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FUNDAMENTOS // La Alfabetización en Salud Limitada implica una comprensión insuficiente de la información relevante en salud, asociándose con diversas variables. El objetivo del estudio fue medir la prevalencia del nivel de Alfabetización en Salud Sexual y Reproductiva (AS-SR) Limitada, sus variables asociadas y las diferencias de puntajes entre niveles de AS-SR, universidades y ciencia de estudio en universitarios chilenos. MÉTODOS // Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico y transversal, que aplicó una escala validada para medir niveles de AS-SR, en una muestra de 2.186 estudiantes universitarios chilenos, categorizándola en alta, media-alta, media-baja y baja. El nivel de AS-SR Limitada se obtuvo mediante el sumatorio de categorías media-baja y baja. Se realizaron pruebas: descriptivas, psicométricas y fiabilidad; asociación, regresión logística y de diferencias entre variables de interés. RESULTADOS // La prevalencia de AS-SR Limitada fue del 52,7%. Las variables mayormente asociadas al nivel de AS-SR Limitada fueron: bajo interés en información sobre atención en salud (OR=2,819; IC 95%:2,132-3,726), prevención (OR=2,564; IC 95%: 1,941-3,388), sexualidad (OR=2,497; IC 95%: 1,807-3,452) y promoción de la salud (OR=1,515; IC 95%: 1,239-1,853); ciertas fuentes de Información (OR=1,915; IC 95%:1,614-2,272); bajo ingreso económico (OR=1,661; IC 95%: 1,361-2,026), entre otras. Existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas de puntajes entre categorías de niveles de AS-SR, universidades y ciencia de estudio. La escala presentó fiabilidad de 0,940. CONCLUSIONES // Más de la mitad de los estudiantes poseen AS-SR Limitada, asociada principalmente al bajo interés en información en salud. La escala presenta excelentes indicadores psicométricos, siendo recomendable para diagnósticos de situación de salud.

Hospital surfaces cleaning and disinfection is an essential part of Infection prevention and control. The upcoming multidrug resistant microorganisms make it key to use products able to eliminate them. A disinfectant should be, ideally, efficient against all types of microorganisms, harmless, environmental friendly and compliant with European efficacy standards and biocide regulations (528/2012 CE). At Clinica Universidad de Navarra we started using nebulised hypochlorous acid in March 2022, given that this product possess many of the previously mentioned characteristics. Prior to that, we wanted to confirm its effectiveness. For this, we cultured the higher risk contamination surfaces on isolated rooms, once the patient had been discharged, before and after the disinfection with nebulised hypochlorous acid., La limpieza y desinfección de las superficies hospitalarias es una parte esencial de la prevención de la infección. La aparición de microorganismos cada vez más resistentes a los antibióticos, también hace que sea clave utilizar productos capaces de eliminarlos definitivamente. Un desinfectante, idealmente, debe ser eficaz contra todo tipo de microorganismos, inocuo, respetar la integridad de los materiales, de aplicación fácil y seguro, respetuoso con el medioambiente, cumplir con las normas de eficacia y el reglamento de biocidas de ámbito europeo (528/2012 CE). En la Clínica Universidad de Navarra comenzamos a utilizar el ácido hipocloroso nebulizado en marzo de 2022, dado que cumple muchas de estas características. Pero antes, quisimos evaluar su efectividad. Para ello, llevamos a cabo cultivos de superficies frecuentemente contaminadas en habitaciones de pacientes aislados que se habían ido de alta antes y después de fumigar con ácido hipocloroso

Introduction: Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are a significant clinical and economic burden on health systems worldwide. Copper alloys have been certified by the US EPA as solid antimicrobial materials, but their effectiveness in reducing HAIs is not well established Objectives: This systematic review aimed to assess copper surfaces in situ efficacy in reducing health care's microbial burden compared to control surfaces. Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted using three electronic databases: Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, with the keywords “copper” and “surfaces” and “antimicrobial” and “antibacterial” and “infections.” Studies from 2010 to 2022 were included. The quality of the studies was independently screened and assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Results: A total of 56 articles were screened, with 8 included in the review and 7, added from references. Two third of the studies report a significant reduction in the microbial burden on copper objects compared to control objects. The 2 studies with the highest scores on NOS evaluation indicated that using copper or copper alloys in healthcare settings can effectively decrease the number of bacterial contaminations on touch surfaces. Conclusions: The results suggest the potential effectiveness of copper as a preventive tool in healthcare facilities, but further studies and longer trials are needed to establish a relationship between copper and reduced nosocomial infections.

Objectives: Immunostimulatory therapies using immune checkpoint blockers show clinical activity in a subset of glioblastoma (GBM) patients. Several inhibitory mechanisms play a relevant role in the immune response to GBM. With the objective of analyzing the tumor immune microenvi ronment and its clinical significance, we quantified several relevant immune biomarkers. Design: We studied 76 primary (non-recurrent) GBMs with sufficient clinical follow-up, including a subgroup of patients treated with a dendritic cell vaccine. The IDH-mutation, EGFR-amplification, and MGMT methylation statuses were determined. Several relevant immune biomarkers, including CD163, CD8, PD1, and PDL1, were quantified in representative selected areas by digital image analysis and semi quantitative evaluation. The percentage of each immune expression was calculated with respect to the total number of tumor cells. Results: All GBMs were wild-type IDH, with a subgroup of classical GBMs according to the EGFR amplification (44%). Morphologically, CD163 immunostained microglia and intratumor clusters of macrophages were observed. A significant direct correlation was found between the expression of CD8 and the mechanisms of lymphocyte immunosuppression, in such a way that higher values of CD8 were directly associated with higher values of CD163 (p < 0.001), PDL1 (0.026), and PD1 (0.007). In a multivariate analysis, high expressions of CD8+ (HR = 2.05, 95%CI (1.02–4.13), p = 0.034) and CD163+ cells (HR 2.50, 95%CI (1.29–4.85), p = 0.007), were associated with shorter survival durations. The expression of immune biomarkers was higher in the non-classical (non-EGFR amplified tumors) GBMs. Other relevant prognostic factors were age, receipt of the dendritic cell vaccine, and MGMT methylation status. Conclusions: In accordance with the inverse correlation between CD8 and survival and the direct correlation between effector cells and CD163 macrophages and immune-checkpoint expression, we postulate that