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The stochastic resonance (SR) behavior of a trapped particle characterized by a three-dimensional fractional-order stochastic equation with Markovian trichotomous noise has been studied in our work. Significantly, an exact expression of the first moment is derived by Shapiro-Loginov formula. Furthermore, the non-monotonic behavior of output amplitude is further discussed. Moreover, the asymptotic behaviors of relaxation function have been discussed. And the periodicity of the time series of the first moment is also addressed to verify the exact expression of the first moment in a long time. Particularly, the SR phenomenon induced by the trichotomous noise is studied. It is worthy to mention that the existence of SR in a fractional Langevin equation (FLa graphical method. Material resonance behaviors of the output amplitude versus the system parameters and noise parameters are extensively investigated. Especially, reverse SR phenomenon, stochastic multiresonance phenomena and bona fide SR are addressed in detail.

Taenia hydatigena, a globally distributed parasite, is a canine tapeworm and causes huge economic losses in the food industry. Using LC-MS/MS, the proteomes of T. hydatigena cyst scolex, designated as CS, and the cyst without the scolex, designated as CWS, were profiled and a total of 764 different proteins were identified, 664 of which were identified in CS, 412 identified in CWS, and 312 in both. Comparative analysis revealed that CS had more abundant proteins associated with growth and development, while CWS had more abundant proteins constituting a scaffolding and protective extracellular matrix. Consistent with the sequencing data, the abundance of the five selected proteins was validated to be higher in CWS than CS by Western blotting. The current data will provide a clue for further pinpointing a role of these proteins in the biology of T. hydatigena.

We study stochastic resonance (SR) in an oscillator with nonlinear noise, fractional-order external damping, and fractional-order intrinsic damping. Using a moment equation, we derive the exact analytical expression of the output amplitude and find that fluctuations in the output amplitude are non-monotonic. Using numerical simulations we verify the accuracy of this analytical result. We find (i) that nonlinear noise plays a key role in system behavior and that the resonance of the output amplitude is diverse when there is nonlinear noise, (ii) that the order of the fractional-order damping strongly impacts resonant intensity and that the impact on resonant intensity of fractional-order external damping is opposite that of fractional-order intrinsic damping, and (iii) that the evolution of the output amplitude versus the frequency of the external periodic force exhibits three behaviors: a resonance with one peak, a resonance with one peak and one valley, and a resonance with one valley.

Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes mainly reside in liver in humans and animals, and cause serious damages. UBE2N was herein shown to be downregulated in response to the infection. UBE2N was further shown to be predominantly expressed in the hepatocytes, which was also significantly downregulated during the infection. UBE2N was a target of emu-miR-4989, which was loaded into the exosomes secreted by parasites. These emu-miR-4989-encapsulating exosomes were internalized by hepatocytes, and induced a significant decrease of relative luciferase activity in the cells transfected with the construct containing a wild type of UBE2N 3'-UTR compared to the control (p0.05). These results demonstrate that emu-miR-4989 is involved in the UBE2N inhibition in the hepatocytes during E. multilocularis through exosomes.

In this work, three models of the motion of charged particles in three-dimensional semiconductors governed by a stochastic differential equation driven by a magnetic field and an intrinsic fractional Gaussian noise have been introduced. Based on the general expansion theorem for the Laplace transform, the expressions of the average position and the average velocity of a charged particle have been obtained. The expressions of the complex susceptibilities, the spectral amplification, the stationary form of current density, as well as power absorption also have been obtained. It is worthy to note that the cyclotron resonance, stochastic dynamics of a charged particle could be induced by fractional noise. Furthermore, the expressions of variances and the generalized Fokker–Planck equation (GFPE) for the non-Markovian dynamics also have been investigated.

The generalized stochastic resonance (GSR) and the bona fide stochastic resonance (SR) in a generalized Langevin equation driven by a periodic signal, multiplicative noise and Mittag-Leffler noise are extensively investigated. The expression of the frequency spectrum of the Mittag-Leffler noise is studied. Using the Shapiro–Loginov formula and Laplace transformation technique, the exact expressions of the output amplitude gain and the signal-to-noise ratio are obtained. The simulation results turn out that the output amplitude gain and the signal-to-noise ratio are non-monotonic functions of the characteristics of noise parameters and system parameters. Especially, the influence of the memory exponent and memory time of Mittag-Leffler noise could induce the GSR phenomenon. The influence of the driving frequency could induce the bona fide stochastic resonance. It is found that the system with fractional memory exponent could be more easily induced SR phenomenon than the system with integer memory exponent.

Exosomes, secreted by various cells, are nanometer-scale vesicles with the functions in intercellular communication. To understand a role of exosomal miRNAs in the sheeppox virus infection, exosomes were isolated from sheeppox virus-infected sheep testicular cells 0 h, 24 h and 72 h post infection. The results of transmission electron microscopy and size distribution showed that all three exosome samples were spherical particles with negatively-stained membrane, ranging from 39 nm to 127 nm in diameter. A total of 106 known and 279 novel miRNAs were identified, and 78 known and 54 novel miRNAs were commonly detected in three exosome samples. Compared with the exosomes by the uninfected controls, a total of 34 known miRNAs were aberrantly expressed in the exosomes from infected cells. In agreement with the sequencing data, the expression of oar-miR-21 and oar-miR-10b was shown to be the highest in exosomes at 24 h after SPPV-infected, and the expression of oar-let-7f was the highest in exosomes at 72 h. Conversely, the expression of oar-let-7b and oar-miR-221 was significantly decreased 24 h and 72 h post infection compared with 0 h. The analysis results also revealed that differentially expressed miRNAs were mostly involved in an immune system process and stimulus response. These results provide rich data to further investigate a role of exosomal miRNAs in SPPV-host interactions.

In this work, from the perspective of statistical mechanics, the statistical properties of charged-particle motion in a microwave field and a magnetic field with a general direction described by a generalized Langevin equation subjected to an intrinsic noise with a power-law time decay correlation function have been studied. Using the general expansion theorem for the Laplace transform, the drift velocity of a charged particle in three directions can be expressed in terms of the relaxation functions. Based on the linear response theory, the expression of the complex susceptibilities, the spectral amplification, the stationary form of current density, and the power absorption have been obtained. It is noteworthy that the stochastic dynamics of a charged particle could be induced by fractional Gaussian noise. Additionally, the variances and covariances of charged particles have been studied based on the relations between relaxation functions and memory kernel functions.

We study stochastic resonance (SR) phenomenon in the fractional oscillator with time delay and damping fluctuation, analyze the impact of time delay and fractional damping as two memory ingredients on SR, and put forward firstly the concept of the robustness of GSR. By moment method, we obtain the analytical expression of the output amplitude gain and find that fluctuations in the output amplitude gain are non-monotonic. Using numerical simulations we verify the accuracy of the analytical results. We find (i) that the length of time delay and system order are parameters related to memory; (ii) that the output amplitude gain could attain a maximum by increasing driving frequency close to system frequency, and small time delay and system order contribute to enhance the resonance intensity; (iii) that the evolution of the output amplitude gain versus the noise intensity exhibits one-peak resonance, and small time delay can enhance the resonance intensity and the robustness of SR regarding to driving frequency and system frequency; (iv) that the evolution of the output amplitude gain versus the noise correlation rate presents one-peak resonance in the presence of small time delay, critical time delay is bigger with the increasing system order when noise intensity is fixed and critical time delay is smaller with the increasing noise intensity when system order is fixed.

The phenomenological model for the heavy tracers in viscoelastic media modeled by a generalized Mittag-Leffler fractional Langevin equation with the generalized Stokes force, the Basset force, the Hookean force, and the thermal force has been revisited. Under the fluctuation-dissipation relation, the generalized Stokes force describes the viscoelastic media by a Mittag-Leffler (ML) memory kernel. Furthermore, based on the background of ML function, the generalized Mittag-Leffler fractional derivative is introduced. Moreover, the exact expression of stationary first moment and the expression of spectral amplification (SPA) of a tracer model have been deserved by the generalized form of Shapiro-Loginov formula. The generalized stochastic resonance (GSR) phenomena has been systematically studied. Moreover, the GSR, reverse stochastic resonance (SR) phenomenon, bona fide SR, stochastic multi-resonance (SMR) phenomena, increasing multi-resonance and decreasing multi-resonance have been found. Especially, the periodic resonance phenomenon could be induced by the generalized Mittag-Leffler (GML) noise, which has been few observed in the previous literatures.

We study stochastic resonance (SR) in a fractional harmonic oscillator with time delay and mass fluctuation. Using a moment equation, we derive the exact analytical expression of the output amplitude and find that fluctuations in the output amplitude are nonmonotonic. Using numerical simulations we verify the accuracy of the analytical result. We find (i) that the evolution of output amplitude versus the frequency of the external periodic force exhibits One-Peak SR and Two-Peaks SR, resonance region and resonance form largely depend on the noise correlation rate and noise intensity, (ii) that the evolution of output amplitude versus the noise intensity exhibits One-Peak SR and the increasing time delay lower the critical driving frequency, and (iii) that the evolution of output amplitude versus feedback gain performs diverse resonance forms, the increasing time delay widens the region for occurrence of SR and diversifies the resonance form.

From the view of intrinsic noise in semiconductors, the model of charge-particles transport in one-dimensional semiconductors described by a generalized Langevin equation (GLE) driven by a intrinsic fractional Gaussian noise is proposed in this paper. The analytical expression of the average charged particle velocity, the differential mobility, the conductivity of charge-particles, the two-time correlation function of the velocity fluctuation and the power spectral of total current density fluctuation have been derived. Furthermore, the model of motion for the charge-particle subjected to an electric field and a magnetic field governed by GLE is introduced. The expressions of mean values and variances of charged particle velocity, Fokker–Planck equation of charge-particle motion, the asymptotic behaviors of the relaxation functions have been obtained. Under the Hall effect, the Hall angle, the Hall coefficient, as well as the electrical resistivity also have been studied.

Infection of Cysticercus tenuicollis, the larval stage of Taenia hydatigena, is extensively found in sheep and pigs and jeopardizes the breeding and meat industry. miRNAs are a subclass of small noncoding regulatory RNAs and closely associated with the pathogenesis and biology of parasites. Here, using HiSeq sequencing we identified 49 known and 2 potential novel miRNAs in C. tenuicollis, of which both thy-miR-71 and -87 were predominant. Using RT-qPCR, 6 selected miRNAs were validated, and thy-miR-71 and -miR-87 were confirmed to be highly expressed, with the copy number of approximately 82,340 ± 2079 and 19,580 ± 609 per 1 ng total RNA, respectively. Similar to other cestodes, T. hydatigena was predicted to have two conserved miRNA clusters thy-miR-71/2c/2b and thy-miR-4989/277, and three members of the former were confirmed to reside sequentially within the genomic region of 253 bp by PCR. The current data provide us a valuable resource for further studies of a role of miRNAs in T. hydatigena biology and infection.

With the increasingly deep studies in physics and technology, the dynamics of fractional order nonlinear systems and the synchronization of fractional order chaotic systems have become the focus in scientific research. In this paper, the dynamic behavior including the chaotic properties of fractional order Duffing systems is extensively investigated. With the stability criterion of linear fractional systems, the synchronization of a fractional non-autonomous system is obtained. Specifically, an effective singly active control is proposed and used to synchronize a fractional order Duffing system. The numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

The resonance behavior in a generalized Langevin equation and fractional generalized Langevin equation with random trichotomous inherent frequency and a generalized Mittag-Leffler noise are extensively investigated. An expression for the noise spectral of the generalized Mittag-Leffler noise is studied. Using the Shapiro–Loginov formula and Laplace transformation technique, exact expressions for the spectral amplification of generalized Langevin equation and fractional generalized Langevin equation are obtained. The simulation results turn out to show that the spectral amplification is a non-monotonic function of the characteristics of noise parameters and system parameters. In particular, the influence of generalized Mittag-Leffler noise is able to induce the generalized stochastic resonance phenomenon. The influence of the driving frequency is able to induce bona fide stochastic resonance and stochastic multi-resonance phenomena. It is found that the resonance behavior of the fractional generalized Langevin equation has more material results than that of the (non-fractional) generalized Langevin equation.

With increasingly deep studies into physics and technology, the behavior of fractional oscillators has become a focus of scientific research. In this paper, the fractional Langevin equation is derived from the generalized Langevin equation. Stochastic resonance (SR) in underdamped fractional oscillators driven by multiplicative noise and periodically modulated noise is extensively investigated. Using the Shapiro–Loginov formula, the moment equation and the Laplace transformation technique, the exact expression for complex susceptibility is obtained. Numerical results indicate that the influence of fractional order of the fractional oscillator, the inherent frequency of the system and the frequency of the modulated periodic signal can induce multiresonance.

With the increasingly deep studies in physics and technology, the behavior of fractional oscillators have become the focus of scientific research. In this paper, the stochastic resonance (SR) mechanism of the overdamped fractional oscillator subject to multiplicative dichotomous noise is extensively investigated. Using the Shapiro–Loginov formula and the Laplace transformation technique, the exact expression for complex susceptibility is obtained. Resorting to numerical simulations, the SR phenomenon of the overdamped fractional oscillator is studied. Especially, the frequency of the external periodic force that induces multiresonance.

With the increasingly deep studies in physics and technology, the behavior of fractional oscillators has become a focus of scientific research. In this paper, the stochastic resonance (SR) mechanism of a fractional oscillator with random damping and random spring stiffness is extensively investigated. Using the Shapiro–Loginov formula and the Laplace transformation technique, the exact expression for complex susceptibility is obtained. Resorting to numerical simulations, the SR phenomenon of a fractional oscillator is studied. It is found that the influence of the fractional order of a fractional oscillator induces the SR phenomenon. In particular, the influence of the friction coefficient induces multiresonance.

We apply spectral power amplification to quantifying and investigating the phenomenon of stochastic resonance in fractional-order systems. Moreover, the frequency of the weak mixed signal is detected by a stochastic resonance mechanism together with a power spectrum. The corresponding numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.