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The analysis of the sociolinguistic situation in Guiana, an overseas department and a region of France is presented in the article. The history of the settlement of this territory by speakers of different languages is considered. An overview of the demolinguistic situation in the region is presented, statistical data of the latest population censuses are given. A review and analysis of the results of anthropological, linguistic and sociolinguistic surveys conducted by French scientists in Guiana at the end of the 20th and the first decades of the 21st centuries is made. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that the linguistic situation is considered simultaneously with the analysis of existing laws on languages, since only adopted laws can allow members of the linguistic community to assert and protect their rights. Particular attention is paid to the use of the Guianan Creole and French languages in various social and communicative areas: in the institutions of executive power, in the main area of the functioning of the language — the education system, in the areas of trade and the media. The relevance of the article is due to the special attention of the Russian and world community to the language situation and the solution of language problems in multi-ethnic states, as well as to the preservation of indigenous languages.

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar os principais delineamentos da disputa acerca dos limites marítimos entre Guiana e Suriname e o alcance do laudo arbitral que delimitou a fronteira marítima entre os dois países. Guiana e Suriname encontram-se numa posição geopolítica de fusão e encontro entre a região do Caribe e da Amazônia, propiciando um rico campo de pesquisa. A metodologia adotada consistiu em consulta à bibliografia especializada e análise de documentos oficiais apresentados ao Tribunal Arbitral por ambos os países bem como aos documentos referentes à decisão do caso. As principais considerações acerca da pesquisa apontam que a relação bilateral entre Guiana e Suriname se construiu sob as bases de dinâmicas pendulares, ou seja, ora apontavam para uma aproximação ora para distanciamento, em que as tentativas de definição dos limites marítimos se desenvolveram. As reivindicações foram arbitradas internacionalmente cuja decisão, estabelecendo um limite marítimo único, corrobora para o processo gradual de estabilidade entre os dois países.

Our article analyses the Jesuit espionage practised and recounted by the botanist Jean-Baptiste Christophe Fusée-Aublet in his account of his travel in Guiana (1762-1764). In the first part, we discuss the “civilizing” approach of the Kourou expedition in the context of the policy aimed at banishing the Jesuits from the French kingdom. Secondly, we observe how the method of espionage is part of the exploration, the prospection of nature carried out by the botanist during his peregrinations in Guyana. Finally, we find that Fusée-Aublet's rhetoric constitutes an imitation of Jesuit rhetoric, which inverts its propositions and thus proceeds to the narration of a new representation of the colonists, the Jesuits and the Indians of Guiana idealised by the theoreticians of the Kourou expedition.

The Serranía de la Macarena is an outstanding biodiversity hotspot in the western Amazon because it possesses a high diversity due to the influence of several biogeographic regions, a wide elevational range, and high heterogeneity of vegetation. However, knowledge of the bat richness, composition, and structure is precarious and inventories in the area are scarce. We present a list of bat species for La Macarena based on fieldwork campaigns and information from the literature and biological collections. Based on the fieldwork we conducted, we also describe the diversity patterns of bat assemblages from two contrasting vegetation types: Rainforest, and chasmophytic savannas. We registered 73 species from seven families, including nine new records for La Macarena. Forty-eight species were recorded in our sampling sites (35 species in rainforest, and 32 in chasmophytic savannas), while 25 species are reported based on scientific literature and museum specimens. We found ecological differences between the assemblages of both vegetation types related to dominance patterns at the species and ensemble levels. Understory frugivores and nectarivores were the dominant groups in chasmophytic savannas and accounted for 82% of the captures, whereas the canopy frugivores were the most abundant in the rainforest (52%). The differences observed in diversity patterns between both types of assemblages could be associated with highly contrasting vegetation structures and the absence of essential feeding items in chasmophytic savannas. We highlight the need to conduct surveys in new areas to fill the gaps in our knowledge of diversity in this important biodiversity hotspot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the first records of Scinax ruberoculatus Ferrão, Fraga, Moravec, Kaefer & Lima, 2018 in the state of Amapá, Brazil. We provide an updated distribution map of this species, comment on its occurrence in French Guiana and Suriname, and provide morphometric and bioacoustic data for a population from the municipality of Porto Grande, Amapá, including the first description of the species’ territorial call. This record from Porto Grande extends the distribution of S. ruberoculatus approximately 1430 km northeast from its type locality and helps to better understand its actual distribution.

The biogeography and genetic structure of species endemic to the high-elevation sky islands (tepuis) of the Guiana Shield in eastern and southern Venezuela and adjacent areas of Brazil and Guyana are poorly known. We investigated the phylogeography and population structure of the tepui brush finch (Atlapetes personatus) as an exemplar of that biota. Mitochondrial DNA sequences revealed three monophyletic clades that correspond to major morphological subspecies groups occurring in eastern, southern and north-western regions of the Pantepui. Differentiation among the clades accounted for 95% of the total genetic variance. DNA sequences from three nuclear loci also showed marked divergence among those three regions. Estimates of gene flow between regions and sampled populations were all less than one individual per generation. Consequently, these subspecies groups ought to be recognized as species-level taxa. The results suggest there is more large-scale biogeographical structure within the Pantepui region than generally recognized. Additionally, within two of the three regions, genetic variance among tepuis was substantial at both mitochondrial and nuclear loci. Many of the sampled populations appear to be genetically independent units that are almost cryptic morphologically. The sampled tepuis might be islands of habitat for this taxon and for conservation purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article intends to address archaeological coloniality and points to the urgent need for epistemological changes within the field. Conceived as an Afroguianese epistemological disobedience, Griotic Archaeology represents an attempt to step away from the disciplinary reiteration of colonial violence. This approach and the engagement of two communities, Moun'Roura and Moun'Wayam, allowed to open space for Afroguianese and Indigenous knowledge, memories, and world-perceptions in the archaeological work conducted at Habitation La Caroline, a site of enslavement in Guiana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to explore prostate cancer screening behaviors among Indo-Guyanese men. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in the surrounding neighborhood of Queens, New York during 2018 and 2019. In-depth, one-on-one interviews were conducted using 20 Indo-Guyanese men between the ages of 45 and 75. Results: The findings suggest that Indo-Guyanese men are being screened for prostate cancer at a very low rate. Only 30% (n = 6) of participants underwent prostate cancer screening. Four major themes were derived from the data, which could have contributed to the decreased level of screening. These included: (1) recommendations must come from their healthcare professional; (2) reluctance to engage in screening; (3) distrust of the medical system; and (4) screening only if symptoms are present or they know someone with prostate cancer. Conclusions: Behavioral patterns for prostate cancer screening among Indo-Guyanese men share some similarities with other Caribbean countries. Clinicians and Healthcare Professionals should be culturally competent for the patients they serve. Understanding the behavioral variations within this diverse culture could help provide the highest possible care, specifically tailored to each patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumo Neste artigo faço uma retrospetiva dos estudos sobre epidemias a que me dediquei enquanto antropóloga, dando destaque a um fenómeno que interseta os interesses da antropologia da biossegurança e da história das plantações de açúcar e migrações laborais: os surtos epidémicos a bordo dos barcos de migrantes em finais do século XIX. Baseada num relato de mais de 50 mortes infantis por sarampo numa viagem de emigrantes da Madeira para o Hawaii em 1884, e constatando que existiu uma sequência de pelo menos três mortandades equivalentes no espaço de dois anos, discuto questões mais amplas de saúde, desigualdade, tráfico, corpo, género, família, não sem dar atenção à materialidade da vida dos navios que se foram reconfigurando no transporte de força do trabalho escravizada, vinculada e contratada.

Resumo Por meio da descrição das interações entre espíritos de colonizadores, especialistas religiosos, divindades e devotos da deusa hindu Kali na Guiana, o artigo busca demonstrar como concepções nativas sobre a presença de entes espirituais no mundo são atravessadas por dúvidas, hesitações e (re)elaborações retrospectivas de eventos passados, bem como por reflexões aguçadas sobre as potencialidades de seres com estatutos ontológicos distintos assumirem, incorporarem e imitarem atributos e poderes de outros seres.

Em diálogo com proposições recentes em torno da antropologia da história, neste artigo abordo como espíritos de colonizadores holandeses na Guiana, antiga Guiana Britânica, atuam como agentes, atores e narradores do processo histórico. Argumento que espíritos participam da formulação, (re)criação e circulação de conhecimentos, fatos e experiências associados, pelos espíritos e pelos humanos, ao período colonial da Guiana.

Disseminated histoplasmosis is a major cause of mortality in HIV-infected patients. Rapid and efficient diagnosis of Histoplasma capsulatum is crucial. Cytopathology is available in most hospitals and represents a rapid diagnostic alternative. In this study, we reviewed 12 years of experience to describe the cytology of histoplasmosis diagnosed by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in relation to patient characteristics. BAL-diagnosed pulmonary histoplasmosis concerned 17 patients (14 HIV+). BAL cellularity ranged from 76,000 to 125,000 cells/mL in HIV patients, and 117,000 to 160,000 cells/mL in non-HIV patients. Macrophages predominated in all HIV patients (from 60% to 88%), lymphocytic infiltrates ranged from 5% to 15%, and neutrophils were very heterogeneous (from 2% to 32%). The number of H. capsulatum at hot spots seemed greater in HIV-infected than in immunocompetent patients (9 to 375 vs. 4 to 10) and were inversely proportional to the CD4 counts. Yeasts were both intracellular and extracellular in 85.7% of the HIV patients. This is the most comprehensive series detailing the cytological aspects of BAL in the diagnosis of H. capsulatum, focusing on the number of yeasts and their clustering pattern. The cytological examination of the Gomori-Grocott-stained BAL allows a reliable diagnosis of histoplasmosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the results obtained during four years of sampling of mammals in different plant covers of the municipality of San José del Guaviare, Guaviare, Colombia. Between 2012 and 2017 we collected information about diversity of mammals, through capture with mist nets, traps for small and medium mammals, camera traps, direct observations, interviews, and secondary information. We report 121 species of mammals for the municipality. We recorded sampling completeness of 64% for bats, 60% for small non-flying mammals, and 100% for medium and large mammals. We highlight geographical novelties for the marsupials Marmosa waterhousei, Glironia venusta and for the bats Lonchorhina marinkellei, Phyllostomus latifolius, Glyphonycteris sylvestris, Glyphonycteris daviesi, Glossophaga commissarisi and Myotis keaysi. The richness found in this study is comparable with other long-term neotropical inventories and the area has the largest number of bat and primate species reported for any site in Colombia. However, it is necessary to continue with the intensive sampling, because the richness of small non-volant mammals and bats are still underestimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five species are newly described and illustrated as follows: Taphrocerus cordillerae sp. nov. (Paraguay), T. hroni sp. nov. (Brazil), T. irenei sp. nov. (French Guiana), T. lucidicollis sp. nov. (Argentina) and T. macraei sp. nov. (Brazil). The new species are compared to the most related taxa. The following nomenclatural changes are proposed: T. szekessyi Apt, 1954 (= T. subcarinulosus Cobos, 1967 syn. nov.); T. wendleri Obenberger, 1924 (= T. kapczyhaberi Apt, 1954 syn. nov.). Lectotype of T. wendleri is designated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How Amazonian Indigenous Peoples combatted emergent epidemic diseases in colonial times, and their innovative responses to epidemiological crises, has not received sufficient attention. This study outlines a clash of cultures and an entanglement of places and people related to pandemic diseases and epidemic death in the Eastern Guiana Highlands, northern Amazonia. By means of archival and historical sources, the article provides eyewitness insight into multiple waves of highly contagious epidemics that affected Cariban-speaking communities in Eastern Guiana – Suriname, French Guiana, and Brazilian Amapá – over the past 550 years. The paper commences with some general statements on illness and healing. Hitherto unpublished journal entries by the Governor of Suriname of an outbreak of the pox during the winter of 1743-1744 set the scene, these are followed by rare nineteenth and twentieth century historical accounts, and a novel interpretation of Wayana oral history – posited to be the first account of the spread of a viral disease in Amazonia in July 1542. The paper concludes with responses to the current COVID-19 pandemic from an indigenous etiology which demonstrates indigenous historical consciousness of the social present as related to events from the past.

Background: Cross-border malaria is a major barrier to elimination efforts. Along the Venezuela-Brazil-Guyana border, intense human mobility fueled primarily by a humanitarian crisis and illegal gold mining activities has increased the occurrence of cross-border cases in Brazil. Roraima, a Brazilian state situated between Venezuela and Guyana, bears the greatest burden. This study analyses the current cross-border malaria epidemiology in Northern Brazil between the years 2007 and 2018. Methods: De-identified data on reported malaria cases in Brazil were obtained from the Malaria Epidemiological Surveillance Information System for the years 2007 to 2018. Pearson's Chi-Square test of differences was utilized to assess differences between characteristics of cross-border cases originating from Venezuela and Guyana, and between border and transnational cases. A logistic regression model was used to predict imported status of cases. Results: Cross-border cases from Venezuela and Guyana made up the majority of border and transnational cases since 2012, and Roraima remained the largest receiving state for cross-border cases over this period. There were significant differences in the profiles of border and transnational cases originating from Venezuela and Guyana, including type of movement and nationality of patients. Logistic regression results demonstrated Venezuelan and Guyanese nationals, Brazilian miners, males, and individuals of working age had heightened odds of being an imported case. Furthermore, Venezuelan citizens had heightened odds of seeking care in municipalities adjacent Venezuela, rather than transnational municipalities. Conclusions: Cross-border malaria contributes to the malaria burden at the Venezuela-Guyana-Brazil border. The identification of distinct profiles of case importation provides evidence on the need to strengthen surveillance at border areas, and to deploy tailored strategies that recognize different mobility routes, such as the movement of refuge-seeking individuals and of Brazilians working in mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To determine predictors associated with physical violence during pregnancy, and to determine the relationship between exposure to intimate partner violence during pregnancy and women's health and suicide ideation in Guyana. Methods. A secondary data analysis of a cross-sectional household survey. Multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to the data to estimate the association between physical violence during pregnancy, controlling partner behavior, and other predictors. Ordered logistic regression models were fitted to estimate the association between physical violence during pregnancy and women's health, and lifetime physical partner violence and overall health. Logistic regression models were fitted to estimate associations between physical violence during pregnancy and lifetime physical partner violence and overall health and suicide ideation. Results. The prevalence of lifetime physical/sexual intimate partner violence was 38.8%, current physical/ sexual intimate partner violence 11.1%, and violence during pregnancy 9.2%. Controlling partner behavior was significantly and positively associated with maternal experience of physical violence during pregnancy. Experiencing physical partner violence during pregnancy, but not lifetime physical partner violence, was associated with significantly increased odds of poor overall health. Physical violence during pregnancy and lifetime physical violence were both significantly associated with increased odds of suicide ideation. Conclusions. The prevalence of violence during pregnancy in Guyana is high and is associated with adverse health outcomes. These findings suggest the need for intimate partner violence prevention, and for integrating intimate partner violence screening and treatment into antenatal care, reproductive health services, and maternal and child health programs and services to identify and treat at-risk women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Osteocephalus buckleyi species group is widely distributed in primary and secondary forests of the Amazon Basin and Guiana Region. Based on integrative analysis, including morphological and genetic data, we estimate the phylogenetic relationships and species boundaries among populations of the Osteocephalus buckleyi group from the Ecuadorian Amazon, focusing on the O. verruciger-O. cannatellai species complex. Our results uncovered the existence of one confirmed candidate species from Sangay National Park and one unconfirmed candidate species. Here, we describe the new species which is morphologically and ecologically distinct from other Osteocephalus species. The new species is unusual because it shows quite distinct morphology, but low genetic distances compared to its closest relatives. Zoobank.org registration LSID: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Anglophone Caribbean, nationalist discourses of sexual citizenship are inextricably linked to the afterlife of colonialism and its far-reaching and affective legacies, resonances, and continuities as it reinscribes alterity on the bodies of sexual and gendered "others." Focusing our optics on the Indo-Caribbean, I explore how archives of chutney music offer disruptive methods, strategies, and praxes of transgression that trouble discourses of "normative" Creole (Afro-Caribbean) and heteronormative nationalisms as "authentic" ideologies of Indo-Caribbean gendering--notably, masculinity. Drawing upon historical genealogies of sexualsacred erotics found within the Hindu, women-exclusive, pre-wedding Indo-Caribbean tradition of matikor, I interrogate how men artists in chutney music spaces perform what I conceptualize as "qoolie subjectivities," or distinct embodied languages of self that operate through what I argue are long-standing entanglements of Indo-Caribbeanness and queerness that, when excavated via the body, cultivate critical forms of Indo-Caribbean knowing and living. In this essay, I specifically focus on acts of remaking the pejorative term "coolie" from a grammar of harm to one of reclamation, and agentive potential. Such performances choreograph embodiments of erotic self-making, or "qoolieness," as methods of pursuing transgressive Indo-Caribbean means of doing nonnormative gender and sexuality, offering us important vocalities that speak through genealogies of (post)indentureship chutney feminisms. My analysis of Indo-Guyanese chutney artist Mystic's viral song and music video entitled "Coolie Bai" (2014) interrogates how such embodied articulations of qoolieness generate alternative forms of Indo-Caribbean citizenships, masculinities and strategies of remaking the self that move us beyond hegemonic ontological paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Serranía La Lindosa is a geomorphological formation with land cover heterogeneity. This area faces a contradictory situation because it has high biodiversity and provides several ecosystem services, and yet it is one of the current largest deforestation sites in Colombia. Bats is a taxonomic group with high expected diversity in La Lindosa, but there is little published information about this group. This paper presents the results of bat inventories carried out during five years in the Lindosa mountain range. Additionally, diversity is compared in terms of species richness, composition, and structure of bat assemblies in two main types of vegetation cover evident in the area, which are humid forests and casmophytic savannas. Inventories collected information on 735 captured bats, corresponding to 46 species. Of these, 14 species were found only in casmophytic savannas, 11 in humid forests, and 19 in both types of vegetation. Thus, there is high complementarity in bat species composition between the two vegetation types. Additionally, the structure of bat assemblies varied between the two environments, with a proportional distribution of species abundance more homogeneous in casmophytic savannas than in forests. Besides, a higher number of rare species was found in casmophytic savannas. In general, the high diversity of bats of the Serranía de La Lindosa could be associated with vegetation heterogeneity, presence of different cave types and evolutionary history of bat species associated with the Guayana Region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of Curimatopsis is described from the highlands of the western Guiana Shield in the río Carapo and río Paragua, tributaries of the río Caroni in the Orinoco basin, southeastern Venezuela. The new species belongs to the Curimatopsis macrolepis clade due to its possession of a long lower jaw that projects past the anterior margin of the upper jaw, and separate first and second hypurals. The new species is diagnosed from remaining species of the Curimatopsis macrolepis clade by having a small-sized inconspicuous dark spot on the midlateral surface of the caudal peduncle, by details of body and fin pigmentation, and by additional morphometric characters. The distribution of C. macrolepis in the Amazon and Orinoco basins is updated based on the examination of museum specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este texto trata da inserção internacional da Guiana através da adesão a processos de integração e organizações internacionais no período de 1966 a 2015. O objetivo é demonstrar como a inserção guianense nesse aspecto criou, ao longo do tempo, uma dependência da trajetória adotada logo após a independência. A análise é realizada com base nos preceitos da path dependence, entendida como uma dependência gerada pela trajetória traçada em determinado caminho, escolhido em um dado momento histórico, dependência essa que se consolida a cada passo trilhado na mesma trajetória. Concluiu-se que, no período analisado, a Guiana teve um eixo de sua integração voltado para a Europa e outro para o Caribe, a partir dos anos de 1970, que seguiram sendo reforçados ao longo do tempo; a partir dos anos 2000, o país passou também a aderir a processos voltados para a América Latina, mas sem deixar as relações anteriores, ramificando sua inserção internacional, que foi institucionalizada desde a sua independência.

The article offers an overview of the history and cultural representations in visual media from the 1860s onwards of French penal colonies or bagnes, and their status as graphic lieux de mémoire. It focuses specifically on French Guiana and New Caledonia and seeks to contextualise the portrayal of the motif in a varied corpus of bandes dessinées. The article argues that graphic history provides a unique forum in which aspects of the penal colonies about which there is little understanding - the transcolonial itineraries of convicts; the penal everyday; the role of carceral heritage as part of a useable past - are elucidated. Although some works primarily foreground celebrity bagnards such as Eugène Dieudonné or Henri Charrière (Papillon), albums such as those of Stéphane Blanco and Laurent Perrin allow the potential of the bande dessinée to create connections that are multilayered and multidirectional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Length-weight relationship and condition factor (K) have been used as a fish biological descriptor, because they provide information about growth, reproduction, and welfare. Therefore, these parameters can be used in the assessments of fish populations inhabiting aquatic systems affected by different levels of intervention. The main objective of this study was the depiction and description of the length-weight relationship, condition factor and diet of Bryconops giacopinii in six sites at Serranía La Lindosa over one annual cycle (dry and wet seasons). Fish (n = 333) were measured, weighted, and the stomach was removed to identify prey items. Fish displayed a positive allometric growth during both seasons, without differences in the condition factor during the seasonal change. On the other hand, 17 prey items were identified; most of them terrestrial arthropods. The frequency and occurrence of these items did not follow a temporal or spatial pattern. B. giacopinii displayed a generalist diet, with a high consumption rate of terrestrial insects. The obtained results show the strong relationships between this species and the riparian forest, proving the importance of this biological corridors to the maintenance of the aquatic community and its conservation. This information contributes to the biological knowledge of this species out commercial interest and can be used to compare other populations in other basis. B. giacopinii is a species with an important ecological role. Therefore, research of its relationship with the ecosystem could be of great relevance and necessity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A taxonomic treatment, based on herbarium study and field observations, is presented for the Brazilian species of Myriocladus (Poaceae, tribe Bambuseae, subtribe Arthrostylidiinae), a genus of woody bamboos restricted to geographically isolated uplands of the Pantepui region of Brazil, Venezuela, and Guyana. Of the 12 accepted species of Myriocladus, five are recorded from Brazil, of which four also occur in Venezuela. One species, M. caburaiensis, is known from a single collection from Brazilian territory near the frontier with Guyana and is described herein for the first time. We also provide a key to distinguish the five Brazilian species and illustrations of each. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the species compositions of local assemblages is a prerequisite to understanding how anthropogenic disturbances affect biodiversity. However, biodiversity measurements often remain incomplete due to the limited efficiency of sampling methods. This is particularly true in freshwater tropical environments that host rich fish assemblages, for which assessments are uncertain and often rely on destructive methods. Developing an efficient and nondestructive method to assess biodiversity in tropical freshwaters is highly important. In this study, we tested the efficiency of environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding to assess the fish diversity of 39 Guianese sites. We compared the diversity and composition of assemblages obtained using traditional and metabarcoding methods. More than 7,000 individual fish belonging to 203 Guianese fish species were collected by traditional sampling methods, and ~17 million reads were produced by metabarcoding, among which ~8 million reads were assigned to 148 fish taxonomic units, including 132 fish species. The two methods detected a similar number of species at each site, but the species identities partially matched. The assemblage compositions from the different drainage basins were better discriminated using metabarcoding, revealing that while traditional methods provide a more complete but spatially limited inventory of fish assemblages, metabarcoding provides a more partial but spatially extensive inventory. eDNA metabarcoding can therefore be used for rapid and large‐scale biodiversity assessments, while at a local scale, the two approaches are complementary and enable an understanding of realistic fish biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O artigo discute as possibilidades de colaboração entre etnologia e arqueologia, a partir de uma análise dos processos de formação, concentração e dispersão dos grupos indígenas do complexo cultural Tarumã-Parukoto (que hoje ocupam a região de fronteira entre Brasil, Guiana e Suriname). Nesta região da Amazônia e alhures, dificilmente podemos delimitar onde começa e termina as fronteiras de um grupo social ou étnico e, dessa forma, torna-se quase impossível fazer coincidir precisamente um determinado grupo étnico a um determinado território. Não passado e no presente, as fronteiras fluidas dos grupos, móveis no espaço e no tempo, revelam-se um desafio ainda maior para a perspectiva de trabalho em conjunto entre etnologia e arqueologia.

Two concepts which appear titularly, orient this paper – “Schizophrenic Seas” and the “Trans-Nation.” “The Schizophrenic Sea” is Wilson Harris’s term which appears in his classic collection of essays, The Womb of Space. The “trans-nation” is Bill Aschroft’s attempt to revise the over-reaching framing of the post-colonial. For this paper, I propose to bring these two concepts together, as constitutive of each other. They move in different directions, but allow for a series of returns to unsettled boundaries, redefined sea-scapes and land-scapes definitely given the nature of island instability and the effects of environmental turns, creating a Caribbean-trans nation that also in my reading redefines Caribbean space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Caldasia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Given the great efforts put into the strategic objective of reducing the proportion of HIV-infected patients that are undiagnosed, the aim of the present study was to review the temporal trends between 1997 and 2016 for median estimates of infection duration and median CD4 count at diagnosis for the main patient origins in French Guiana. Methods: CD4 cell count at HIV sero-conversion and square root of CD4 cell decline were obtained using the CD4 decline in a cohort of HIV-infected persons in the UK, fitting random effect (slope and intercept) multilevel linear regression models. Multivariate analysis used robust regression for modeling the delay between estimated HIV seroconversion and diagnosis and quantile regression for CD4 at HIV diagnosis. Results: The median interval between the estimated HIV seroconversion and HIV diagnosis was 8 years for patients fromBrazil, 4.5 years for those from Haiti, 6.6 years for those from Suriname, 3.3 years for patients from Guyana, and 3.1 years for French patients. A simple robust regression model with French patients as reference group adjusting for sex and age at the time of diagnosis showed that the interval was significantly longer for Brazilian (β = +3.7 years, P = 0.001), Surinamese (β = +4.2 years, P<0.0001), Haitian origins (β = +1.5 years, P = 0.049) but not for those originating from Guyana (β = -0.03 years, P = 0.9); Men independently had a longer interval than women (β = +3.5 years, P<0.0001). Conclusions: Despite great efforts in French Guiana regarding HIV testing both in terms of diversification and intensification we still need to tailor the offer to better reach the communities in need. These results should help authorities scale up and optimize initiatives to reduce the proportion of patients who are unaware of their infection. They also raise the question of the role of stigma and discrimination as a barrier to HIV testing in small communities, and further emphasize the importance of reducing it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]