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Nickel–chromium LDH–cobalt nanosheets (NiCr-LDH–Co/NF) based on foamed nickel were prepared by the hydrothermal method. The material has excellent OER properties in 1 M KOH electrolyte.

A Co-doped g-C3N4 modified separator captures and converts polysulfides to realize the high utilization of S for Li–S batteries.

Sha Peng,1,2 Xiaoya Kong,1,2 Guiyuan Ma,1,2 Jianmei Hou,1 Lingxia Luo,1 Ran Xu,1,2 Yuhua Fan,1 Jinghui Zhang1– 3 1Teaching and Research Section of Clinical Nursing, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China; 2Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China; 3National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Jinghui Zhang, Email zhangjh-1206@163.comPurpose: The present study aims to evaluate the current situation of knowledge, attitude and practice of clinical nurses in catheter-related thrombosis, analyze its influencing factors, enhance the attention of nursing managers and clinical nurses about catheter-related thrombosis, and provide a basis for formulating catheter-related thrombosis training plan.Patients and Methods: The research was conducted from January 1 to February 31, 2022, we recruited 549 nurses from two hospitals in Hunan province in this cross-sectional study using a two-stage random sampling method. We used a self-designed questionnaire with good reliability and validity to measure clinical nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, and practice toward catheter-related thrombosis. We used χ2 test, Welch t-test, and multiple linear regression analysis to analyze the data.Results: The knowledge of clinical nurses about catheter-related thrombosis was insufficient (55.00%), while the attitude was positive (88.49%) and the practice was inadequate (68.62%). Knowledge of clinical nurses was significantly associated with job title (β: 1.069, P< 0.001), educational level (β: 0.094, P< 0.05), and training times (β: 0.085, P< 0.05), which were positive factors while whether they are specialized nurses in intravenous therapy (β: − 0.126, P< 0.05), and hospital level (β: − 0.101, P< 0.05) were negative factors. Training times (β: 0.166, P< 0.001), job title (β: 0.099, P< 0.019), and hospital level (β: 0.090, P< 0.05) were associated factors of attitude. Moreover, training times (β: 0.255, P< 0.001) was the only factor associated with the practice.Conclusion: Although clinical nurses hold a positive attitude towards catheter-related thrombosis, their knowledge level was unsatisfactory and their practice was affected by many factors, suggesting that nursing managers should strengthen the training and skill assessment of catheter-related thrombosis. At the same time, the hospital can formulate relevant rules, regulations, and guidelines to reduce the incidence of catheter-related thrombosis.Keywords: knowledge, attitude, practice, clinical nurses, catheter-related thrombosis

Guiyuan Ma,1 Jianmei Hou,1 Sha Peng,1 Yanhui Liu,1 Zhengkun Shi,1 Yuhua Fan,1 Jinghui Zhang1– 3 1Teaching and Research Section of Clinical Nursing, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People’s Republic of China; 2National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People’s Republic of China; 3Mobile Health-Ministry of Education Laboratory, Changsha, 410008, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Jinghui Zhang, Teaching and Research Section of Clinical Nursing, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, People’s Republic of China, 410008, Tel +86 15874032339, Email zhangjh-1206@163.comBackground: With the aging of China’s population, the incidence rate of chronic diseases is rising. At the same time, residents’ health awareness is also increasing. Implementing Internet +home care is an inevitable trend in adapting social development. Currently, Internet +home care is in the pilot stage in China, relevant institutional measures are neither standardized nor perfect, and there is no set of quality supervision indicators (QSIs).Purpose: The construction of Internet +home care QSIs in China will provide a theoretical basis for Internet +home care quality supervision.Materials and Methods: The Service-Quality model was used as the theoretical framework, and a literature review, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and Delphi consultations determined the contents of the QSIs and the weight of each indicator.Results: Internet +home care QSIs were constructed and included 5 first-level indicators, 17 secondary indicators, and 69 tertiary indicators. The effective recovery rates of the two rounds of Delphi expert consultation were 100% and 85%, the expert authority coefficients were 0.810 and 0.833, and the Kendall harmony coefficients were 0.189 and 0.125 (P< 0.01). The final set of Internet +home care QSIs was as follows: tangibility (4 secondary and 16 tertiary indicators), reliability (4 secondary and 19 tertiary indicators), guarantee (5 secondary and 20 tertiary indicators), responsiveness (2 secondary and 8 tertiary indicators), and empathy (2 secondary and 6 tertiary indicators).Conclusion: The construction of Internet +home care QSIs based on the SERVQUAL model is scientifically valid, and the indicators are reliable. They provide guidance and reference values for the continuous improvement and promotion of Internet +home care. This work also provides a theoretical basis for researching and developing an Internet +home care quality supervision platform.Keywords: SERVQUAL model, Internet +home care, delphi survey, quality supervision indicator

The present study aimed to investigate nurses' willingness and demand for Internet +home care services in different levels of hospitals in China and analyze the influencing factors.From October 1 to December 31, 2021, 5714 nurses from 15 hospitals in five regions of China were recruited in this cross-sectional study using a two-stage random sampling method. A self-designed questionnaire with good reliability and validity was used to measure nurses' willingness and demand for Internet +home care services.Nurses were highly willing to provide Internet +home care services. Statistical differences were found in the willingness to provide Internet +home care services and the preference for service distance, service platform, and single service fee between nurses in different levels of hospitals (both P0.05). The willingness to provide "catheter maintenance service" and "rehabilitation nursing service" of nurses in different levels of hospitals were statistically significant (both P0.05). Nurses' demand for Internet +home care services increased with the level of their hospital. Multiple linear regression showed that professional title, educational level, monthly family income, and mortgage or car loan influence nurses' demand for Internet +home care services.Nurses' willingness and demand for Internet +home care services vary with the level of their hospitals. It is recommended that government and hospitals regulate the service items, the service distance, single service fee, and other contents according to nurses' willingness and demand and establish relevant laws and regulations to ensure the steady and orderly development of the Internet +home care services.

BACKGROUND Population aging is an important problem in the world. Family nursing has become an effective way to deal with population aging. China's Internet + home care is in its infancy, and there are few studies on the willingness and demand of clinical nurses in municipal hospitals for Internet + home care. OBJECTIVE The study aims to investigate the willingness and demand of clinical nurses in municipal hospitals in China for Internet + home care services, and analyze the factors affecting the participation of clinical nurses in municipal hospitals in Internet + home care services, and promote the development of Internet + home care. METHODS In this study, we recruited 9405 nurses from 10 hospitals in 5 regions of China by multi-stage sampling method. We use a self-designed reliability and validity questionnaire to measure nurses' willingness and demand for Internet + home care services. Data analysis adopts: χ 2 test, Welch t-test, Binary logistic regression analysis and Multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS Nurses were highly willing to provide Internet +home care services. Statistical differences were found in the willingness to provide Internet +home care services and the preference for service distance, service period, service times and number of service between nurses in municipal hospitals (both P CONCLUSIONS The clinical nurses in municipal hospitals have a high willingness and demand for Internet + home care services, which suggests that managers need to strengthen knowledge publicity, and education, reasonably arrange the service period, duration, and frequency, improve various policies, regulations and service processes, improve the service salary of home nurses, and pay attention to the needs and willingness of nurses for Internet + home care services to improve the enthusiasm of nurses to participate in Internet + home care services.

This paper revisits the classical Merton problem on the finite horizon with the constant absolute risk aversion utility function. We apply two different methods to derive the closed-form solution of the corresponding Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation. An approximating method consists of two steps: solve the HJB equation with the hyperbolic absolute risk aversion utility function first and then take the limits of the risk aversion parameter to negative infinite. A direct method is also provided to derive another closed-form solution. Finally, we prove that the solutions obtained from different methods are equivalent. In addition, a sufficient condition is proposed to guarantee the optimal consumption is nonnegative and such a condition also leads to the verification theorem. A great advantage of our derived solution is that optimal policies can now be quantitatively scrutinized and discussed from both mathematical and economic viewpoints.

This paper studies the valuation of general contingent claims with short selling bans under the equal-risk pricing (ERP) framework proposed in I. Guo & S.-P. Zhu (2017) [Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 76, 136–151]. In existing literature, analytical pricing formulae were derived in the special case, where the payoff function is monotonic under risk-neutral measures. In this paper, we establish a unified framework for this new pricing approach so that its range of application can be significantly expanded. The results of I. Guo & S.-P. Zhu (2017) [Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 76, 136–151] are extended to the case of non-monotonic payoffs (such as a butterfly spread option) under risk-neutral measures. We also provide numerical schemes for computing equal-risk prices under other measures such as the original physical measure. Furthermore, we demonstrate how short selling bans can affect the valuation of contingent claims by comparing equal-risk prices with Black–Scholes prices.

We provide a closed-form solution to an optimal investment and consumption problem for a constant absolute risk aversion (CARA) agent, who faces execution costs when trading correlated risky assets with return predictability. The optimal investment strategy indicates that the agent should trade gradually toward a dynamic aim portfolio, which is an adjusted Merton portfolio with modifications to account for the persistence of the return-predicting signals and the execution costs. The optimal consumption strategy is quadratic in the return-predicting signals and linear in the agent's wealth. Our numerical studies show that the execution costs diminish the importance of asset return predictability on the agent's optimal investment strategy, thereby confirming the conjecture raised by Liu (2004). In addition, the presence of the intermediate consumption leads to a more aggressive aim portfolio than the case without consumption.

Jianmei Hou,1,2 Binbin Xu,1 Jinghui Zhang,1,3,4 Lingxia Luo,1,5 Xiaobei Pen,1,6 Shujie Chen,1,4 Guiyuan Ma,1,4 Zixing Hu,1,4 Xiaoya Kong1,4 1Teaching and Research Section of Clinical Nursing, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People’s Republic of China; 3National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People’s Republic of China; 4Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China; 5Emergency Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People’s Republic of China; 6Intensive Care Unit, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Jinghui Zhang, Tel +86 15874032339, Email zhangjh-1206@163.comPurpose: Investigating psychological status and job burnout of nurses working in the frontline of the novel coronavirus in Zhangjiajie city in China during the Delta variant outbreak, comparing differences and analyzing factors of these two variables between the nurses from different nucleic acid testing (NAT) sites.Patients and methods: This survey was conducted from August 1 to 31, 2021. The participants were 512 nurses, 198 nurses of whom were from temporary NAT sites in communities/towns in Zhangjiajie city, and the rest were from NAT sites inside hospitals. The psychological status and the job burnout were measured by the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Scale (MBI-GS).Results: The prevalence of the SCL-90 positive result and job burnout were 49.4% and 61.1%, respectively. The factors influencing the psychological status of nurses included the contact with COVID-19 patients or their body fluids and specimens, working seniority and the duration of working in the frontline of the novel coronavirus. The independent risk factors of nurses’ job burnout included the following four factors. Firstly, the contact with COVID-19 patients or their body fluids and specimens (OR=150.95, 95% CI=(44.87,507.77), P< 0.001). Secondly, five to nine years of working seniority (OR=8.91, 95% CI=(3.59,22.14), P< 0.001). Thirdly, 10 to 19 days (OR=2.63, 95% CI=(1.19,5.82), P=0.017), 20 to 29 days (OR=161.31, 95% CI=(49.48,525.9), P< 0.001). Lastly, more than 30 days (OR=92.05, 95% CI=(33.88,250.14), P< 0.001) of working in the frontline of the novel coronavirus.Conclusion: The prevalence of psychological problems and job burnout were at a high level among nurses working in the frontline of the novel coronavirus in different NAT sites. The nurses from NAT sites inside hospitals and temporary NAT sites in communities/towns in Zhangjiajie city had an equal risk of developing psychological problems and job burnout. Interventions need to be immediately implemented to promote psychological well-being and decrease job burnout of nurses.Keywords: psychological status, job burnout, specimen collection, nucleic acid testing, the novel coronavirus, the Delta variant

In this paper, we adopt a monotone numerical scheme to solve the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation arising from the optimal portfolio selection problem with general utility functions. To explore the relationship between the relative risk aversion and optimal investment strategy, three different examples are presented with a constant relative risk aversion (CRRA) utility, an increasing relative risk aversion (IRRA) utility and a decreasing relative risk aversion (DRRA) utility, respectively. Our numerical results suggest that non-CRRA investors should adjust the portfolio according to both wealth and time positions. More specifically, both IRRA and DRRA investors should reduce their allocation to the risky asset as time approaches the investment horizon, which is consistent with the life-cycle investment advice. On the other hand, as the wealth increases, IRRA investors should decrease their allocation to the risky asset, while DRRA investors should behave the other way around.

This paper studies European call option pricing problem under a hard-to-borrow stock model where stock price and buy-in rate are fully coupled. Avellaneda and Lipkin (2009) proposed a simplified solution approach with an independence assumption, and then derived a semi-explicit pricing formula. However, such an approach has limited its application to more general cases. In this paper, we propose a partial differential equation (PDE) approach for pricing European call options, regardless of the independence assumption. A two-dimensional PDE is derived first with a set of appropriate boundary conditions. Then, two numerical schemes are provided with different treatments of the jump term. Through our numerical results, we find that the semi-explicit formula is a good approximate solution when the coupling parameter is small. However, when the stock price and the buy-in rate are significantly coupled, the PDE approach is preferred to solve the option pricing problem under the full hard-to-borrow model.

In this paper, we study the effects of cointegration on optimal investment and consumption strategies for an investor with exponential utility. A Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation is derived f...

Zhihong Gong,1 Jinghui Zhang,1– 3 Jianmei Hou,1,4 Shujie Chen,1 Zixin Hu,1 Xiaoya Kong,1 Guiyuan Ma,1 Lingxia Luo1,5 1Teaching and Research Section of Clinical Nursing, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China; 2National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China; 3Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Thoracic Oncology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Jinghui ZhangTeaching and Research Section of Clinical Nursing, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 87 Xiangya St, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 15874032339Email zhangjh-1206@163.comBackground and Aim: Drug extravasation is one of the most common complications of intravenous therapy, which can lead to severe tissue injury if inappropriately treated. This study analyzes the current situation of extravasation and the risk factors affecting the severity of extravasation to provide a theoretical basis for carrying out prospective research, reducing the severity of drug extravasation, and strengthening the management of drug extravasation.Materials and Methods: We retrieved the data on extravasation from January 2016 to December 2020 from the hospital’s safe infusion management system. We used nonparametric tests to assess the differences in the severity of drug extravasation among each variable and performed a multivariate analysis using multivariate ordered logistic regression.Results: Extravasation occurred in 0.038% (263/694,043) of patients, including 203 cases of mild extravasation (77.2%), 57 cases of moderate extravasation (21.7%), and 3 cases of severe extravasation (1.1%). The main diseases of the patients with extravasation were cancer (24.7%), neurological-related diseases (19.4%), circulatory-related diseases (14.8%), and digestive-related diseases (14.1%); the main extravasated drugs were hypotonic or hypertonic drugs (31.9%) and contrast media (27.8%); the infusion tools of extravasation were indwelling needles (92.0%) and steel needles (8.0%). The multi-factor analysis showed that close to joints, patients’ age ≤ 6 or age > 65, cancer, neurological-related diseases, circulatory-related diseases, antineoplastic agents, hypotonic or hypertonic drugs and strong acid or alkali drugs were independent risk factors for more severe extravasation. The nurses’ age and first identified by nurse were nurse-related factors that influenced the severity of drug extravasation.Conclusion: To prevent the occurrence of drug extravasation and reduce its severity, the nurses should strengthen the learning of emergency plans related drug extravasation, strengthen inspections of high-risk patients. Besides, the managers should strengthen the risk warning management of high-risk extravasated drugs.Keywords: extravasation, risk factors, retrospective cohort study, the severity level

This paper investigates the strategic interaction of information acquisition and noise trading patterns, as well as its significant implications in market equilibrium outcomes. We consider a market where the strategic trader can dynamically acquire costly information about an asset's payoff via private signals instead of endowing him with its full information. Particularly, the noise trading, which provides necessary liquidity for the market, has the feature of long-range dependence. We provide closed-form characterizations of the equilibriums in both opaque and transparent markets depending on whether or not the trader discloses his order flow. We then find that: (1) the endogenous information acquisition improves the price informativeness over time, while the information efficiency is decreasing; (2) the long-memory stochastic liquidity renders excessive price volatility, enlarges the price impact, and slows down information learning; (3) in a transparent market, the trader shall adopt a mixed strategy by adding an additional noise in his trading strategy to prevent rapid information leakage.

While a classic result by Merton (1973,Bell J. Econ. Manage. Sci., 141–183) is that one should never exercise an American call option just before expiration if the underlying stock pays no dividends, the conclusion of a very recent empirical study conducted by Jensen and Pedersen (2016,J. Financ. Econ.121(2), 278–299) suggests that one should ‘never say never’. This paper complements Jensen and Pedersen's empirical study by presenting a theoretical study on how to price American call options under a hard-to-borrow stock model proposed by Avellaneda and Lipkin (2009,Risk22(6), 92–97). Our study confirms that it is the lending fee that results in the early exercise of American call options and we shall also demonstrate to what extent lending fees have affected the early exercise decision.

We provide a closed-form solution to an optimal investment and consumption problem for a constant absolute risk aversion (CARA) agent, who faces execution costs when trading correlated risky assets with return predictability. The optimal investment strategy indicates that the agent should trade gradually toward a dynamic aim portfolio, which is an adjusted Merton portfolio with modifications to account for the persistence of the return predicting signals and the execution costs. The optimal consumption strategy is quadratic in the return predicting signals and linear in the agent’s wealth. Our numerical studies show that the execution costs diminish the importance of asset return predictability on the agent’s optimal investment strategy, thereby confirming the conjecture raised by Liu (2004). In addition, the presence of the intermediate consumption leads to a more aggressive aim portfolio than the case without consumption.

In 2009, Avellaneda and Lipkin (A&L) proposed a dynamic model for hard-to-borrow stocks, in which the stock price and the buy-in rate, an additional factor introduced by them, are full coupled. In order to obtain a semi-explicit pricing formula for European call options, A&L had to make an independence assumption which has facilitated the derivation of their formula. However, it has also limited its application to more general cases. When such an assumption is removed, a more general approach is needed. A PDE approach is presented in this paper, taking the pricing of European call options as an example to demonstrate that it is a broader approach than A&L’s semi-explicit pricing formula. The PDE system governing the value of European call options together with a set of appropriate boundary conditions is first established, followed by numerical results obtained with two carefully chosen methods, the difference of which lies in the treatment of the jump term. Through this work, it is verified that the formula presented by A&L is a good approximate solution, provided that the independence assumption is indeed a reasonable one. However, in the event that this is not the case, the full model needs to be solved with the PDE approach as demonstrated in this paper.

In this paper, an analytical solution for the well-known Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation that arises from the Merton problem subject to general utility functions is presented for the first time. The solution presented in this paper is written in the form of a Taylor’s series expansion and constructed through the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The fully nonlinear HJB equation is decomposed into an infinite series of linear PDEs which can be solved analytically. Four examples are presented with the first two cases showing the accuracy of our solution approach; while the last two demonstrating its versatility.