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En el presente artículo se realiza una revisión de distintas fuentes bibliográficas que tienen como variables de investigación la ética, política y corrupción haciendo énfasis en la realidad peruana. El principal objetivo del artículo es analizar las diversas definiciones que tienen las variables mencionadas, según diferentes autores y sus respectivas realidades políticas, además una gran parte de las fuentes pertenecen a la realidad peruana, cuya política resulta bastante voluble, retadora y problemática. Para la presente revisión se seleccionaron 20 artículos extraídos de Scopus y relacionados a las variables de investigación. Como resultados se obtuvieron conceptos asociados a la ética, política y corrupción, desde los puntos de vista teológico, psicológico y cultural, además, se resaltaron los aportes más importantes, que buscan ayudar a entender el origen de la corrupción en la política y las medidas que se pueden llevar a cabo para empoderar la lucha contra ésta. Por último, se desplegó un breve resumen sobre la realidad política peruana y la corrupción inherente a esta. Se concluye en la importancia del estudio ético dentro de la política, representando un gran aporte para futuros investigadores de la realidad nacional a través de los años y el boom de la corrupción en Perú.

Resumen de la comunicación oral presentada en: 8th Plant Nitric Oxide International Meeting. Celebrado en Hungria Szeged. 7-9 Julio 2022, Financed by grants PlD20l9-103924GB-loo (MICIN) and P18-FR-1359 (Junta de Andalucía), Spain]

espanolRESUMEN Las valvulas de micro- desviacion son dispositivos innovadores y eficientes que se utilizan para generar microburbujas que pueden mejorar significativamente la eficiencia de un proceso en la industria. Las valvulas de microdesviacion han sido probadas experimentalmente y modeladas usando CFD en trabajos previos. Sin embargo, hasta el momento no se habia llevado a cabo una evaluacion del modelado en CFD de estas valvulas utilizando un modelo detallado de turbulencia en estado transitorio y estable. Este articulo presenta una simulacion tridimensional de CFD y la evaluacion del rendimiento de una valvula desviada biestable para la generacion de microburbujas. En el modelo, fueron utilizados aproximaciones en estado estable y transitorio para cuantificar el desempeno de la valvula. Los modelos k - e estandar y de turbulencia k - e RNG fueron utilizados y comparados. Fueron evaluados diferentes metodos de generacion y configuraciones de malla y ambos modelos de turbulencia para encontrar la mejor configuracion para simular esta valvula. Ademas se realizo un breve analisis del tamano del paso de tiempo utilizando el enfoque del numero Courant. Fueron evaluadas las condiciones de operacion a bajo Reynolds (3800) y alta frecuencia (200 Hz) para posibles aplicaciones industriales, sentando asi la base para estudios posteriores. Los resultados de este trabajo muestran que a bajos numeros de Reynolds y altas frecuencias, la valvula puede desviar el fluido y, por lo consiguiente puede servir en una amplia cantidad de aplicaciones industriales. EnglishABSTRACT Micro-diverter valves are innovative and efficient devices used to generate microbubbles that can significantly enhance process efficiency in industry. Micro-diverter valves have been experimentally tested and modeled using CFD in previous works. However, a detailed CFD modeling evaluation of these valves has not been performed employing detailed turbulence modeling at transient and steady state. This article presents a three-dimensional CFD simulation and performance evaluation of a bi-stable diverted valve for microbubble generation. In the model, transient and steady state approaches were used to quantify the behavior in the valve. The K - e standard and k - e RNG turbulence models were used and compared. Different mesh configurations, mesh generation methods, and both turbulence models were evaluated to find the best set-up to simulate this valve. A brief analysis of the time-step size using the Courant number approach was also performed. Operation conditions at low Reynolds (3800) and high frequency (200 Hz) were used to assess possible industrial applications, thus setting the base for further studies. The results of this work show that at low Reynolds numbers and high frequencies, the valve is able to divert the fluid and thus it may have wider industrial applications.

Objective: To characterise the cardiopulmonary characteristics of two different anaesthetic protocols (tiletamine/zolazepam +/- medetomidine) and their suitability for the immobilisation of healthy chimpanzees undergoing cardiac assessment.\ud \ud Study design: Prospective, clinical, longitudinal study\ud \ud Animals: Six chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) aged 4 - 16 years weighing 19.5 - 78.5 kg were anaesthetized on two occasions\ud \ud Methods: Anaesthesia was induced with tiletamine/zolazepam (TZ) (3-4 mg kg-1) or tiletamine/zolazepam (2 mg kg-1) and medetomidine (0.02 mg kg-1) (TZM) via blow dart (IM) and maintained with intermittent boluses of ketamine (IV) or zolazepam/tiletamine (IM) as required. The overall quality of the anaesthesia was quantified based on scores given for: quality of induction, degree of muscle relaxation and ease of intubation. The time to achieve a light plane of anaesthesia, number of supplemental boluses needed and recovery characteristics were also recorded. Chimpanzees were continuously monitored and heart rate (HR), pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate (fR) oxygen saturation of heamoglobin (SpO2), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), rectal temperature, mucous membrane colour and capillary refill time recorded. During the first procedure (TZ) animals underwent a 12 channel ECG, hematology, biochemistry and cardiac biomarker assessment to rule out the presence of pre-existing cardiovascular disease. A detailed echocardiographic examination was carried out by the same blinded observer during both procedures. Data were compared using Student’s paired t-test or Wilcoxon rank tests as appropriate.\ud \ud Results: There was a significant difference for the area under the curves between anaesthetic protocols for HR, SAP, MAP and fR. No significant differences in the echocardiographic measurements were evident. Quality of anaesthesia was significantly better with TZM and no additional boluses were required. The TZ protocol required multiple supplemental boluses.\ud \ud Conclusions and clinical relevance: Both combinations are suitable for immobilization and cardiovascular evaluation of healthy chimpanzees. Further work is required to evaluate the effect of medetomidine in cardiovascular disease.

Micro-diverter valves are innovative and efficient devices used to generate microbubbles that can significantly enhance process efficiency in industry. Micro-diverter valves have been experimentally tested and modeled using CFD in previous works. However, a detailed CFD modeling evaluation of these valves has not been performed employing detailed turbulence modeling at transient and steady state. This article presents a three-dimensional CFD simulation and performance evaluation of a bi-stable diverted valve for microbubble generation. In the model, transient and steady state approaches were used to quantify the behavior in the valve. The K - ε standard and k - ε RNG turbulence models were used and compared. Different mesh configurations, mesh generation methods, and both turbulence models were evaluated to find the best set-up to simulate this valve. A brief analysis of the time-step size using the Courant number approach was also performed. Operation conditions at low Reynolds (3800) and high frequency (200 Hz) were used to assess possible industrial applications, thus setting the base for further studies. The results of this work show that at low Reynolds numbers and high frequencies, the valve is able to divert the fluid and thus it may have wider industrial applications. RESUMEN Las válvulas de micro- desviación son dispositivos innovadores y eficientes que se utilizan para generar microburbujas que pueden mejorar significativamente la eficiencia de un proceso en la industria. Las válvulas de microdesviación han sido probadas experimentalmente y modeladas usando CFD en trabajos previos. Sin embargo, hasta el momento no se había llevado a cabo una evaluación del modelado en CFD de éstas válvulas utilizando un modelo detallado de turbulencia en estado transitorio y estable. Este artículo presenta una simulación tridimensional de CFD y la evaluación del rendimiento de una válvula desviada biestable para la generación de microburbujas. En el modelo, fueron utilizados aproximaciones en estado estable y transitorio para cuantificar el desempeño de la válvula. Los modelos k - ε estándar y de turbulencia k - ε RNG fueron utilizados y comparados. Fueron evaluados diferentes métodos de generación y configuraciones de malla y ambos modelos de turbulencia para encontrar la mejor configuración para simular esta válvula. Además se realizó un breve análisis del tamaño del paso de tiempo utilizando el enfoque del número Courant. Fueron evaluadas las condiciones de operación a bajo Reynolds (3800) y alta frecuencia (200 Hz) para posibles aplicaciones industriales, sentando así la base para estudios posteriores. Los resultados de este trabajo muestran que a bajos números de Reynolds y altas frecuencias, la válvula puede desviar el fluido y, por lo consiguiente puede servir en una amplia cantidad de aplicaciones industriales.

In the EU around 40% of bio-waste (organic fractions of municipal solid waste including food waste) still goes to landfills. In some Member States this waste is almost completely landfilled. An estimation is that about one-third of Europe`s 2020 targets for renewable energy in transport could be met by using biogas produced from bio-waste (including food waste), and around 2% of the EU`s overall renewable energy target could be met if all bio-waste were turned into energy.Modern and environmentally friendly waste management is still not introduced in many European cities and regions. This problem is tackled by the Bin2Grid project which promotes the “food waste to biomethane” concept in four large European cities in order to serve as flagship examples for other cities.The objective of the Bin2Grid project is to support biomethane production and its use in transport by using segregated food waste from the food and beverage industry, catering sector, and from households(MSW) as feedstock. Focus of the Bin2Grid project is on the development of value chain concepts for four European cities: Zagreb (Croatia), Skopje (Macedonia), Malaga (Spain), and Paris (France). The Bin2Grid project highlights the multiple environmental benefits of source-separate waste collection and conversion of that feedstock into biomethane, in comparison to other treatment methods (landfilling, incineration, MBT, composting). A Benchmark Tool was developed by the project and is presented in this paper., Proceedings of the 25th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 12-15 June 2017, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 204-209

The development of heterogeneous catalytic processes is highly desirable in order to overcome somedrawbacks of homogeneous catalysts, such as the separation and recycling of these catalysts. In this work,we report that Jacobsen type catalysts are efficient and selective for the oxidation of R-(+)-limonene to itscorresponding diepoxides using in situ generated dimethyldioxirane (DMD) as oxidant. It was demonstratedthat the solid NaHCO3 addition to the initial reaction mixture, improves the catalytic activity. Additionally,catalyst samples can be recovered and reused at least twice without significant loss of its initial catalyticactivity., El desarrollo de procesos catalíticos heterogéneos es muy deseable dado que se pueden superar las dificultades que presentan los catalizadores homogéneos, tales como la separación y el reciclado de estos catalizadores. En este trabajo, reportamos que los catalizadores tipo Jacobsen son eficientes y selectivos para la oxidación de R-(+)-limoneno a sus correspondientes diepóxidos cuando dimetildioxirano generado in situ es utilizado como agente oxidante. Se demostró que la adición de NaHCO3 sólido, al inicio de la reacción, mejora la actividad catalítica. Además, el catalizador puede ser recuperado y reutilizado al menos dos veces sin pérdida significativa de su actividad catalítica inicial., Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a complication that presents in as many as 28% of patients with cirrhosis, and reported up to ten years after the diagnosis of cirrhosis. Commonly, it is observed in patients with severe hepatic failure and is characterized by neuropsychiatric manifestations that can range in severity from a mild alteration in mental state to a coma; additionally, some neuromuscular symptoms can be observed. This complication of either acute or chronic hepatic disease is the result of a diminished hepatic reservoir and inability to detoxify some toxins that originate in the bowel. Today, the role of astrocytes, specifically the Alzheimer type II cells, is known to be very important in the pathogenesis of the hepatic encephalopathy, and will be reviewed later. In conclusion, the objectives of this review are: • To understand the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy  To recognize the precipitating factors, as well as preventive measures for the development of the hepatic encephalopathy  To describe the new classification of hepatic encephalopathy and its clinical implications  To recognize the clinical manifestations and stages of the disease  To understand the main diagnostic tests used to detect the hepatic encephalopathy  To describe the main therapeutic treatments of hepatic encephalopathy.

According to epidemiological studies, gallstonedisease is a very common disease in Mexican-Americansand Mexicans. However, the major risk factors forcholelithiasis in Mexicans have not been identified. We designed a case-control study in a group ofMexican subjects with and without gallstone diseaseconfirmed by ultrasound. These subjects wereprospectively studied over a three-year period. Clinical and epidemiological data were collected bymeans of a questionnaire. A total of 1500 subjects wereincluded in this study: 1000 with and 500 withoutgallstone disease. The major risk factor in both men and women was body mass index [odds ratio (OR)1.64 and 1.96, respectively; P < 0.008 and 0.001]. Inaddition, parity was an important factor in women (OR2.17, P < 0.001), whereas age was associated withgallstone disease in men (OR 1.43, P < 0.001). Wefound that body mass index, parity, and age were theprincipal risk factors for gallstone disease in thisgroup of Mexican subjects. These results are similar tothose found in Mexican-Americanpopulations.

The most widely used treatment of portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE) is the administration of oral, non-absorbable disaccharides. Theoretically, the inhibition of intestinal disaccharidases should induce malabsorption of disaccharides and increase delivery of undigested carbohydrates to the colon, thus stimulating the effects of lactulose and other non-absorbable disaccharides (that is, lactitol and lactose). AO-128 is an N-substituted derivative of valeolamine, an aminocyclitol that selectively inhibits intestinal disaccharidases. This study was performed to investigate whether AO-128 could be used as adjuvant therapy for the treatment of mild PSE in cirrhotic patients.A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial was performed in 35 cirrhotic patients with PSE. Patients were given a 2-week treatment consisting of AO-128 (2 mg three times daily) or an identical placebo. The following features of PSE syndrome were assessed in a semiquantitative fashion before and after I and 2 weeks of therapy: mental state, asterixis, number connection test (NCT), venous blood ammonia concentration, electroencephalogram (EEG), and overall PSE index (PSEI). More patients receiving AO-128 than patients receiving placebo showed40% improvement in the PSEI (83% versus 35%; P0.05). The mean stool pH decreased from 5.8+/-0.3 to 5.5+/-0.3 (P0.004) after AO-128 treatment, whereas no changes were observed in the placebo group. The EEG and nitrogen balance did not show significant changes in any of the two groups. A significant improvement was seen in the NCT performance after AO-128 (from grade 2.0+/-1.04 to grade 1.25+/-0.87; P0.05). Seven patients treated with AO-128 developed diarrhea, as compared with none in the placebo group (P0.05).These results suggest that AO-128 may be useful in the treatment of PSE, although further studies are required to establish the benefit of AO-128 and determine adequate individual doses.

El trabajo no es un juego y siempre conlleva a un riesgo, pero la mayoría de los accidentes tienen causas conocidas, pero disponemos de los medios para evitarlos. Un entorno de trabajo seguro, medios técnicos y capacitaciones adecuadas son imprescindibles para disminuir las lesiones laborales. El trabajo que se realiza en altura por su propia naturaleza implica situaciones de riesgo, elegimos investigar sobre el tema para establecer un material de consulta rápida en términos relacionados con la prevención de riesgos laborales y pautas para la protección de los empleados que participan en actividades con una altura superior a 1.50mts al aire libre o en interiores de trabajo que los expongan a posibles caídas de altura El Ministerio de salud y protección social, tiene como objetivo la prevención de riesgos laborales, para evitar accidentes de trabajo ha expedido la resolución 1409 del 2012 en las que responsabiliza a los diferentes actores de las obligaciones que le competen tanto al empleador como a los trabajadores. El trabajo en alturas es una actividad de alto riesgo y representa una de las primeras causas de accidentalidad y muerte en el trabajo por lo que se requiere de planeación, organización, ejecución, control y evaluación de las actividades desempeñadas por los trabajadores., Justificación, Definición del Problema, Objetivos, Pregrado, Profesional en Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo

BACKGROUND This study was undertaken to determine whether use of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren would reduce cardiovascular and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, or both. METHODS In a double-blind fashion, we randomly assigned 8561 patients to aliskiren (300 mg daily) or placebo as an adjunct to an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin-receptor blocker. The primary end point was a composite of the time to cardiovascular death or a first occurrence of cardiac arrest with resuscitation; nonfatal myocardial infarction; nonfatal stroke; unplanned hospitalization for heart failure; end-stage renal disease, death attributable to kidney failure, or the need for renal-replacement therapy with no dialysis or transplantation available or initiated; or doubling of the baseline serum creatinine level. RESULTS The trial was stopped prematurely after the second interim efficacy analysis. After a median follow-up of 32.9 months, the primary end point had occurred in 783 patients (18.3%) assigned to aliskiren as compared with 732 (17.1%) assigned to placebo (hazard ratio, 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98 to 1.20; P = 0.12). Effects on secondary renal end points were similar. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were lower with aliskiren (between-group differences, 1.3 and 0.6 mm Hg, respectively) and the mean reduction in the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio was greater (between-group difference, 14 percentage points; 95% CI, 11 to 17). The proportion of patients with hyperkalemia (serum potassium level, = 6 mmol per liter) was significantly higher in the aliskiren group than in the placebo group (11.2% vs. 7.2%), as was the proportion with reported hypotension (12.1% vs. 8.3%) (P CONCLUSIONS The addition of aliskiren to standard therapy with renin-angiotensin system blockade in patients with type 2 diabetes who are at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events is not supported by these data and may even be harmful. (Funded by Novartis; ALTITUDE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00549757.)

In the early 1970s, we began to perform selective shunts on a regular basis for the treatment of portal hypertension. In a 15-year period, 177 patients (155 with liver cirrhosis) were treated with 3 kinds of selective shunts: the Warrent shunt (128 patients) the end-to-end splenorenal shunt (29 patients), and the splenocaval shunt (20 patients). One hundred sixty-seven of the procedures were elective. Operative mortality was 14%, and survival for the Child's class A group was 75% at 1 year, 69% at 5 years, and 65% at 15 years. Incapacitating encephalopathy was observed in 7% of the patients, rebleeding in 6%, and shunt thrombosis in 6%. Postoperative portal vein alterations included reduced venous diameter (13%) and thrombosis (21%). Experience with the Warren shunt in schistosomiasis, a disease in which normal liver function is the rule in Latin American countries, is discussed. We believe that, when feasible, the selective shunts are the treatment of choice for portal hypertension in Latin American countries.