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Food-borne microorganisms are major pathogens affecting food safety and cause human illness worldwide as a result of consumption of foodstuff, mainly animal products contaminated with vegetative pathogens or their toxins. Most of these microbes have zoonotic importance resulting in significant impact on both public health and economic sectors. Bacteria are the causative agents of two-thirds of human food-borne diseases worldwide with high burden in developing countries. Hence, the objectives of this review paper are to highlight the background of food-borne bacterial pathogens and to review common major food-borne zoonotic bacterial pathogens. Food animals are the major reservoirs of many food-borne zoonotic bacterial pathogens, and food products of animal origin are the main vehicles of transmission. Meat, dairy products, and eggs are the main ways by which people are exposed to zoonotic bacteria. S. aureus, Salmonella species, Campylobacter species, L. monocytogenes, and E. coli are the major zoonotic bacterial pathogens which are the causative agents of food-borne illness and death in the world associated with consumption of contaminated animal products. Production of toxins and structural virulent factors are responsible for the pathogenesis of these bacteria. These major zoonotic bacteria cause human infections which are characterized mainly by gastrointestinal symptoms including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and other agent-specific symptoms. Some bacteria may cause severe complications. Conventional (culturing), serological, and molecular techniques are important for detection of these common zoonotic bacteria and their toxins in food. Good hygiene, GMP, sanitation in operating procedures, and implementation of standardized HACCP and pasteurization procedures are effective methods for the control and prevention. Currently, the emergence of multidrug-resistant zoonotic bacteria associated with consumption of contaminated animal products is a great concern for the public health, and there should be coordinated surveillance and monitoring system for food-borne zoonotic bacterial pathogens particularly in developing countries including Ethiopia.

Milk and its products are highly susceptible to microbial attack because of their rich composition. Therefore, the current cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2013 to April 2014 to isolate Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and evaluate its in vitro antimicrobial resistance pattern from bovine raw milk of lactating dairy cows of five private dairy farms of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 267 milk samples were randomly and aseptically collected and tested using bacteriological and antibiotic susceptibility tests. The findings were analyzed using WHONET 5.6 and SPSS Version 16 Softwares. The phenotypic results showed that out of the total 267 cultured raw milk samples 14(5.24%) were found to be coagulase positive S. aureus. All the positive isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility tests against twelve antimicrobial agents of different antibiotic classes. The antibiogram profile of the tested S. aureus results revealed as large proportions of the isolates were found to be highly susceptible to Streptomycin (71.4%), Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (71.4%), Kanamycin (64.3%), Chloramphenicol (57.1%), Gentamycin (57.1%), and Methicillin (57.1%). However these isolates were highly resistant to Amoxicillin (78.6%), Tetracycline (78.6%), Ampicillin (71.4%), and Cloxacillin (57.1%). But the isolates were showed intermediate response to Neomycin (57.1%) and Polymyxin B (28.6%). Of the tested isolates 92.9% were developed a multidrug resistant. Hence, there should be a practice of proper use of antibiotics and hygienic measures in the farms, and genotypic based studies should be undertaken., Abyssinia Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 3 No. 1 (2018)

This review paper was done with the objectives of reviewing poultry coccidiosis and highlighting its economic impact on poultry production sector. Coccidiosis is the most important protozoan disease of poultry which is caused by the intracellular parasite of genus Emeria and resulting in significant economic losses worldwide. This disease is endemic in most of the tropical and subtropical regions of the world and transmitted through feco-oral route. It commonly affects young chickens and chickens managed under intensive system. Poultry coccidiosis is characterized by bloody diarrhea, ruffled feathers, dehydration and paleness of comb clinically and thickening of intestine, hemorrhage and necrotic enteritis at the specific site of intestine of chickens during necropsy depending on the species of Emeria involved. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, coprology and post mortem examination routinely though various biochemical and molecular methods have also been used in recent years. Different anticoccidial and sulfa drugs are available for treatment and prevention although drug resistance becomes a major problem recently. It can be prevented and controlled by good managemental practices, prophylaxis, vaccination and immunization of chickens, selection of genetically resistant chickens and use of natural feed additives. Coccidiosis causes huge economic losses mainly due to production losses and costs of treatment or prevention. It is concluded that poultry coccidiosis is still the most important protozoan disease of poultry and have a great economic impact worldwide; and good managemental practices including good hygiene and bio security measures should be applied for the control and prevention of the disease., Abyssinia Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 3 No. 1 (2018)