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Background: Musculoskeletal pain is a non-negligible multifaceted condition affecting more than 30% of the global population. Superficial heat therapy (HT), through increasing tissue temperatures, plays a role in increasing local metabolism and function and relieving pain. Knee (KP) and sports pain represent two relevant fields of superficial HT application. Methods: In the present paper, a panel of experts performed a narrative review of the literature regarding the role of superficial HT in the management of knee and sports activity-related pain. Results: According to the reviewed literature, HT represents a therapeutic option in the management of musculoskeletal pain due to three main effects: pain relief, promotion of healing, and return to normal function and activity. Moreover, HT plays a role in sport activities both before and after exercise. Before performing sports, HT helps in preparing muscles for performance. After performing sports, it is capable to promote recovery and healing pathways. Combining and sequencing superficial heat and cold therapy represent an interesting topic of study. Overall, the application of heat wraps for superficial HT can be considered safe. Conclusions: HT has been shown to be a potentially beneficial and safe option in the management of several conditions including KP and sports. The key in the application of superficial HT is a multimodal and multidisciplinary approach.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a highly prevalent and a critical complication of cardiac surgery (CS). Serum lactate (sLac) levels have consistently shown an association with morbimortality after CS. We performed a cross-sectional study including 264 adult patients that had a cardiac surgery between January and December 2020. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine factors associated with AKI development. We measured the postoperative levels of sLac for all participants immediately after CS (T0) and at 4 h (T4) after the surgical intervention. A linear regression model was used to identify the factors influencing both sLac metrics. We identified four risk predictors of AKI; one was preoperative (atrial fibrillation), one intraoperative (cardiopulmonary bypass time), and two were postoperative (length of hospital stay and postoperative sLac). T0 and T4 sLac levels were higher among CS-AKI patients than in Non-CS-AKI patients. Postoperative sLac levels were significant independent predictors of CSA-AKI, and sLac levels are influenced by length of hospital stay, the number of transfused packed red blood cells, and the use of furosemide in CS-AKI patients. These findings may facilitate the earlier identification of patients susceptible to AKI after CS.

The Early Pleistocene sites of Orce in southeastern Spain, including Fuente Nueva-3 (FN3), Barranco León (BL) and Venta Micena (VM), provide important insights into the earliest hominin populations and Late Villafranchian large mammal communities. Dated to approximately 1.4 million years ago, FN3 and BL preserve abundant Oldowan tools, cut marks and a human primary tooth, indicating hominin activity. VM, approximately 1.6 million years old, is an outstanding site because it preserves an exceptionally rich assemblage of large mammals and predates the presence of hominins, providing a context for pre-human conditions in the region. Research suggests that both hominins and giant hyenas were essential to the accumulation of skeletal remains at FN3 and BL, with secondary access to meat resources exploited by saber-toothed felids. This aim of this study aims to correlate the relative abundance of large herbivores at these sites with their estimates of Carrying Capacity (CC) and Total Available Biomass (TAB) using the PSEco model, which incorporates survival and mortality profiles to estimate these parameters in paleoecosystems. Our results show: (i) similarities between quarries VM3 and VM4 and (ii) similarities of these quarries with BL-D (level D), suggesting a similar formation process; (iii) that the role of humans would be secondary in BL-D and FN3-LAL (Lower Archaeological Level), although with a greater human influence in FN3-LAL due to the greater presence of horses and small species; and (iv) that FN3-UAL (Upper Archaeological Level) shows similarities with the expected CC values for FN3/BL, consistent with a natural trap of quicksand scenario, where the large mammal species were trapped according to their abundance and body mass, as there is a greater presence of rhinos and mammoths due to the greater weight per unit area exerted by their legs. Given the usefulness of this approach, we propose to apply it first to sites that have been proposed to function as natural traps.

This research explores the health-promoting properties of the pectin–polyphenol complex extracted from alperujo, a by-product of olive oil production. This study investigates the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the extracts, revealing their high antioxidant activity in vitro. Cell viability assays conducted on colon carcinoma cells (Caco-2) demonstrate the inhibitory effect of the extracts on cell proliferation. However, the extracts do not affect the viability of differentiated Caco-2 cells, suggesting a selective antiproliferative action. Additionally, the extracts reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrite (NO) production in LPS-stimulated murine peritoneal macrophages. Furthermore, the extracts exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by downregulating the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in these macrophages. These findings highlight the potential of pectin–polyphenol complexes as functional ingredients with significant health benefits, demonstrating antioxidant, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory properties.

Olive oil extraction by two-phase systems generates a by-product called “alperujo” which presents several difficulties for its valorization. The present work evaluated an industrial approach, based on the application of thermal treatments to alperujo followed by solid/liquid separation using standard two-phase olive oil mill equipment. Treatments consisted of the thermo-malaxation of alperujo at 70 °C for 45 or 90 min, with or without acid addition, followed by solid/liquid separation in an industrial decanter. The solid was characterized concerning subsequent use for composting, while total and hydrophilic phenolics were analyzed in liquid for their recovery. Additionally, a laboratory-scale trial to compare phenolic purification by ethylic acetate extraction with chromatographic procedures was also included. The static respiration index showed that solid fractions presented higher susceptibility to biodegradation processes than raw alperujo. The phenolic content of treated liquid fractions was higher than in raw alperujo. Total phenolics were maximum at the longest exposure time without acid addition, while hydrophilic phenolics were highest at the shortest exposure time in acidified samples. The use of non-ionic resins seemed attractive for obtaining highly concentrated phenolic fractions. The proposed thermal treatments can be applied in olive oil industries, allowing in situ pomace valorization and the recovery of phenolic-enriched liquid fractions.

Se analizó el crecimiento relativo de langosta espinosa Panulirus gracilis, con un enfoque de selección multimodelo y la teoría de la información de Akaike. Se realizaron muestreos en capturas comerciales de langosta espinosa del sur de Sinaloa, México entre las temporadas de pesca de 2014 y 2015 y, 2017 y 2018. En 298 hembras de P. gracilis se registró la longitud cefalotórax (LC) mm, peso total (PT) g y fase de madurez gonádica. La estructura de tallas varió de 54.6 a 103.1 mm de LC. Se observaron hembras maduras a partir de 57.5 mm de LC, con un incremento de proporción de madurez en tallas mayores. El mejor modelo fue Línea Rota (Wi=65.09%) y Dos Segmentos (Wi%=34.87). El cambio en el crecimiento relativo a la talla en ambos modelos, coincidió con un incremento en la proporción de madurez en tallas mayores a 60 mm de LC en P. gracilis.

BackgroundDiffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma worldwide. DLBCL is an aggressive disease that can be cured with upfront standard chemoimmunotherapy schedules. However, in approximately 35-40% of the patients DLBCL relapses, and therefore, especially in this setting, the search for new prognostic and predictive biomarkers is an urgent need. Natural killer (NK) are effector cells characterized by playing an important role in antitumor immunity due to their cytotoxic capacity and a subset of circulating NK that express CD8 have a higher cytotoxic function. In this substudy of the R2-GDP-GOTEL trial, we have evaluated blood CD8+ NK cells as a predictor of treatment response and survival in relapsed/refractory (R/R) DLBCL patients.Methods78 patients received the R2-GDP schedule in the phase II trial. Blood samples were analyzed by flow cytometry. Statistical analyses were carried out in order to identify the prognostic potential of CD8+ NKs at baseline in R/R DLBCL patients.ResultsOur results showed that the number of circulating CD8+ NKs in R/R DLBCL patients were lower than in healthy donors, and it did not change during and after treatment. Nevertheless, the level of blood CD8+ NKs at baseline was associated with complete responses in patients with R/R DLBCL. In addition, we also demonstrated that CD8+ NKs levels have potential prognostic value in terms of overall survival in R/R DLBCL patients.ConclusionCD8+ NKs represent a new biomarker with prediction and prognosis potential to be considered in the clinical management of patients with R/R DLBCL.Clinical trial registrationhttps://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=2014-001620-29 EudraCT, ID:2014-001620-29.

Bistable logos accept two different interpretations, where each interpretation can be conditioned by the area of the image that is being observed. Thus, ocular fixations can affect their final perception. To determine if the eye fixation areas influence the perception, 20 volunteers observed a bistable logo in front of a fixed eye-tracker, reference Tobii T-120. The results indicate that the reported percepts are related to ocular fixation areas. It is concluded that there are areas that affect the identification of the possible percepts of the bistable logo, which leads to essential considerations for graphic designers to optimize graphic brand communication.

The crab fishery of the genus Callinectes is one of the most important fisheries in Mexico. Sonora and Sinaloa are the states on the eastern coast of the Gulf of California, the mainland coast. Sinaloa encompasses the greatest production in Mexico of these species, in particular the Bahía Santa Maria La Reforma (BSMR), supplying the most important catches. A mandatory administrative document for the fishery is the Management Plan of Crab. One of the main weaknesses found in it for Sonora and Sinaloa is the lack of fishery assessment in both states. For this reason, a size-structured method called CASA (Catch-at-Size Analysis) was applied in the BSMR, in the seasons 2000, 2011, and 2014, to C. bellicosus. The first catch size (CW50%) estimated for females was 97.5, 102.5, and 100 mm, while in males, it was estimated at 117.5, 107.5, and 102.5 mm. In the specific case of fishing mortality (F), the algorithm allowed us to find that in the larger sizes, a greater fishing pressure is applied for both females and males, yielding a weighted exploitation rate of 0.047 (2000), 0.119 (2011), and 0.426 (2014) for females and 0.045 (2000), 0.295 (2011), and 0.132 (2014) for males, all below 50% (E = 0.50). The crab C. bellicosus in BSMR is not at risk of overexploitation.

Modeling individual growth in marine species for aquaculture encounters many difficulties when the species pauses its growth but resumes its later after the disrupting phenomenon (environmental or physiological) has been overcome. Seasonal or oscillatory growth has been addressed by modifying existing models, such as von Bertalanffy and Gompertz, to include an oscillatory component in this study. The novelty of this study lies in the fractal approach used to analyze growth using multiple logistic functions. Three commercially farmed marine species were studied, including shellfish, crustacea, and finfish. The oscillatory version of the von Bertalanffy model as well as double and triple logistic functions were used for analysis. The best model was selected using the information theory, Specifically the Akaike criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian criterion (BIC). Normal and log-normal distributions of error were assumed. The triple logistic model with log-normal distribution in the error structure was found to be the best model to describe the growth pattern of the three commercially farmed species as it obtained the lowest AIC. Overall, this study concludes that the fractal approach is the most effective way to describe growth in farmed species, including shellfish, crustacean, and finfish.

There is a clear inequality in gender distribution for the STEM areas (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics). Furthermore, there is a noticeable lack of diversity and a socio-economic gap that requires actionable solutions. To explore potential factors that affect the participation of women in STEM, this paper reviews two possible groups of determinants: national culture and complexity thinking. A survey with 684 respondents from higher education institutions in Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, and Spain was undertaken. The instrument measured four components of complexity thinking namely critical, scientific, innovative, and systemic). Using analysis of variance between two groups and between multiple groups, differences were observed between the countries’ samples and between genders. Once the significance was confirmed, boxplots for each dimension were elaborated to facilitate the visualization of the distributions. The scores were compared with the national culture values to seek possible behavioral patterns in the data. The results reveal two groups between the observed countries. Also, there are clear indications of a relationship between the national culture dimensions and the complex thinking components.

Summary: Background: Cervical cytology remains widely used as the initial tool in cervical cancer screening worldwide. WHO guidelines recommend replacing cytology with primary HPV testing to reach cervical cancer elimination goals. We assessed the performance of cytology and high-risk HPV testing to detect cervical precancer, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 3 or worse (CIN3+) among women aged 30–64 years participating in the ESTAMPA study. Methods: Women were screened with cytology and HPV across ESTAMPA study centres in Latin America. Screen-positives were referred to colposcopy with biopsy collection and treatment as needed. Those with no evident precancer were recalled at 18-months for a second HPV test to complete disease ascertainment. Performance indicators for cytology and HPV to detect CIN3+ were estimated. Findings: 30,606 participants with available cytology and HPV results were included in the analysis. A total of 440 histologically confirmed CIN3s and 30 cancers were diagnosed. Cytology sensitivity for CIN3+ was 48.5% (95% CI: 44.0–53.0), whereas HPV testing had a sensitivity of 98.1% (95% CI: 96.3–96.7). Specificity was 96.5% (95% CI: 96.3–96.7) using cytology and 88.7% (95% CI: 88.3–89.0) with HPV. Performance estimates varied substantially by study centre for cytology (ranging from 32.1% to 87.5% for sensitivity and from 89.2% to 99.5% for specificity) while for HPV results were more consistent across sites (96.7%–100% and 83.6–90.8%, respectively). Interpretation: The limited and highly variable sensitivity of cytology strongly supports transition to the more robust and reproducible HPV-based cervical screening to ensure progress towards global cervical cancer elimination targets in Latin America. Funding: IARC/WHO, UNDP, HRP/WHO, NCI and local funders.

En la actualidad, la República Bolivariana de Venezuela atraviesa un momento histórico que ha desatado una migración masiva principalmente hacia aquellos países circunvecinos, entre ellos Colombia. En el proceso de adaptación e inserción en una nueva sociedad, emergen los imaginarios sociales como mediadores que configuran las realidades constituyendo tanto un modo de ver el mundo como una percepción individual. Teniendo en cuenta esto, el presente trabajo busca comprender los imaginarios sociales construidos en el proceso migratorio de ciudadanos ve-nezolanos a territorio colombiano. Desde un enfoque cualitativo, se entrevistaron a 20 participantes: 10 ciudadanos colombianos y 10 venezolanos, con el fin de explorar las principales características de estos imaginarios a través de un análisis fenomenológico. Entre los principales hallazgos, destaca el alcance de los medios de comunicación en el reforzamiento de la imagen negativa del migrante venezolano; así mismo, prevalecen las creencias negativas acerca del migrante y sus intenciones. Estos hallazgos están atravesados por una constante distinción amigo-enemigo, fuertemente arraigada en actitudes etnocéntricas que favorecen procesos de rechazo y exclusión hacia la población migrante.

Over the past decade, the fishery of Pacific hake, Merluccius productus (Ayres, 1855), has increased in the Gulf of California, Mexico; therefore, any biological–fisheries information is highly relevant for the management of this fishery, and information on age and individual growth would be fundamental to evaluate populations. The objective of the presently study was to assess age, based on otolith structure, and estimate growth parameters through a multimodel approach. Specimens were collected during research cruises of BIP XI from 2014 to 2019. Pacific hake from the Gulf of California ranged in length from 12.5 to 105 cm TL, reaching a maximum age of 13 years, and females were four years older than males. The logistic model was the best model to describe age–size data for both sexes. Females reached 50% of the maximum length at five years old and males reached that length at four years old.

Summary: Background: Colposcopy, currently included in WHO recommendations as an option to triage human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive women, remains as the reference standard to guide both biopsy for confirmation of cervical precancer and cancer and treatment approaches. We aim to evaluate the performance of colposcopy to detect cervical precancer and cancer for triage in HPV-positive women. Methods: This cross-sectional, multicentric screening study was conducted at 12 centres (including primary and secondary care centres, hospitals, laboratories, and universities) in Latin America (Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay). Eligible women were aged 30–64 years, sexually active, did not have a history of cervical cancer or treatment for cervical precancer or a hysterectomy, and were not planning to move outside of the study area. Women were screened with HPV DNA testing and cytology. HPV-positive women were referred to colposcopy using a standardised protocol, including biopsy collection of observed lesions, endocervical sampling for transformation zone (TZ) type 3, and treatment as needed. Women with initial normal colposcopy or no high-grade cervical lesions on histology (less than cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN] grade 2) were recalled after 18 months for another HPV test to complete disease ascertainment; HPV-positive women were referred for a second colposcopy with biopsy and treatment as needed. Diagnostic accuracy of colposcopy was assessed by considering a positive test result when the colposcopic impression at the initial colposcopy was positive minor, positive major, or suspected cancer, and was considered negative otherwise. The main study outcome was histologically confirmed CIN3+ (defined as grade 3 or worse) detected at the initial visit or 18-month visit. Findings: Between Dec 12, 2012, and Dec 3, 2021, 42 502 women were recruited, and 5985 (14·1%) tested positive for HPV. 4499 participants with complete disease ascertainment and follow-up were included in the analysis, with a median age of 40·6 years (IQR 34·7–49·9). CIN3+ was detected in 669 (14·9%) of 4499 women at the initial visit or 18-month visit (3530 [78·5%] negative or CIN1, 300 [6·7%] CIN2, 616 [13·7%] CIN3, and 53 [1·2%] cancers). Sensitivity was 91·2% (95% CI 88·9–93·2) for CIN3+, whereas specificity was 50·1% (48·5–51·8) for less than CIN2 and 47·1% (45·5–48·7) for less than CIN3. Sensitivity for CIN3+ significantly decreased in older women (93·5% [95% CI 91·3–95·3] in those aged 30–49 years vs 77·6% [68·6–85·0] in those aged 50–65 years; p

Introducción: La salud, como meta a lograr, se ha conceptualizado en cuanto a los diferentes países, momentos y contextos socio-históricos, condiciones económicas y criterios de organizaciones y autores. Objetivo: Establecer un consenso ajustado a la actualidad, con punto de partida en los conceptos de salud más difundidos y aceptados. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis de diferentes artículos, revistas y libros publicados relacionados con el tema, además de una revisión de bibliografía impresa y una búsqueda en Internet a través de Google e Infomed. El proceso de revisión se extendió entre octubre de 2019 y enero de 2020. Se analizó cada concepto enunciado y se tuvieron en cuenta las experiencias de los autores en diferentes momentos de su vida personal y profesional, dentro y fuera del país. Conclusiones: En esta investigación se demostraron las carencias de cada concepto enunciado. Luego de su valoración, se propuso un concepto de salud propio para los estándares de Cuba (sin limitar su aplicación fuera de las fronteras del país) relacionado con la realidad actual y el Sistema Integral de Salud.

The pomace olive oil sector needs to improve its use of the main olive oil by-product, called alperujo, which is currently used mainly for combustion after extraction of pomace oil, with all the problems this process entails due to the high degree of humidity, organic load and phytotoxic substances. In this work, a solution at an industrial level that uses thermo-malaxation at a temperature close to 65 °C for one or two hours followed by centrifugation in three phases is proposed. In this way, over 40% of the pomace oil that is rich in minor compounds, a solid with a lower degree of humidity (55%), and a liquid aqueous fraction that is rich in bioactive compounds such as phenolics and sugars are obtained. This aqueous fraction can be treated through subsequent storage stages to increase its content of the main phenolic, hydroxytyrosol, to up to 1.77 g/L, decreasing its percentage of insoluble solids by up to 1.9%, making it possible to obtain extracts that are rich in hydroxytyrosol using systems that are commonly in place at the industrial level. The aqueous fraction, without phenolics, could be used for energy production. A solid with a slightly higher fat content than the initial alperujo remains, thus the rest of the oil content can be extracted from it using solvent, making it, once defatted, suitable for application in subsequent bioprocesses.

The pectin from the cell walls of olive waste (alperujo) and apple, orange and strawberry fruits was extracted using choline chloride (ChCl) and the yield and chemical and structural compositions were compared to pectin extracted using citric acid (CA) and ammonium oxalate/oxalic acid (AOOA). According to the results, the alperujo pectin extracted using ChCl from alcohol-insoluble residue (AIR) showed a higher yield (2.20–2.88% on the basis of dry weight of AIR) than using CA (0.65–1.22%) but lower than using AOOA (3.92–5.42%). For fruit pectin, the highest yield was obtained using CA (8.81–16%), followed by AOOA (5.4–6.63%), although for apple pectin, ChCl gave a similar yield (5.36%) to AOOA. The uronic acid contents in all ChCl pectins (45.9–70.6% dry basis AIR) were higher or similar to that of the other extracting agents (30.6–65.2%), although a lower level of neutral sugar side chains was detected, with a lower degree of branching and degree of methylation. The NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy of the pectin isolated using ChCl confirmed its slightly different structural composition with respect to CA and AOOA pectin. Therefore, depending on the source material and functionality, pectin isolated using ChCl could be an acid-free alternative to pectin production.

Abstract Venta Micena, an Early Pleistocene site of the Baza Basin (SE Spain), preserves a rich and diverse assemblage of large mammals. VM3, the main excavation quarry of the site, has been interpreted as a den of the giant hyaena Pachycrocuta brevirostris in the plain that surrounded the Baza palaeolake. Taphonomic analysis of VM3 has shown that the hyaenas scavenged the prey previously hunted by the hypercarnivores, transported their remains to the communal den, and consumed the skeletal parts according to their marrow contents and mineral density. In a recent paper (Luzón et al. in Sci Rep 11:13977, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93261-1 , 2021), a small sample of remains unearthed from VM4, an excavation quarry ~ 350 m distant from VM3, is analysed. The authors indicate several differences in the taphonomic features of this assemblage with VM3, and even suggest that a different carnivore could have been the agent involved in the bone accumulation process. Here, we make a comparative analysis of both quarries and analyse more skeletal remains from VM4. Our results indicate that the assemblages are broadly similar in composition, except for slight differences in the frequency of megaherbivores, carnivores and equids according to NISP values (but not to MNI counts), the degree of bone weathering, and the intensity of bone processing by the hyaenas. Given that VM4 and VM3 were not coeval denning areas of P. brevirostris, these differences suggest that during the years when the skeletal remains were accumulated by the hyaenas at VM3, the rise of the water table of the Baza palaeolake that capped with limestone the bones was delayed compared to VM4, which resulted in their more in-depth consumption by the hyaenas.

Agile Methods propose an approach for developing software based on an iterative and incremental life cycle model, in which needs and solutions evolve through collaboration between multi-functional and self-organized teams. As such, agile practices in work teams are gaining much momentum. To meet the demanding level of projects, agile software development also has to keep up with several challenges. In this context, software industry has chosen to use several tools to ease development and communication between different teams’ members. However, these tools generate overwhelming volumes of data that hamper decision-making by project managers. To address this issue, we present Scrum Watch, a tool-based approach that focuses on generating, through cloud-based technologies, graphic elements and reports that assist project managers with information to support decision making. Results obtained from an undergraduate Systems Engineering course through a capstone project confirm the feasibility of the proposed approach, which exploits the benefits of the availability and visualization of process and product metrics.

Una imagen biestable admite dos interpretaciones, de modo que el observador reconoce cada percepto, pero nunca los dos al mismo tiempo. Cada alternancia entre uno y otro percepto se conoce con el nombre de “reversibilidad perceptual”. Este tipo de percepción, denominada también “biestable”, puede implicar dos tipos de modulación, una mediada por las características físicas del estímulo visual y por las áreas de fijación ocular, y otra por información contextual o por conocimiento almacenado en memoria. En ese sentido, las alternancias perceptuales que se manifiestan durante la observación de una imagen biestable pueden estar condicionadas por la manera en que el observador recorre con su mirada el estímulo biestable, de manera tal que es manifiesta una asociación entre específicas áreas de la imagen y el percepto que se reconoce. En efecto, para la imagen biestable de Boring Mi novia o mi suegra, se han establecido áreas de fijación ocular que favorecen los dos posibles perceptos (una mujer joven y una mujer de edad). Algunas de estas zonas elicitan más la interpretación de uno de los perceptos, otras de los dos indistintamente, como se reconoce en estudios precedentes. Por otra parte, se ha encontrado evidencia de que cuando la posición corporal del observador es distinta a la posición erguida (el tronco y la cabeza alineados con la vertical), puede dificultarse la capacidad para hacer las alternancias perceptuales.

The purpose of this article was to examine the relations that exist between bistable perception and divergent thinking, taking as a reference that flexibility emerges in both mechanisms, perceptually or cognitively. To achieve the objective, a literary review was carried out using six databases. The keywords used were: bistable perception, perceptual reversals, insight, creative cognition, creative flexibility, perceptual flexibility. 19 articles on the relationship between bistable perception, flexibility and creativity were found. 44 studies regarding both bistable perception and the mechanisms that are involved while cognitive flexibility emerges were considered. 2 reviews on bistable perception were also included. 6 articles related to creativity as a cognitive phenomenon were collated, plus another 3 on perceptual processes. After having made the analysis, it is concluded that the modulating mechanisms of bistable perception have a possibility of being incorporated to develop creativity from perceptual reconfiguration processes that involve flexibility mechanisms.

Introducción: Las disfunciones del suelo pélvico se considera­n un problema de salud en el mundo y constituyen una de las indicaciones de operaciones ginecológicas más comunes. Entre sus variantes está el prolapso de la cúpula vaginal. Objetivos: Evaluar los resultados de la corrección del prolapso de cúpula vaginal por la técnica de colpopexia, mediante fijación con tiras aponeuróticas a la pared abdominal anterior. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo. Las variables utilizadas fueron la edad, presencia de comorbilidades, el número de cirugías previas y el grado de satisfacción subjetivo de las pacientes, luego del procedimiento. Resultados: Hubo predominio de edades avanzadas en la muestra estudiada con 89,5 % de pacientes mayores de 55 años. En la mayoría de las pacientes se encontró una o más comorbilidades que favorecieron la presencia de esta afección. Un total de 8 pacientes habían sido sometidas a una cirugía correctora previa para el prolapso (30,7 %). Al mes de la cirugía el 80,7 % tenía una puntuación de 1-3 de la escala de evaluación PGI-I, valor que fue en ascenso y alcanzó el 96,1 % a los 3 meses, el 100 % a los 6 meses y al año. Conclusiones: La corrección del prolapso de la cúpula vaginal, mediante colpopexia por vía abdominal es una alternativa de tratamiento para las pacientes, fundamentalmente jóvenes o que quieren conservar la funcionalidad vaginal y la vida sexual activa.

Introducción: la promoción de salud constituye una herramienta fundamental en la práctica médica ya que va más allá de la mera información al paciente sobre su dolencia y tratamiento.Objetivos: analizar la bibliografía seleccionada sobre la promoción y prevención de salud.Métodos: se tomaron como base criterios personales y un grupo de conceptos y definiciones sobre promoción y prevención de salud con la finalidad de provocar el debate y la polémica entre los profesionales. Se realizó la revisión de disímiles bibliografías cubanas y extranjeras, relacionadas con este tema y con temas afines. Se analizaron diferentes criterios sobre lo que realmente significa promover salud en sus tres dimensiones: biológica, psicológica y social. Esto constituye una herramienta para el personal sanitario sin distinción de perfiles ni niveles de atención en dependencia de su trabajo.Conclusiones: se concluyó que la promoción y el tratamiento forman parte indisoluble de la práctica médica actual.

Different roles of specific RNA-related factors in DNA repair have now been reported. Here the authors reveal a role for RNA-editing by ADAR in DNA end resection following double strand break formation and a change in pattern of ADAR2-mediated A-to-I editing.

BackgroundReplacement of cytology screening with HPV testing is recommended and essential for cervical cancer elimination. HPV testing for primary screening was implemented in 12 laboratories within 9 Latin American countries, as part of the ESTAMPA cervical cancer screening study. Our observations provide information on critical operational aspects for HPV testing implementation in diverse resource settings.MethodsWe describe the implementation process of HPV testing in ESTAMPA, focusing on laboratory aspects. We assess the readiness of 12 laboratories to start HPV testing and their continuity capacity to maintain good quality HPV testing until end of recruitment or up to December 2021. Readiness was based on a checklist. Information from the study database; regular meetings and monitoring visits; and a questionnaire on laboratory operational aspects sent in May 2020 were used to assess continuity capacity. Compliance with seven basic requirements (readiness) and eight continuity requirements (continuity capacity) was scored (1 = compliant, 0 = not compliant) and totaled to classify readiness and continuity capacity as very limited, limited, moderate or high. Experiences, challenges, and enablers of the implementation process are also described.ResultsSeven of 12 laboratories had high readiness, three moderate readiness, and of two laboratories new to HPV testing, one had limited readiness and the other very limited readiness. Two of seven laboratories with high readiness also showed high continuity capacity, one moderate continuity capacity, and the other four showed limited continuity capacity since they could not maintain good quality HPV testing over time. Among three laboratories with moderate readiness, one kept moderate continuity capacity and two reached high continuity capacity. The two laboratories new to HPV testing achieved high continuity capacity. Based on gained expertise, five laboratories have become part of national screening programs.ConclusionHigh readiness of laboratories is an essential part of effective implementation of HPV testing. However, high readiness is insufficient to guarantee HPV testing high continuity capacity, for which a “culture of quality” should be established with regular training, robust monitoring and quality assurance systems tailored to local context. All efforts to strengthen HPV laboratories are valuable and crucial to guarantee effective implementation of HPV-based cervical screening.

The repair of DNA breaks takes place in the context of chromatin and thus involves the activity of chromatin remodelers. The nucleosome acetyltransferase of H4 (NuA4) remodeler complex enables DNA break repair by relaxing flanking chromatin. Here, we show that MRG domain binding protein (MRGBP), a member of this complex, acts as a general inhibitor of DNA double‐strand break repair. Upon its downregulation, repair is generally increased. This is particularly evident for the stimulation of early events of homologous recombination. Thus, MRGBP has an opposing role to the main catalytic subunits of the NuA4 complex. Our data suggest that MRGBP acts by limiting the activity of this complex in DNA repair, specifically by narrowing the extent of DNA‐end resection.

The olive oil sector is continuously evolving in order to improve the quality of olive oil and its by-products. In fact, the trend is to use increasingly greener olives to improve quality by decreasing the extraction yield, thus obtaining a higher content of antioxidant phenolics. The application of a cold-pressing system to the olive before the extraction of oil was tested with three varieties: picual at three different stages of maturity and arbequina and hojiblanca at early stages of maturity. The Abencor system was used for the extraction of virgin olive oil and its by-products. For the quantification of phenols and total sugars for all phases, organic solvent extractions and colorimetric measurements and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a UV detector were used. The results show that the new treatment significantly improved the amount of oil extracted by between 1 and 2% and even increased its concentration of total phenols by up to 33%. Regarding the by-products, the concentrations of the main phenols, such as hydroxytyrosol, increased by almost 50%, as did the glycoside. The treatment also facilitated the separation of phases in by-products and improved the phenolic profile, although not in terms of total phenols, but individual phenols with higher antioxidant activity were obtained.

The totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) is a sciaenid (croaker) fish endemic to the Gulf of California with high commercial importance. Because it was considered at risk of extinction (since 2021 it was reclassified as vulnerable by the IUCN), and aquaculture procedures were developed for restocking and commercial purposes. The present study was conducted with the hypothesis that the early stages of totoaba present depensatory individual growth and an observed variance-at-age modelling approach is the best way to parametrize growth. Ten models were tested including asymptotic, non-asymptotic, exponential-like, and power-like curves including a new one that represents a modification of Schnute’s model. The model that best described the growth trajectory of larval and early juveniles of T. macdonaldi in a controlled environment is a sigmoid curve with two inflexions, related to changes in the feeding regime.

El presente artículo es una reflexión filosófica sobre las fronteras entre el Hombre y el Animal a la luz de la obra de tres filósofos contemporáneos: Giorgio Agamben, Jacques Derrida y Gilles Deleuze. En primer lugar, trataremos de definir el “humanismo metafísico” y sus dispositivos de producción de lo humano, especialmente en torno a aquello que Agamben denomina “Máquina Antropológica”, artilugio que definiremos como un “juego de espejos”. A continuación, trataremos de presentar dos posibles vías de escape de esta maquinaria y del antropocentrismo que comporta. La primera correrá a cargo de algunas propuestas de Jacques Derrida, en torno a la deconstrucción del sujeto humanista y de la relación con la alteridad animal. La segunda nos conducirá a la noción “devenir-animal” de Deleuze y Guattari. Ambas ideas nos permitirán subvertir la metafísica antropocéntrica que ha legitimado buena parte de la violencia contra la alteridad.

Las condiciones climáticas y oceánicas determinan el patrón de distribución de la merluza del Pacífico (Merluccius productus). El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo conocer la relación espaciotemporal entre la distribución y la abundancia de la merluza del Pacífico y el ambiente en el golfo de California. Se analizó la información obtenida de 6 cruceros de investigación realizados entre 2014 y 2019. Los resultados mostraron que la merluza del golfo de California alcanza tallas de 105 cm de longitud total y presenta dimorfismo sexual a tallas >73 cm de longitud total. La mayor biomasa del recurso (68,260.37 t) se encontró en febrero de 2019 entre los 200 y 300 m de profundidad, y la menor, en octubre de 2016 (6,917.80 t) a profundidades de 100–150 m. Los centros de abundancia se localizaron a temperaturas de fondo de entre 13 y 14 °C, al norte de la isla Ángel de la Guarda y entre las grandes islas (isla Tiburón e isla Ángel de la Guarda). Al ajustar modelos aditivos generalizados entre las capturas de merluza de cada estación y distintas variables ambientales, espaciales y temporales, se encontró que la temperatura de fondo fue la variable que mejor describió estos centros de abundancia.

The chronology and environmental context of the first hominin dispersal in Europe have been subject to debate and controversy. The oldest settlements in Eurasia (e.g., Dmanisi, ∼1.8 Ma) suggest a scenario in which the Caucasus and southern Asia were occupied ∼0.4 Ma before the first peopling of Europe. Barranco León (BL) and Fuente Nueva 3 (FN3), two Early Pleistocene archeological localities dated to ∼1.4 Ma in Orce (Guadix-Baza Depression, SE Spain), provide the oldest evidence of hominin presence in Western Europe. At these sites, huge assemblages of large mammals with evidence of butchery and marrow processing have been unearthed associated to abundant Oldowan tools and a deciduous tooth of Homo sp. in the case of BL. Here, we: (i) review the Early Pleistocene archeological sites of Europe; (ii) discuss on the subsistence strategies of these hominins, including new estimates of resource abundance for the populations of Atapuerca and Orce; (iii) use cartographic data of the sedimentary deposits for reconstructing the landscape habitable in Guadix-Baza; and (iv) calculate the size of the hominin population using an estimate of population density based on resource abundance. Our results indicate that Guadix-Baza could be home for a small hominin population of 350–280 individuals. This basin is surrounded by the highest mountainous reliefs of the Alpine-Betic orogen and shows a limited number of connecting corridors with the surrounding areas, which could have limited gene flow with other hominin populations. Isolation would eventually lead to bottlenecks, genetic drift and inbreeding depression, conditions documented in the wild dog population of the basin, which probably compromised the viability of the hominin population in the medium to long term. This explains the discontinuous nature of the archeological record in Guadix-Baza, a situation that can also be extrapolated to the scarcity of hominin settlements for these ancient chronologies in Europe.

Objectives: The most common surgical option for releasing the first annular pulley in trigger digit (TD) is classic open surgery followed by blind percutaneous release. However, they have been related to major complications and incomplete releases, respectively. Intrasheath sonographically-guided first annular pulley release has recently been shown to be safe and effective in every digit. The objectives of this pilot study were to preliminary compare clinically an intrasheath sonographically-guided first annular pulley release versus a classic open technique and to evaluate the feasibility of a future clinical trial in patients with TDs. Methods: Thirty patients were randomized 1:1 in an external pilot study comparing the two surgical techniques: a percutaneous sonographically-guided release performed through a 1 mm incision using a hook knife versus a classic open surgery with a 1 cm incision. Inclusion criteria were primary TD grade III (Froimson). We defined success if primary (safety and efficacy) and secondary (recruitment rates, compliance, completion, treatment blinding, personnel resources, and sample size calculation for the clinical trial) objectives could be matched. We registered the grip strength, the QuickDASH score and a set of postoperative clinical variables at one, three, and six weeks and at three months. We calculated the sample size for the clinical trial using the QuickDASH at the end of the follow-up. Outcomes assessors were blinded. Results: All patients in both groups showed resolution of their symptoms with no associated complications or relapses. Secondary feasibility objectives were matched: 76.9% of eligible patients were included in the study, 3.3% refused randomization, 20 patients per month were recruited, 100% received blinded treatment, 98.5% showed compliance, and 100% completed the study. The sample size for a future clinical trial was 84 patients. There were no differences in grip strength. The intrasheath sonographically-guided first annular pulley release showed significantly better QuickDASH scores, until the sixth postoperative week. Conclusions: The intrasheath sonographically-guided first annular pulley release is safe and efficacious, and shows a trend toward clinical superiority versus the classic open procedure, which should be confirmed with a clinical trial. Our study shows that a randomized clinical trial is feasible.

Infection or chronic inflammation is a risk factor for childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Here, the authors show that the DNA editing enzyme AID is expressed in infected B cells but using genetic mouse models show that it does not contribute to leukemia pathogenesis.

The main by-product generated from the olive oil two-phase extraction system, or alperujo, is undoubtedly a rich source of bioactive components, among which phenolics are one of the most important. The evolution of four of its main phenolics: hydroxytyrosol (HT), hydroxytyrosol 4-β-d-glucoside (Glu-HT), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) and tyrosol (Ty) was studied over two seasons and in ten oil mills under similar climatological and agronomic conditions, for the first time using organic extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) determination. The results show that HT (200–1600 mg/kg of fresh alperujo) and Ty (10–570 mg/kg) increase, while DHPG (10–370 mg/kg) decreases only in the last month of the season and Glu-HT (1400–0 mg/kg) decreases drastically from the beginning. This evolution is similar between different seasons, with a high correlation between Glu-HT, HT, and Ty. On the other hand, it has been verified that a mixture of alperujos from all the oil mills, which is what the pomace extractor receives, is a viable source of a liquid fraction which is rich in the phenolics studied through organic extractions and especially after the application of a thermal treatment, obtaining values of 4.2 g/L of HT, 0.36 g/L of DHPG, and 0.49 g/L of Ty in the final concentrated liquid fraction.

La condición socio-económica de los hogares en Colombia es un factor que condiciona la posibilidad de acceder a internet. Durante la contingencia sanitaria Covid-19, en Colombia se ha evidenciado la existencia de una brecha tecnológica en favor del estrato económico alto en relación a los segmentos económicos medio y bajo. El uso de internet se convirtió en un mecanismo esencial para trabajar e interactuar durante los períodos de confinamiento derivados de la pandemia. En consecuencia, el uso de los dispositivos utilizados para estar conectado a internet ha permitido observar la forma en que cada segmento poblacional accede a internet según su posición económica. El estudio acá documentado tuvo por propósito identificar los dispositivos que utilizan jóvenes residentes en Colombia para acceder a internet durante la contingencia sanitaria de la Covid-19, considerando su condición socio-económica. También se quiso establecer si existen diferencias en las frecuencias y tiempo de uso de las redes sociales y de los medios radio y televisión (vía internet). Se aplicaron cuestionarios on-line (en línea) en jóvenes, primero en 1419 participantes, luego en 810 individuos. Se encontró que el factor socio-económico sí incide en el consumo de internet y de redes sociales en la población juvenil colombiana, y que existen variaciones significativas entre el consumo de las diversas redes sociales, considerando la estratificación social. El consumo de televisión supera a la escucha de la radio. Según los resultados, se evidencia que cada segmento poblacional tiene sus preferencias en lo que respecta a uso de dispositivos y de redes sociales.

Las ideas se convierten en innovación una vez que se implementan como nuevos productos, servicios o procedimientos y que realmente encuentran una aplicación exitosa en el mercado. Este trabajo está basado en la innovación que se puede generar en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje y que se encuentra en la aplicación de una plataforma virtual en la asignatura de Geometría Analítica de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), apoyando el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje de las Matemáticas. Esta plataforma virtual está basada en las tecnologías de información y comunicación (TIC), utilizando el sistema Unity con Moodle, que son accesorios de apoyo de la educación. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar si el laboratorio virtual de geometría analítica cumple con la expectativa de ser una innovación efectiva para la educación. Esta herramienta fue creada en 2011 y ha tenido varias versiones, por lo que también se propone hacerle mejoras con base en los resultados de esta evaluación. Esta evaluación se llevó a cabo por medio de la aplicación de un cuestionario, resultado de una propuesta adecuada, basada en lo que la literatura existente indica que una plataforma virtual de estas características debe cumplir.

The growing interest in natural compounds is helping to improve the management of agro-industrial by-products such as the date seed as sources of such compounds. In this work, the application of a hydrothermal treatment at 160 and 180 °C for 60 min was studied to achieve the solubilization of its phenolic components and sugars in order to obtain biologically active extracts. The percentage of phenols and total sugars in the final extracts were very similar, at 45 and 25% for the 160 and 180 °C treatments, respectively. The treatment at a higher temperature allowed greater solubilization of other components. The antioxidant activity was measured as free-radical scavenging capacity. For the DPPH• method, expressed as EC50, the results were 0.34 and 0.37 mg/L, the TEAC values for the ABTS• method were 6.61 and 3.28 mg/g dried extract, and the values obtained by the ORAC method were 12.82 and 9.91 mmol Trolox/g dried extract, for 160 and 180 °C, respectively. All these values are higher than those of other plant extracts and extracts obtained using the whole date. Therefore, the date seed is a very important source of phenols, and through thermal and chromatographic processes, it is possible to obtain extracts with high antioxidant activity.

ETV6-RUNX1 is almost exclusively associated with childhood B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), but the consequences of ETV6-RUNX1 expression on cell lineage decisions during B-cell leukemogenesis are completely unknown. Clinically silent ETV6-RUNX1 preleukemic clones are frequently found in neonatal cord blood, but few carriers develop B-ALL as a result of secondary genetic alterations. The understanding of the mechanisms underlying the first transforming steps could greatly advance the development of non-toxic prophylactic interventions. Using genetic lineage tracing, we examined the capacity of ETV6-RUNX1 to instruct a malignant phenotype in the hematopoietic lineage by cell-specific Cre-mediated activation of ETV6-RUNX1 from the endogenous Etv6 gene locus. Here we show that, while ETV6-RUNX1 has the propensity to trigger both T- and B-lymphoid malignancies, it is the second hit that determines tumor cell identity. To instigate leukemia, both oncogenic hits must place early in the development of hematopoietic/precursor cells, not in already committed B-cells. Depending on the nature of the second hit, the resulting B-ALLs presented distinct entities that were clearly separable based on their gene expression profiles. Our findings give a novel mechanistic insight into the early steps of ETV6-RUNX1+ B-ALL development and might have major implications for the potential development of ETV6-RUNX1+ B-ALL prevention strategies.

En México, el recurso pesquero más importante es Penaeus stylirostris (camarón azul), siendo aprovechado a su máximo sustentable. P. stylirostris es considerada por sus tallas máximas registradas, la especie de camarón prioritaria para la alimentación humana y muy cotizada en los mercados nacional (México) e internacional. El objetivo fue determinar las relaciones biométricas y talla de migración del camarón azul en tres zonas de pesca (bahía, ribera y altamar) del sistema lagunar Santa María La Reforma (SMLR), Sinaloa, México. Estas zonas son utilizadas como áreas de protección, alimentación y crecimiento del camarón azul. Se analizaron las temporadas 2016 a 2018. La captura de camarón en aguas protegidas se realizó mediante embarcaciones menores a 8 metros (m) de eslora utilizando atarraya suripera. En ribera, en embarcaciones de 12 m y en altamar en barcos (CRIAP Mazatlán) en la plataforma continental frente a SMLR. A los especímenes se les diferenció el sexo y se determinó la proporción sexual (χ2), se les determinó la longitud total (LT) en milímetros (mm) y el peso total (PT) g. Se obtuvieron las relaciones biométricas y se estimó el tipo de crecimiento relativo del camarón azul. Por zona de pesca, se estimó la talla de longitud de migración (LT50%) de P. stylirostris por el método logístico. Se analizaron 32.346 organismos, con una variación mínima y máxima de LT de 65 y 245 mm, respectivamente, los mayores ejemplares en promedio correspondieron a altamar (183,03 mm) y los menores a bahía (144,18 mm). Se encontraron diferencias significativas en las tallas medias entre las zonas (P < 0,0001) y sexos (P < 0,001). La proporción de hembras respecto a machos, resultó mayor en casi todas las zonas. Se obtuvo una alta dependencia entre la longitud y peso, se presentó un crecimiento alométrico positivo (P = 0,05) y se estimó una talla promedio de migración de 159,2 mm, además por su tallas y abundancia de P. stylirostris, representa una especie de interés comercial y alimenticia para los pescadores de la costa de Sinaloa, México.

Background The search for immunological markers with ability of predicting clinical outcome is a priority in lymphomas, and in cancer in general. It is well known that some immunomodulatory cells, such as myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) or regulatory T cells (Tregs), are recruited by tumors, jeopardizing antitumor immunosurveillance. In this work, we have studied blood levels of these immunosuppressive cells in patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (R/R DLBCL), prior to and along the course of the experimental rituximab, gemcitabine, dexamethasone, and cisplatin (R2-GDP) schedule, as a translational substudy of the R2-GDP-GOTEL trial (EudraCT Number: 2014-001620-29), which included lenalidomide as an immunomodulator.Methods Blood samples were taken before treatment, at cycle 3 and end of induction. Samples were analyzed by flow cytometry. Non-parametric tests were used. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare basal cells distributions, and Wilcoxon test was considered to compare cells distribution at different times. Spearman test was performed to measure the degree of association between cell populations.Results In this study, MDSC and Treg circulating concentration was found increased in all patients compared with a healthy control group and decreased after treatment only in patients with longest overall survival (>24 months), reaching the levels of the healthy group. Likewise, the number of inhibited T lymphocytes expressing Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) were increased in peripheral blood from patients and decreased on the treatment, whereas activated T lymphocytes increased after therapy in those with better overall survival.Conclusions In conclusion, blood concentration of MDSCs and Treg cells may be good prognostic markers for overall survival after 2 years in R/R DLBCL. These results point to a possible role of these elements in the immunosuppression of these patients, as assessed by the circulating activated and inhibited T lymphocytes, and therefore, they may be considered as therapeutic targets in DLBCL.

Introduccción: en Uruguay, el cáncer de cuello uterino ocupó el tercer lugar con una incidencia promedio de 312 nuevos casos por año; fallecieron 134 mujeres promedio por año en el período 2010 - 2014. Objetivo: el objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar los primeros resultados de una experiencia piloto con la aplicación del test de HPV captura híbrida HC2 (QiagenR ) como test de tamizaje primario del cáncer de cuello uterino en una zona del departamento de Canelones. Método: se estudiaron 1.010 mujeres asintomáticas entre 30 y 64 años que concurrieron a realizarse el test de PAP a dos unidades de toma de muestras del Programa de prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino. Se realizó la extracción conjunta de la muestra para PAP, que fue derivada a uno de los laboratorios de citología de la Red de Atención Primaria de Salud y la muestra de HPV que fue procesada con la técnica de captura híbrida en el laboratorio de biología molecular del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell. Las usuarias con resultados HPV + y PAP anormales (ASC-US+) fueron derivadas a colposcopia, con biopsia y posterior tratamiento cuando correspondió. Resultados: el test de HPV fue positivo en 126/1.010 mujeres (12,5%) y el PAP anormal en 167/1.010 (16,5%). El test de HPV fue positivo en todos los casos CIN2+ 13/13 (100%) mientras que el PAP fue anormal (ASCUS+) en 7/13 (54%) para CIN2+ por biopsia. Conclusión: el test de HPV resultó más eficaz y eficiente que el PAP para la detección de lesiones precancerosas de cuello uterino.

The adaptor protein p11 and K+ channel TASK1 have overlapping distributions in the CNS. Here, the authors demonstrate that the transcription factor Sp1 regulates p11 levels, which in turn affects intrinsic membrane properties and can contribute to degeneration of motor neurons in disease and injury models.

In this paper, we explore the nature of the contradictions between capitalism and the environment as they emerge under new conditions of stress and austerity in Spanish contexts. These contradictions show how shallow the roots of urban post-materialism can be. They also show that post-materialism, which is embedded in the different habitus that can characterise rural lifestyles can have a stronger base. Ironically, however, it is precisely these lifestyles which are being threatened by top-down nature conservation practices being pursued in the Spanish State. We analyse the results of several surveys centred on environmental issues and compare the results with social discourses that arise from a specific study carried out in protected areas located in the Spanish State. In the introduction, the researchers present theoretical arguments that have played a fundamental role in shaping the social opinions on the topic of the environmentalism. In the first part, we explore the opinions revolving around environmental concern. In the second part, we focus on practices and social profiles that reflect environmentally sustainable behaviours. In the third part, we concentrate on our qualitative study and evaluate a paradoxical situation with respect to conservation. In protected areas, top-down conservation is imposed; however, many of these areas are also located in rural populations where a type of environmental conservation related to their way of life and everyday practices is part of their traditional knowledge.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to identify the intention of living in a smart city as from its characteristics in the individual perception by the young public based on the proposal of an expanded model. Design/methodology/approach - The empirical research carried out herein was based on a survey, consisting of a sample of 380 valid questionnaires. Data analysis was carried out through multivariate quantitative approach using structural equation modeling, with estimation by partial least square. Findings - In the model, it was possible to adapt all the characteristics of smart cities. The “environment” characteristic was the one that presented the greatest relationship in contributing to efficiencies that allow the migration of citizens and in reducing the environmental impact in the cities’ quality, and the “economy” characteristic was the one that presented the lowest relationship opening the opportunity that this concept can be more widespread within the economic agents and individuals for the society. Originality/value - Finally, it is argued that efficiency in all characteristics will depend on the engagement of citizens in the innovation processes of public living in general. The smart city is distinguished from other typologies due to its success in the field of innovation, essentially depending on the collaborative process that is developed in environments that encourage discovery and idea generation.

The link culture tourism and the need of modern societies not to exceed the limits of nature when trying to meet the economic needs of individuals or peoples are reviewed. People and communities, with their customs and lifestyles contribute to the tourist experience and the perpetuity of cultural forms and expressions. It is concluded that the Agrotourism, as a variant linked to the modality of Nature Tourism, has as purpose the satisfaction of certain segments of the tourist market interested in the knowledge of the rural culture and the countryside and promotes new forms of coexistence in the regional contexts of tourism from maintaining environmentally sustainable agricultural practices.

Esta contribución, que tiene a la base el proyecto “La formación práctica de estudiantes de Educación General Básica de la Universidad de Concepción-Chile y la construcción del saber pedagógico”, tuvo como objetivo principal analizar el rol que cumplen las trayectorias educativas de estos docentes en formación en el proceso de construcción del saber pedagógico. Se trabajó con un enfoque de relatos de vida, bajo un contexto metodológico de corte cualitativo, analizando los relatos de 99 estudiantes de cuatro cohortes de la carrera de Educación Básica. Entre los resultados se destacan aquellos que dicen relación con la trayectoria educativa asociada a experiencias que demarcan el aprendizaje del docente en formación y cómo estas experiencias formadoras son mediadoras en la construcción del saber pedagógico. Como conclusiones nos encontramos que los profesores en formación construyen trayectorias en base a experiencias con sellos pedagógicos, provenientes de su experiencia biográfica escolar. Se evidenciaron diferencias de las trayectorias bajo un componente vocacional, donde las experiencias reflexiva y dialéctica direccionan la construcción del saber pedagógico y las representaciones sociales, acerca de la construcción del aprendizaje.