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Background: Balanced translocation of chromosomes has a negative impact on male fertility, which can easily cause clinical manifestations such as oligospermia and asthenospermia. It is necessary to conduct cytogenetic examination on men of childbearing age to guide them in their fertility. Methods: We report a case of balanced translocation: 46, XY, t(9;22) (q22;q13) accompanied with oligospermia and asthenospermia. The lymphocytes in peripheral blood were cultured to examine the patient's karyotype. Results: The karyotypes of the patient and the patient's wife were detected and identified as 46, XY, t(9;22) (9pter→9q22::22q13→22qter;22pter→22q13::9q22→9qter) and 46, XX, respectively. The origin of the chromosome translocation was unknown because the patient's parents did not undergo cytogenetic tests. Conclusions: For patients with oligospermia and asthenospermia, cytogenetic examination should be carried out to obtain a healthy fetus. Prenatal diagnosis should be strictly performed to prevent the birth of children with chromosomal diseases if one partner of the couple is a carrier with abnormal chromosome structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]