries exemplify a variegated financialisation in which both conventional and Islamic finance have expanded at the national and global level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the shifting patterns of regionalism and alliance formation in the Middle East in the decade following the 2011 Arab uprisings. It seeks to explain why regional organizations, most notably the Arab League and the Gulf Cooperation Council, failed to advance any durable regional cooperation, in spite of an initial period of bold activism. Second, the article seeks to shed light on why government-driven, informal and instable regional alignments that also include non-Arab parties and non-state actors came to prevail instead. Our approach draws on Stephen Walt's concept of the balance of threats; we posit however that this concept needs to integrate a liberal-constructivist perspective to assess both the nature of threats and the significance of domestic factors. While we consider the Arab uprisings a potential turning point, our explanation of the patterns of cooperation and conflict in the Middle East after the uprisings points to regime (in)security and shifting threat perceptions as key factors. They explain the side-lining of established regional organizations and the priority given to alternative and volatile forms of regional cooperation, that is, the prevalence of "liquid alliances." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imperatives of economic diversification mean that Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) are scrambling to secure international markets and investments amid a series of domestic changes taking place, including centralized decision making, the marginalization of other traditional modes of governance, and rising nationalism. While there is some evidence of formal security‐related cooperation in the Gulf Cooperation Council as well as an informal security alliance operationalized by Saudi Arabia and the UAE at the onset of the Arab uprisings, these two states have gone on to pursue competing economic policies. This article assesses the economic and political interactions of Saudi Arabia and the UAE, arguing that contrary to Rosecrance's concept of "virtual states" with an emphasis on services, expertise, and creativity, connected to visions strategies in these cases, their primary power remains rooted in territorial aspects. It also finds that there are other factors such as leadership style, political and economic role conceptions, the regional and international balance of power, threat perception, and alliance formation that will continue to determine the shape and form of their cooperation or competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The prevalence of childhood obesity has substantially increased in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, including Saudi Arabia. The Rashaka initiative is a Saudi national school-based multicomponent intervention that was introduced in the school year 2016–2017 to address childhood overweight and obesity. This study aims to examine the effect of the Rashaka initiative on students' body mass index (BMI) for two academic years (2016–2017 and 2018–2019) and to analyse predictors of BMI change. Methods Secondary data for this pre–post study was provided by the Ministry of Health for 38 026 students from 89 intermediate and secondary schools that implemented the initiative in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia. It was analysed using non-parametric tests and multiple regressions at a 5% level of significance. Results Over 2 y of implementation, BMI was reduced significantly across the schools (p < 0.001). Based on the regression modelling, school gender and education stage were found to be the only significant predictors of BMI change. Girls and intermediate schools had greater BMI reductions than boys and secondary schools (p < 0.001 and p = 0.031). Conclusions This study provides tentative evidence for the effectiveness of the Rashaka intervention in Makkah City. In addition, our study has identified that the Rashaka initiative may require modification to improve its effect on boys and students in secondary schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Legal & Economic Research / Mağallaẗ Al-Buḥūṯ Al-Qānūniyyaẗ wa Al-Iqtiṣādiyyaẗ is the property of Beni Suef University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explored the relationship between human capital metrics and economic growth in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries from 2000 to 2022. This research utilized a pooled mean group-autoregressive distributed lag approach to empirically assess the influence of selected macroeconomic factors— specifically human capital, gross capital formation, government expenditure on health and education, and foreign direct investment (FDI)—on gross domestic product. The results indicated that, in the short term, all human capital indicators positively impacted economic growth, except for FDI. Conversely, in the long term, all variables' impact was positive and significant. School enrollment, governmental spending on education and health, FDI, employment, and capital formation positively influenced long-term economic growth. Governments must develop workforce skills in education, health, and productive sectors to enhance economic growth in GCC countries. Implementing robust structural reforms is essential, focusing on manufacturing sector development, economic diversification, reducing oil dependency, and boosting productivity and innovation in research and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate how stock markets responded to corporate dividend policy changes during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Likewise, it explores how efficiently market prices incorporate the news by examining the speed of stock price adjustment to various dividend announcements. Design/methodology/approach: The sample includes 741 dividend announcements from 2017 to 2021 made by 326 firms listed in the stock markets of the GCC countries. A series of regression analyses examine how dividend announcements influence the market reaction during the COVID-19 pandemic, controlling for other well-documented firm characteristics. Findings: This study reveals an adverse stock price reaction to all the dividend announcements in most GCC markets. The findings also show strong asymmetric effects of COVID-19 on how the markets react to different dividend changes. Likewise, the authors show that investors tend to underreact to the good news of dividend increases amid hard times of crises due to prevailing uncertainty and bearish sentiment. Besides, regression results reveal that firms with dividend reductions during the pandemic experience less adverse market reactions than dividend-decreasing firms prepandemic. Practical implications: For firms, the findings confirm the role that corporate dividend policy can play in conveying signals to investors, especially during hard times of crises and turbulences, thereby affecting their share price. For policymakers, the results substantially affect market efficiency and firm valuation in the GCC markets. Originality/value: This study is not only one of the first few attempts to scrutinize how the pandemic has affected the market reaction to changes in corporate dividend policies but also, to the best of the authors' knowledge, it is the first to examine how corporate dividend policy could affect stock markets during COVID-19 in the context of GCC markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Political & International Approaches / Faṣlnāmah-i Rahyāft/hā-yi Siyāsī va Biyn/almilalī is the property of Shahid Beheshti University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The international benchmarking methodology has emerged as a crucial device for understanding global interconnectedness, and the need for countries and regional blocs to interact at various levels. When adapted for use in the business context mindful of intersectoral collaboration, it facilitates the development of standards to determine the nature and extent of international interactions, facilitating the development of avenues for conceptualizing differences and similarities in policies, actions, and national strategies. The adapted methodology focuses on power dynamics analysis, focusing on states' motivations and behaviors, and analyzing economic, diplomatic, and military factors. The emerging approach is tailored to the unique characteristics of G20 and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, integrating theoretical insights with practical steps for supporting decision-making and intersectoral dynamics. The methodology also addresses cooperation and economic interdependence, leaning heavily towards liberalism theory, which emphasizes cooperation, institutions, and the interconnectedness of entities. It emphasizes the potential for collaboration, shared norms, and the role of international organizations. This adapted methodology involves evaluating existing economic collaborations, incorporating benchmark techniques for competitiveness, and assessing institutional roles and agreements. This approach aims to promote global cooperation, facilitate faster conflict resolution, and yield mutual benefits that is a forerunner for moving innovative and creative approaches forward within the context of transformation initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]