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The small subgenus Panicularia, in Peperomia is mostly restricted to the dry seasonal valleys of Peru and Ecuador. Its representatives are very succulent during the dry period of the year, whereas in the rainy season they produce less succulent reproductive structures that die back after blooming. Four species from Peru are presented here, the latter two new to science. 1) Peperomia espinosae is collected for the first time in Peru. The other collection is the type from Ecuador. It has succulent light green tessellate leaves above, burgundy red and hairy beneath. It produces stalks with alternate sessile leaves and simple short panicles of white, club-shaped spadices. 2) Pe. fraseri is a widely distributed Ecuadorian species. Here we outline its distribution in Peru and its southernmost limit in South America. It presents basal rosettes of light green to red puberulous obovate to rotundate leaves, red beneath; central deciduous stems in the rainy season with several whorls of 2–5 narrow ovate acuminate leaves and 1–4 distal conical panicles, consisting of many conferted, very short, very white fragrant spadices. Its reproductive stems die back completely after fruiting and new plants grow from lateral tubers. 3) Pe. renzopalmae is a plant of unknown locality, sold in many markets in northern Peru as a medicinal and magical plant, suspected to come from Huancabamba, Piura. It produces basal subpeltate light green orbicular leaves looking like coins, stems with aerial secondary rosettes of petiolate non-peltate cordate leaves and panicles very different to all other species of this subgenus. 4) Pe. ricardofernandezii — formerly mistaken as Pe. fraseri — shares sometimes its habitat with this species but presents narrower, more succulent and acuminate leaves. A striking difference is the persistence of succulent stems produced at the center of basal rosettes that bear alternate leaves, never whorled as in Pe. fraseri. These stems are perennial and continue branching from sub-terminal buds.

Sedum hutchisonii, a new species of Sedum endemic from Peru is described. First collected by Paul Hutchison in Huancabamba 56 years ago, then by Myron Kimnach in Cajamarca 18 years later, and more recently by the two authors, it has been erroneously taken for Sedum incarum, S. jujuyense, S. reniforme, S. andinum and S. grandyi. It is rare, but it has a wide distribution in the departments of Piura, Cajamarca and La Libertad. Its flowers are minute, inconspicuous, urn-shaped and with strongly reflexed dark brown tipped petals, in comparison to the twice longer, greenish white, strongly keeled and almost straight petals of Sedum grandyi. To date, this is the northernmost endemic Sedum occurring in Peru, but it could also grow in Ecuador.

The Echeverias of the Chillon River Valley, one of the three rivers that run through Lima, the Capital city of Peru, are reviewed. Three new taxa are recognized and described: two new species and a new variety. (1) Echeveria deltoidea is a large species with narrowly triangular, light green to glaucous-purplish leaves, and large salmon-colored widely pyramidal flowers. It differs from E. chiclensis in its larger and broader, flatter leaves. It has been mistaken for E. andicola but this latter has smaller, prismatic, evenly orange-red flowers and smaller obovate-oblong leaves instead. Its rosettes are as large as in E. excelsa but this species has obovate leaves with obtuse apices. (2) Echeveria fruticosa is a new species with conspicuous aerial stems, erect or decumbent, each crowned by a rosette of rhomboid-obovate leaves, glaucous to bright green, narrowly rhomboid to obovate and wider than the linear oblong leaves of E. chiclensis. It has urceolate, light yellowish-green flowers with a blush,...

In this second part, two taxa, one Sedum and one Villadia species (Crassulaceae) were found around the Sacred Valley in the Department of Cusco, Peru. (7) Sedum berillonanum from Ayacucho is reported for the first time in the Department of Cusco. Some slight differences in leaf shape are pointed out. (8) Villadia virgata, a species described from Chiquian, Ancash is found in Cusco but plants are somewhat different, though not enough to describe a new variety.

The current status of genus Echeveria in Ecuador is reviewed. Although in 1994 Alina Freire-Ferro transferred all species in Ecuador to one taxon: E. quitensis, which she considered a single, variable species, we believe there are considerable differences, enough to consider some separate species and varieties. Plants found around the city of Quito are considered var. quitensis as the type variety. E. quitensis var. sprucei is here considered a synonym of var. quitensis due to contradictions in the annotations on the Herbarium types and the similar features with the type variety. Echeveria cuencaensis is reduced to variety status Echeveria quitensis (Kunth) Lindley var. cuencaensis. These two belong to Series Nudae. Echeveria cojitambensis is a new species discovered at Canar, North of Cuenca. Echeveria tabaconasensis is another new species from Tabaconas, Peru, near the border with Ecuador. It was previously misidentified as E. cuencaensis due to a lack of description of plants around Cuenca. It is close to the Peruvian Echeveria eurychlamys.

We describe a case of a 6-month-old female patient with a segmental, superficial, infantile hemangioma (IH) on the forehead being treated with propranolol 2 mg/kg/d for 5 months, who developed a symplastic hemangioma (SH) over the preexisting lesion, highlighting the need to consider SH in the differential diagnosis of vascular lesions arising over preexisting vascular anomalies in children.

The succulent endemic species of Crassulaceae in Argentina are reviewed and three new taxa are described. Echeveria argentinensis is a new species already collected 80 years ago in the Quebrada of Humahuaca at Jujuy between 2700 and 3600 m, determined primarily as E. peruviana. Hutchison recognized it as a new species 50 years ago and recorded this epithet in the herbarium sheets, but he never described it. Both species are close and belong to series Racemosae, they share having tuberous roots, but the new species has smaller rosettes and leaves than E. peruviana, a longer stem but smaller scapes and less flowers with erect or adpressed sepals and an opposite petal color pattern, red proximally and yellow distally. Populations from Salta are described as E. argentinensis var. kieslingii. They are smaller, lighter or glaucous in color, leaves are obovate and cuspidate when young, scapes are shorter with less but slightly larger flowers that have a constriction near the middle and are mostly yellow in color. They are distributed along the Quebrada del Toro between 2050 to 2350, in more exposed situations. Also from Salta, but further South, near the border with Tucuman, E. saltensis is described. It resembles E. chiclensis var. cantaensis from Peru, with narrow oblong to linear leaves, in this case with a very interesting multicolored raster on its surface, less tuberous roots, shorter sepals and longer but wider petals, more yellowish than the Peruvian species. This is perhaps the southernmost and lowest growing Echeveria in South America. An extended description of Sedum jujuyense, the only endemic Sedum of Argentina together with some photographs of it are also given.

Three taxa of succulent Crassulaceae: Two Echeveria, and one Sedum were found in the Southern Departments of Peru. (1) Echeveria peruviana, a species described 180 years ago, was not found until recently in its type locality, a full description is provided and more localities in the departments of Tacna and Moquegua are given. (2) Echeveria vulcanicola is a new species with conspicuous stems. It has only been found growing among black lava rocks in the Valley of the Volcanoes in Arequipa. (3) Sedum ignescens is a new species from Arequipa, Apurimac, Moquegua and Tacna, with leaves similar to Sedum andinum but with longer branches, its inflorescences and flowers are slightly smaller than those of Sedum reniforme but yellow with red spots instead of greenish white. Both Echeveria belong to series Racemosae. We consider all three species endemic to Southern Peru.

The pantropical genus Peperomia consists of approximately 1,600 species with highest diversity in the Neotropics, especially in the Andes of Peru. Our continuous field work in this country shows that a considerable amount of new species still await discovery. Following our studies of the tuberous species of Peperomia subgenus Tildenia from the Andes, Central America and Mexico, we now tackle the closely related clade of terrestrial succulent window-leaved Peperomia species. This group currently consists of 31 accepted taxa, and we here describe and illustrate 10 new species and one variety, entirely based on observations in the field and in our ex situ living collections. Distribution, habitat and phenology data as well as detailed comparisons with other species are also included.

Aim : Peperomia subgenus Tildenia consists of c. 60 species growing in seasonal habitats of Neotropical mountain areas from Mexico to Argentina. The subgenus can be split geographically, with almost equal diversity in the Northern Hemisphere (centred in Mexico and Guatemala) and in the Southern Hemisphere (centred in Peru and Bolivia). Only a few species are known from a limited number of localities between these two hotspots. As such, Tildenia is an ideal candidate with which to test time, direction and mode of migration of high mountain taxa against the background of the Great American Biotic Interchange. Location : The Andes with focus on the Central Andes, and the Mexican mountain chains, especially the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Methods : To elucidate the spatio-temporal origin, subsequent colonization and radiation of Tildenia, we combine Bayesian phylogenetics based on the chloroplast trnK-matK-psbA region, georeferenced distribution data, and fossil calibrated molecular dating approaches using both penalized likelihood and relaxed phylogenetics. Reconstruction of the ancestral distribution area was performed using dispersal-vicariance analysis and dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis. Results : Peperomia subgenus Tildenia is subdivided into six Andean clades and one Mexican and Central American clade originating from a north/central Peruvian ancestor. Molecular dating approaches converge on a stem age of c. 38 Ma for Tildenia and a mostly Miocene diversification and colonization. Main conclusions : We detect a strong correlation between diversification of Tildenia and orogenetic events in the respective distribution centres. In the Andes, distribution was influenced by the Altiplano-Eastern Cordillera System as well as the Amotape-Huancabamba Zone, where the latter serves as both migration barrier and migration bridge for different clades. In contrast to most studies of high-elevation taxa, we provide support for a south-north colonization towards Central America and Mexico, and provide additional, independent evidence for the latest view on the timing of the Great American Biotic Interchange. In Mexico, the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt has played a major role in more recent radiations together with climatic oscillation and the formation of refugia.

Background and aims - The pantropical genus Peperomia consists of approximately 1,600 species with an extremely diverse vegetative morphology, especially in the Neotropics. One of the most startling yet overlooked growth forms is the geophytic one, as in subgenus Tildenia. This group occurs in seasonal Neotropical habitats with its highest diversity in Mexico-Guatemala and Peru-Bolivia with few species known from in between these hot spots. Methods - Recent fieldwork in Peru and Bolivia combined with herbarium study and a Bayesian analysis of an aligned sequence matrix of the chloroplast trnK-matK-psbA gene cluster of one accession of each species resulted in new findings within this subgenus. Key results - Fourteen new species are described, discussed in a phylogenetic framework and illustrated. Two species have a wide distribution and occur from central W. Peru to S. Bolivia: the common P. cerrateae and the rare P. parvisagittata. Three endemic species are described from the Amotape-Huancabamba Zone which is particularly rich in tuberous Peperomia species: P. gigantea, P. jalcaensis and P. klopfensteinii. Two species are only known from their type locality in central W. Peru: P. ocrosensis and P. pugnicaudex. Five other Peruvian species are P. ayacuchoana from Ayacucho, P. querocochana from Ancash, wernerrauhii from Huanuco, Peperomia umbrosa from three distant localities, and P. pseudoverruculosa which is relatively common in SE Peru. Two species are Bolivian endemics: the rare P. purpureonervosa from La Paz and the more common P. radiatinervosa from Cochabamba and Chuquisaca. Two former varieties, both endemics of the extreme northern Central Andes, are raised to species rank: P. lilliputiana and P. pseudoperuviana. Finally, basionym rejection and lectotypification are proposed for the widespread and commonly collected tuberous Peperomia in the southern Central Andes: R peruviana. An emended description of Peperomia subgenus Tildenia is also provided.

Three new species of Senecio (Compositae: Senecioneae) from Central Peru are described and illustrated. Morphological characters are used in order to distinguish them from the closest species. Senecio crassiandinus Montesinos & Pino has succulent leaves with cuticle composed of translucid white glands, bright yellow disc florets with blotches of pale reddish-brown in the corolla throat and linear-oblong achenes covered with trichomes, which distinguish it from the other South American species of the genus. Senecio inghamii Montesinos has oblanceolate-ovate to rhombic-quadrate leaves, short-sized, with serrate-quadrate dentation, upper surface lustrous and glossy, lower surface densely covered with whitish lanuginose pubescence, capitules bear trilobulated ray florets, achenes copiously covered by fimbriate hairs which differentiates it from its closest relative, S. pensilis Greenm. Senecio roseoandinus Montesinos & R. Zárate is a unique pubescent species characterized for being a perennial rhizomatous herb, with lanuginose and arachnoid trichomes, leaves elliptic-lanceolate, thick, densely arachnoid to glabrous (lustrous, glossy, dark green), margin entire to crenate, synflorescence in racemes, capitules discoid, corolla pale yellow but turning fuchsia-pink at maturity, achenes oblong, striate, and glabrous. All three new species are distributed in the Alto Marañon river mountain slopes, at altitudes ranging from 2000 up to 4200 m a.s.l. The species are, so far, only known from their type localities in the Huánuco region.

Eleven species of Crassulaceae were found in the Department of Cajamarca, northern Peru. (1) Echeveria eurychlamys was collected at its type locality for the first time since its description. (2) Geographical variants of Echeveria oreophila are described. (3) Echeveria cuencaensis, known previously only from Ecuador, is reported for the first time in Peru. (4) Sedum decipiens, a species common in Ancash, is reported from farther north. (5) Sedum isidorum is described as a new species related to S. decipiens, but forming redder, more compact plants. (6) Sedum reniforme is found at its type locality, which appears to be its northern limit; it is relatively more abundant farther south in Ancash. (7) Villadia klopfensteinii is described as a new species with greenish-yellow, bell-shaped, Echeveria-like flowers with stiff, fused petals. (8) Villadia aureistella is a new species with showy, star-shaped, yellow flowers, unique among Peruvian species in having a petal completely recurved to form a loop....

Six little-known Crassulaceae from central Peru are discussed. (1) Echeveria excelsa, the largest species of this genus in Peru, is found for the first time at its type locality since Weberbauer's visit in 1906, and a new type is designated for it; (2) Sedum andinum is perhaps the smallest Sedum species in Peru; it has almost spherical leaves, and its red-and-white flowers are difficult to observe. (3) Sedum incarum (Ball) Pino is a new combination for Villadia incarum; its inflorescence is an obscure and variable cyme, which earlier may have been misinterpreted as a raceme. (4) Sedum decipiens has been recollected for the first time since its discovery. It is rare in habitat and has a distinctive inflorescence forming a diffuse monochasium. (5) Sedum renzopalmae Pino is presented as a new species with yellow flowers. (6) Villadia virgata remains as the only valid species of Villadia in Peru, though there is evidence that other species may exist.

A new species and three new varieties of Peperomia from northern Peru are described. Three of them are plants collected and named by Paul Hutchison but never published. Peperomia columnaris looks like an erect-growing variety of P. nivalis, but its inflorescences and fruit structure suggest it is closer to P. ferreyrae and P. columella. Peperomia dolabriformis var. grandis is similar to the type variety, but is generally bigger, glaucous green with clearly petioled leaves and prominent lateral nerves. Peperomia cymbifolia var. goodspeedii is a compact, dwarf variety of this recently described species, purplish and with conspicuous red leaf margins. Peperomia macrorhiza var. lilliputiana is a variety of this geophilous species with miniature succulent cordiform leaves, densely crowded and almost covering the upper surface of the tubers.

Echeveria andicola Pino, a new species endemic to central Peru, is described. Although fairly common in the departments of Junin, Pasco and Huanuco, the plants had formerly been identified as E. chiclensis or E. peruviana; however, careful analysis supports the recognition of these plants as an unpublished species. A comparison with other similar species of the area is presented.