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[1473] Guettarda argentea Lam. Encycl. [ J. Lamarck et al.] 3 (1): 54 [19 Oct. 1789] (Lamarck 1789). — Matthiola argentea (Lam.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 288 [5 Nov. 1891] (Kuntze 1891). Guettarda argentea var. glabrata Urb., Symb. Antill. [Urban] 6 (1): 47 [15 July 1909] (Urban 1909). VERNACULAR NAMES. — Pa: seivan. HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — 25 collections at CAY. Sel. exs.: D. Sabatier & J.-F. Molino 5027, dbh = 46.5 cm., Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 660, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/7458777, {"references":["LAMARCK J. - B. P. A. 1789. - Encyclopedie methodique. Botanique. Vol. 3. Panckoucke, Liege, 759 p."]}

Guettarda L. (Rubiaceae) as traditionally circumscribed has been found to be polyphyletic in molecular analyses. Tournefortiopsis Rusby has been separated from it based on details of inflorescence arrangement, pyrene shape, and molecular analyses. We here find additional characters that distinguish this genus: valvate-induplicate corolla lobes and apical horns on the pyrenes. Some features that are usually consistent within species and often genera of Rubiaceae vary within some species of Tournefortiopsis, especially pubescence form and number of corolla lobes and locules. Our taxonomic review of this genus recognizes 12 species found in Central America and perhaps southern Mexico, the Lesser Antilles, and northern and Andean South America, and finds its center of diversity in the Andes of Colombia. Chomelia torrana C. M. Taylor is here transferred to Tournefortiopsis, and four species are newly described here plus one recently recognized variety is raised to species status, all in South America: T. crassifolia (Standl. ex Steyerm.) C. M. Taylor & A. C. Berger, T. deviana C. M. Taylor, T. robusta C. M. Taylor, T. sopkinii C. M. Taylor, and T. tamboana C. M. Taylor. Tournefortiopsis crispiflora (Vahl) Borhidi is here treated as widespread and morphologically variable, with a complex of forms that are not distinctive but completely separable and with notable diversification in Central America and the northern Andes. Four subspecies of T. crispiflora are recognized, with one circumscribed differently than previously and one newly described, T. crispiflora subsp. delicatula C. M. Taylor & A. C. Berger. The identity and characters of T. dependens (Ruiz & Pav.) Borhidi are clarified, and it is more widely distributed than previously noted. Six names are lectotypified.

Although Maranhão State has the second longest coastline of Brazil, phytosociological studies are necessary to expand the knowledge of the restinga vegetation therein. Thus, the present study characterizes structural parameters of the woody component of a restinga in Alcântara city, west coast of Maranhão State. The phytosociological sampling included thirteen 100 m parallel transects, totaling 50 points. The inclusion criterion established for the species was perimeter at ground level ≥ 10 cm. We sampled 34 species, 26 genera, and 17 families, totaling 200 individuals. The species with the highest importance value (IV) were Guettarda angelica Mart. ex Müll.Arg., Anacardium occidentale L., Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC., Cenostigma bracteosum (Tul.) E. Gagnon & G.P. Lewis, Fridericia sp., Eugenia stictopetala Mart. ex DC., and Mouriri guianensis Aubl. The average height of the specimens was 4.44 m, and the average diameter was 12.6 cm. The Shannon diversity index found in the restinga was 2.92 nat. ind-1, and Pielou’s evenness was 0.83. It is worth mentioning the presence of Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong and Manilkara bidentata (A.DC.) A.Chev, which are common species of the Cerrado and the Amazonian forest, respectively. Our findings contribute to the knowledge of diversity, generating data for the development of conservation studies, besides reinforcing the influence of the flora of neighboring ecosystems in the colonization of the restingas of Maranhão State. Apesar do Maranhão ser considerado o segundo maior litoral do país, estudos fitossociológicos são necessários para ampliar o conhecimento da vegetação das restingas do Estado. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar os parâmetros estruturais do componente lenhoso de uma restinga no município de Alcântara, Maranhão. Para a amostragem fitossociológica foram instalados 13 transectos de 100 m paralelos, totalizando 50 pontos com critério de inclusão de espécies foi o Perímetro à Altura do Solo ≥ 10 cm. Foram amostradas 34 espécies, 26 gêneros e 17 famílias, em um total de 200 indivíduos. As espécies de maior valor de importância foram Guettarda angelica Mart. ex Müll.Arg., Anacardium occidentale L., Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC., Cenostigma bracteosum (Tul.) E. Gagnon & G.P. Lewis, Fridericia Mart. sp., Eugenia stictopetala Mart. ex DC. e Mouriri guianensis Aubl. A altura média dos espécimes foi de 4,44 m e o diâmetro médio foi de 12,6 cm. O índice de diversidade de Shannon foi de 2,92 nat. ind-1 e a equabilidade de 0,83. Cabe ressaltar a presença de Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong e Manilkara bidentata (A.DC.) A.Chev., que são espécies comuns de áreas de Cerrado e de Floresta Amazônica, respectivamente. Os dados apresentados contribuem para o conhecimento da diversidade, gerando dados para o desenvolvimento de estudos direcionados a conservação, além de reforçar a influência da flora dos ecossistemas vizinhos na colonização das áreas de restinga do Maranhão.

Se estudió florísticamente la composición y estructura de la selva mediana subcaducifolia en dos sitios del área de Hobomó, Campeche, México. Se seleccionaron dos sitios, en cada uno se delimitaron 10 parcelas de 10 m2 × 10 m2 (1000 m2) y se midieron todos los individuos de ≥ 1 cm de diámetro. El análisis estructural de la selva mediana subcaducifolia se basó en los valores de importancia de las especies. La diversidad se estimó con el índice de Shannon-Wiener (H’). Mediante observaciones y recolectas se detectaron 79 especies de plantas vasculares, pertenecientes a 67 géneros y 30 familias. Las familias más diversas fueron Fabaceae y Rubiaceae en ambos sitios. El género más diverso fue Diospyros, seguido de Coccoloba y Guettarda. La diversidad de especies leñosas en los sitios 1 y 2 fue de 3.68 y 3.59, sus valores de equidad (uniformidad) de acuerdo con el índice de Pielou fueron de 0.88 y 0.87 y su densidad fue de 6610 individuos por hectárea (ind/ha) y 8670 ind/ha, respectivamente. Las tres especies con mayor densidad fueron Malpighia glabra, Guettarda combsii y Lonchocarpus xuul en el sitio 1 y Machaonia lindeniana, Coccoloba cozumelensis y Malpighia glabra en el sitio 2. Los valores más altos de los índices de valor de importancia fueron Bursera simaruba, Lonchocarpus xuul, Guettarda combsii, Platymiscium yucatanum y Malpighia glabra en el sitio 1 y Lysiloma latisiliquum, Bursera simaruba, Vitex gaumeri, Lonchocarpus xuul y Machaonia lindeniana en el sitio 2. Estas especies son las más importantes en la estructura y fisonomía de la comunidad vegetal. Se puede concluir que la riqueza de especies arbóreas de los dos sitios estudiados es similar (sitio 1con 63 spp. y sitio 2 con 62 spp.). La escasez o abundancia de las especies está relacionada con la actividad humana (extracción de madera), la cual afecta la estructura y composición florística.

Guettarda calyptrata A. Rich., originally from Cuba and known as “Contraguao”, has traditionally been used to counteract quickly and effectively burns produced by Comocladia dentate Jacq (Guao), vegetable species that secretes a highly caustic latex for skin and mucous membranes. A burn is a traumatic injury resulting in local and systemic injury with oxidative changes; in this sense the antioxidants play an important role. In order to offer aspects related to the quality and effectiveness of the plant, its pharmacognostic, phytochemical and antioxidant activity is presented. The morphoanatomical evaluation was carried out, physical-chemical parameters were determined for the crude drug and for the aqueous extract. The chemical profile of the extract was estimated by thin layer chromatography, ultraviolet-visible and quantification of total phenols by Folin-Ciocalteu and total flavonoids by the colorimetric method of aluminum trichloride (AlCl3). Finally, the antioxidant activity was tested by the FRAP and DPPH techniques. Through the pharmacognostic study, the quality specifications of the drug and the extract were established. The methods of analysis used for the chemical profile suggested the presence of flavonoids and phenols in general. The aqueous extract showed antioxidant properties by the two methods evaluated. The study of G. calyptrata provided pharmacognostic, phytochemical and effectiveness as an antioxidant evidence, aspects to consider in the possible use of the plant by our Natural and Traditional Medicine.

Phytochemical examination of two Thai accessions of the widespread paleotropical Guettarda speciosa (Rubiaceae: Cinchonoideae–Guettardeae) led to the isolation of the hitherto undescribed tryptophan-derived alkaloid 5α-carboxystrictosidinic acid together with 5α-carboxystrictosidine, the iridoid glucoside loganic acid and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid from the root bark extract. The leaf extract further yielded 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid and 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid. The structures of the isolated compounds were established by NMR and MS techniques and compared to other species of Guettarda. In addition, the structural differentiation of alkaloids within this genus is discussed with special emphasis on 5α-carboxy derivatives suggesting a pathway apart from the strictosidine biosynthetic route.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:19:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 The pollen morphology of 23 Brazilian native species of Rubiaceae Juss. from forest fragments of a Cerrado area was analyzed using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in the search for new characters that might increase the knowledge on the pollen morphology of the species, and also aiming to help in the taxonomic characterization of the genera. For LM, the pollen grains were acetolyzed, measured, photographed and described qualitatively, whereas for SEM, the non-acetolyzed pollen grains were observed for further details of ornamentation. The analyzed species were grouped into three pollen types based on pollen unit and polarity, and three subtypes were separated considering the type of apertures; the surface ornamentation details were evidenced within each pollen type. The pollen grains are tetrad (Randia, microreticulate) or monad, apolar and inaperturate (Psychotria, reticulate-retipilate) or 2-porate (Coussarea, microreticulate), isopolar and porate (3-porate – Chomelia, reticulate-retipilate; Faramea, microreticulate-striate; Guettarda, reticulate-retipilate or rugulate; 3–4-porate – Tocoyena, foveolate; 6-porate – Mitracarpus, microreticulate-baculate), colpate (3-colpate – Psychotria, reticulate-retipilate; 7-colpate – Borreria, microreticulate-baculate), colporate (3-colporate – Chiococca and Ixora, microreticulate, Genipa and Simira, reticulate; Coutarea, microreticulate-echinate; Rudgea, microreticulate-baculate; 4-colporate – Manettia, reticulate). The metric data of the pollen grains examined by descriptive and multivariate analysis (Principal component analysis and Cluster analysis) allow the distinction of groups of species based on the size and shape. The results indicate the importance of qualitative and quantitative data and reinforce a wide morphological pollen diversity of Rubiaceae species from forest fragments in Cerrado which confirms the family as eurypalynous. Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Comparada Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária

The Randia sepium is an extremely interesting species with its coriaceous medium-sized leaves glabrous and brilliant on both sides with 4–7 pairs of secondary nerves and terminal inflorescences, with medium-sized hirsute flowers and pubescent corolla lobes on both sides not having closely related taxon in the Mexican and Mesoamerican flora. All Randia species of these areas having coriaceous shiny leaves — e.g. R. cookii and R. chiapensis — are thorny small-leaved, nerveless, small-flowered ones with small glabrous, axillary or terminal solitary flowers. It is notable for its use, since it is applied as living fence in Chiapas (Mexico).

The new Guettarda species of Oaxaca (Mexico) is related to G. foliacea Standl. of a distribution from Tabasco and Chiapas to Panama, but differs by having long acuminate and falcate leaves with lineolate quaternary nerves on the abaxial surface, inflorescences with very short ovate and glabrous bracteoles and much shorter flowers with 8–9 mm long corolla tube.

A new species of Guettarda is described from a collection made by Jose C. Soto Nunez in Guerrero. It is similar to G. guerrerensis Borhidi of Guerrero and G. quadrifida Borhidi et Reyes-Garcia of Chiapas, and grows in tropical deciduous forests on igneous rocks.

For many tropical plants, birds are the most important seed dispersers. Not all birds, however, will provide equally effective dispersal services. Behavioral differences, during and after feeding, can result in different establishment probabilities of new individuals. During 3 yr, we examined species-specific quantitative and qualitative aspects of Guettarda viburnoides seed dispersal by avian frugivores, focusing on how these aspects modify seed dispersal effectiveness. Fruits of G. viburnoides were consumed by ten species of birds, two of which, Cyanocorax cyanomelas and Pteroglossus castanotis, removed 80 percent of the fruits. These two species differ in qualitative aspects of seed dispersal. First, they select for fruits of different sizes; C. cyanomelas feeds on larger fruits than P. castanotis, which results in the former dispersing larger endocarps than the latter. Second, they differ in their fruit handling treatment; C. cyanomelas are pulp consumers, whereas P. castanotis swallow the fruit whole, and are thus traditionally considered ‘legitimate’ dispersers. The probability of seedling emergence, the temporal pattern of emergence, the number of emerged seedlings per endocarp, and the probability of post-dispersal seed predation differs between endocarps dispersed by C. cyanomelas and P. castanotis; endocarps dispersed by the former have higher emergence probabilities, higher number of seedlings, faster emergence times, and lower predation probabilities than those dispersed by the latter. Finally, these birds differ in their landscape patterns of endocarp deposition; C. cyanomelas disperses endocarps to habitats with higher recruitment probabilities. Ultimately, the pulp consumer C. cyanomelas is a more effective disperser of G. viburnoides than P. castanotis. Resumen Para muchas plantas tropicales, la aves son los dispersores de semillas mas importantes. Sin embargo, no todas las aves proveen servicios de dispersion igualmente efectivos. Diferencias en el comportamiento, tanto durante como despues de la alimentacion, pueden resultar en distintas probabilidades de reclutamiento de nuevos individuos. Durante tres anos examinamos aspectos cuanti- y cualitativos de la dispersion de Guettarda viburnoides por aves frugivoras, enfocandonos en como esos aspectos modifican la efectividad de la dispersion. Los frutos de G. viburnoides son consumidos por 10 especies de aves, dos de las cuales, Cyanocorax cyanomelas y Pteroglossus castanotis, removieron el 80% de los frutos. Estas dos especies difieren en aspectos cualitativos de la dispersion de semillas. Primero, seleccionan frutos de tamanos distintos; C. cyanomelas se alimenta de frutos mas grandes que P. castanotis, lo que resulta en que la primera disperse endocarpos mas grandes que la segunda. Segundo, ambas especies difieren en el tratamiento que le dan al fruto; C. cyanomelas consume solo la pulpa, mientras que P. castanotis traga el fruto entero y, por lo tanto, es considerado como un dispersor legitimo. La probabilidad de emergencia de plantulas, el numero de plantulas que emergen por endocarpo, y la probabilidad de la depredacion se semillas difiere entre endocarpos dispersados por C. cyanomelas y P. castanotis; los endocarpos dispersados por la primera especie tienen mayor probabilidad de emergencia, mayor numero de plantulas, tiempos mas rapidos de emergencia y menor probabilidad de depredacion que aquellos dispersados por la segunda especie. Finalmente, estas aves difieren en los patrones espaciales de dispersion; C. cyanomelas dispersa los endocarpos a habitats como mayor probabilidad de reclutamiento. En conclusion el consumidor de pulpa C. cyanomelas es un dispersor mas efectivo de G. viburnoides que P. castanotis.

A new species of Guettarda is described, at this time it has been collected only in the type locality. It is similar to the Mesoamerican species G. tikalana Lundell.

Este trabalho consiste no levantamento das espécies de Rubiaceae encontradas na Serra da Fumaça - complexo de Serras da Jacobina, Bahia. No período de junho de 2011 a agosto de 2012 foram realizadas coletas mensais de material botânico ao longo de trilhas e no interior da floresta contemplando todas as fitofisionomias existentes na área. Foram registradas 36 espécies distribuídas em 20 gêneros. Os gêneros mais representativos em número de espécies foram Borreria G.Mey. (5 spp.), Diodella Small, Mitracarpus Zucc. exSchult. & Schult.f. e Psychotria L. (3 spp. cada), seguidas porCoccocypselum P.Browne, Declieuxia Kunth,Palicourea Aubl., Perama Aubl., Richardia L. eStaelia Cham. & Schltdl. (2 spp. cada). Os demais gêneros foram representandos por apenas uma espécie cada: Cordiera elliptica(Cham.) Kuntze, Coutarea hexandra (Jacq.) K.Schum.,Emmeorhiza umbellata (Spreng.) K.Schum., Genipa americana L., Guettarda sericea Müll. Arg., Malanea macrophylla Bartl. ex Griseb., Manettia cordifolia Mart.,Posoqueria latifolia (Rudge) Roem. & Schult., Sabicea grisea Cham. & Schltdl., Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schltdl.) K.Schum. Foram registradas duas espécies endêmicas, uma da Chapada Diamantina (Perama harleyi J.H.Kirkbr. & Steyerm.) e outra da caatinga (Guettarda sericea Müll.Arg.). Psychotria jambosioides Schltdl. e P. mapourioides DC. foram registradas pela primeira vez para a Cadeia do Espinhaço, ambas conhecidas apenas da Mata Atlântica litorânea. Chave de identificação para as espécies, descrições, ilustrações e informações sobre a distribuição geográfica das espécies e dados fenológicos são apresentados. This paper is a survey of Rubiaceae species found in the Serra da Fumaça - Mountains Complex of Jacobina, Bahia. In the period of Juny/2011 until August/2012 were taken monthly from botanical material along trails and in the forest contemplating all vegetation types in the area. We recorded 36 species in 20 genera. The most representative in number of species were Borreria G.Mey. (5 spp.), Diodella Small,Mitracarpus Zucc. ex Schult. & Schult.f. andPsychotria L. (3 spp. each), followed by CoccocypselumP.Browne, Declieuxia Kunth, Palicourea Aubl.,Perama Aubl., Richardia L. and Staelia Cham. & Schltdl. (2 spp. each). The other genera were represented only by one species:Cordiera elliptica (Cham.) Kuntze, Coutarea hexandra(Jacq.) K.Schum., Emmeorhiza umbellata (Spreng.) K.Schum.,Genipa americana L. Guettarda sericea Müll.Arg.,Malanea macrophylla Bartl. ex Griseb., Manettia cordifolia Mart.,Posoqueria latifolia (Rudge) Roem. & Schult., Sabicea grisea Cham. & Schltdl. and Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schltdl.) K.Schum.). Two endemic species were recorded, one of the Chapada Diamantina (Perama harleyi J.H.Kirkbr. & Steyerm.) and one of caatinga (Guettarda sericea Müll Arg.). Psychotria jambosioides Schltdl. and P. mapourioides DC. were recorded for the first time to the Espinhaço Range, both known only from the Atlantic coast. Identification key to the species, descriptions, illustrations and information on the geographical distribution of species and phenological data are displayed.

Chromatographic fractionation of the chloroform extracts from the stem bark and stems of Guettarda grazielae resulted in the isolation of a new iridoid (guettardodiol, 1) and the secoiridoid sarracenin (2), described for the first time in this genus. The structural elucidation of these compounds was based on spectroscopic analyses (IR, MS as well as 1-D and 2-D NMR experiments).

Two new species were found in the inexhaustible treasury of the collections made by Erik Leonard Ekman in Hispaniola during the 1920s. One is Varronia gonavensis (Boraginaceae) from the Gonave Island of Haiti, the other one is a new Guettarda (G. vulpina) from the Samana Peninsula of Santo Domingo. Both are endemics to the Hispaniolan flora.

 Premise of the Study: Seed dispersal is a key process for plant regeneration in tropical areas. Differences in disperser behavior result in a nonrandom distribution of seeds among habitats. Patterns of seed dispersal may cascade through the entire recruitment phase or uncoupling between developmental stages may occur such that patterns of seed dispersal are discordant with patterns of recruitment. Here, we analyzed how habitat and interannual variability affect the recruitment dynamics of a birddispersed tree, Guettarda viburnoides (RUB.).  Methods: Over 3 years, we determined the habitats where seeds of G. viburnoides are dispersed, and we experimentally quantifi ed postdispersal seed predation, seedling emergence, and survival in four habitats of a forest – savanna mosaic in Bolivia.  Key Results: Habitat affected seed dispersal, seed predation, and seedling emergence. The strength of postdispersal processes, however, varied between years and no consistent within-habitat pattern emerged. Uncoupling among different life-stages was observed across habitats, and spatial concordance was found between seed rain and sapling recruitment patterns.  Conclusions: Habitat can affect seed dispersal, postdispersal processes and the recruitment dynamics of a Neotropical tree in a heterogeneous landscape. Additionally, our results show interannual variability in the strength of postdispersal processes, which leads to shifts in habitat suitability between years. Therefore, to better understand the role of site suitability for recruitment, we need to explicitly consider not only variation in habitat-specifi city for dispersal and postdispersal processes, but also how this variation can shift under different environmental conditions — that is, the context dependence of suitability.

According to current generic delimitations, supported by wood anatomy, palynology, and recent molecular phylogenies, Antirhea, traditionally treated as a Pantropical genus, is instead restricted to the Paleotropics. At the same time, the Neotropical species traditionally positioned in Antirhea should be positioned in Stenostomum. Following these definitions, Stenostomum is a genus with most of the species present in the Caribbean Region, and two species present in the Guianas, namely S. acreanum and S. guianensis, distributed throughout the Amazon Basin. In addition, according to these new generic delimitations, two species previously positioned in Guettarda and Antirhea need to be transferred to Chomelia, as C. triflora and C. ulei.

According to current generic delimitations, supported by wood anatomy, palynology, and recent molecular phylogenies, Antirhea, traditionally treated as a Pantropical genus, is instead restricted to the Paleotropics. At the same time, the Neotropical species traditionally positioned in Antirhea should be positioned in Stenostomum. Following these definitions, Stenostomum is a genus with most of the species present in the Caribbean Region, and two species present in the Guianas, namely S. acreanum and S. guianensis, distributed throughout the Amazon Basin. In addition, according to these new generic delimitations, two species previously positioned in Guettarda and Antirhea need to be transferred to Chomelia, as C. triflora and C. ulei.

Fossils of 134 taxa attributed to the Rubiaceae are described or mentioned in 115 publications dating from 1850 and from deposits as old as the Cretaceous and Paleocene. Close scrutiny of these records indicates, however, that the oldest and most likely (accepted) representatives of the family are four genera, Emmenopterys Oliv. from the Middle Eocene of Oregon and Washington, U.S.A., Faramea Aubl. from the Late Eocene of Panama, and Guettarda L. (cf. as †Guettardidites; †= fossil taxon) and Canthium Lam. (as †Rubipollis oblatus) from the Late Eocene of Australia, and a probable fifth genus, the alternate-leaved †Paleorubiaceophyllum eocenicum from the Middle Eocene of Tennessee/Kentucky, U.S.A. The record represents three subfamilies (Rubioideae, Ixoroideae, Cinchonoideae) from three widely separated geographic regions, implying an earlier origin in the Late Cretaceous or Paleocene. From the Oligocene, there are six accepted genera, Coprosma J. R. Forst. & G. Forst., Coprosma–Opercularia, Farame...

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of gall induction on leaf phenolic compounds and their indirect effects on the subsequent attack of folivorous insects in Achatocarpus gracilis, Cordia alliodora, Guapira macrocarpa, Guettarda elliptica and Ruprechtia fusca that occur in both hillside and riparian sites at Chamela-Cuixmala tropical dry forest in western Mexico. There are differences in soil water content between riparian and hillside sites where trees in the first are mainly evergreen and deciduous in the second. A few tree species occur in both sites and their intraspecific phenological response is also different between sites. In this case, trees of a given species that occur in riparian sites will be evergreen whereas trees on hillsides of the same species will be deciduous. Four plant species had significantly greater total phenol concentrations in galled than ungalled leaves in both deciduous hillside and riparian sites. In three plant species associated with galls, host total phenol concentrations were significantly greater in short than in tall plants. The frequency and amount of folivore damage were greater in leaves without galls than leaves with galls in these four plant species. These results indicate that galling insect species may directly affect leaf phenolic concentrations and indirectly may affect the incidence and consumption of folivorous insects in tropical plant species. This may have important consequences on the preference of leaves by folivorous insects that might be excluded by galling insect species in this dry tropical system.

Molecular studies carried out by Achille et al. (2006), revealed the polyphyly within the big genus Guettarda and in its relationships. According to the nrDNS ITS sequence analyses the New World Guettardas belong to two different clades. Most of the species forms a well defined large clade, but two species ( G. crispiflora and G. hirsuta ) belong to the different Bobea -clade as a clearly distinct subclade, characterised by a set of important morphological characters. Based on these evidences the segregation of this second group of the New World Guettardas seems to be well argumented under the name of the revalidated and amplified genus of Tournefortiopsis Rusby, effectuating also the necessary new combinations.

Molecular studies carried out by Achille et al. (2006), revealed the polyphyly within the big genus Guettarda and in its relationships, among others the polyphyletic character of the genus Stenostomum C. F. Gaertn. studied earlier by Borhidi and Fernandez (1995 a , b ) based on morphological characters. This fact stimulated a re-examination of the traditional Stenostomum genus, which concluded in the separation of the section Resinanthus Borhidi at generic level and its new generic circumscription. The genus is divided into two sections. Sectio Resinanthus contains 15 species of the West Indies, mainly of Cuba and Hispaniola, and the sectio Macresinanthus sect. nov. has one Mexican species.

Chemical investigation of Guettarda viburnoides (leaves) led to the isolation of ursolic acid, uncaric acid, secoxyloganin, and grandifloroside, along with a mixture of quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside and quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of their NMR data. The crude extract, ethyl acetate fraction, aqueous-methanol fraction, and grandifloroside showed significant DPPH free-radical scavenging activities with IC50 ranging from 18.92 to 26.47 µg mL-1. The topical administration of the crude extract and fractions markedly reduced the croton oil-induced mice ear edema in 67.0%-99.0%. Inhibition of tissue MPO activity was also observed, which demonstrated an anti-inflammatory effect of the G. viburnoides species.

The genus Guettarda (Guettardeae–Rubiaceae) comprises approximately 150 species, ranging from eastern Africa through the islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans to the Neotropics. Sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region were used to test the monophyly of Guettarda and its relationships to closely related genera within Guettardeae. The results indicate that Guettarda and two smaller genera, Antirhea and Stenostomum, are polyphyletic. Most Guettarda species fall into two distinct groups: a Neotropical lineage that also includes the widespread Indo-Pacific strand species G. speciosa (the type of the genus), and a New Caledonian lineage that, along with Antirhea and Timonius, comprises a dioecious Paleotropical clade. The Hawaiian endemic Bobea, traditionally considered close to Timonius and assumed to be of Old World origin, appears to be more closely related to Neotropical Guettarda species, suggesting that dioecy may have evolved twice within the trib...

Avai'o'vuna Swamp, a small coastal wetland in Vava'u, Kingdom of Tonga, produced a 4500-year pollen and sediment record. Results are: (1) a mid-Holocene sea level highstand is confirmed for Tonga between about 4500 and 2600 14C yr B.P.; marine clay contains pollen from mangroves (Rhizophora mangle), coastal forest trees (Barringtonia asiatica and Cocos nucifera), and rainforest trees (Alphitonia, Rhus, Hedycarya and Calophyllum). (2) Microscopic charcoal first appeared at 2600 14C yr B.P., coincident with the arrival of Polynesians. (3) Cocos, Pandanus, Excoecaria, Macaranga, and Elaeocarpaceae pollen reflects the establishment of a mixed coastal-lowland rainforest in the last 2500 years. (4) The loss of Hedycarya, Elaeocarpus, Calophyllum, and Guettarda and the reduction of Terminalia and taxa in the Papilionaceae family by about 1000 years ago may be due to habitat destruction and the loss of dispersal capabilities of some species through the extinction of the two largest pigeons in Tonga.

The Herbarium of the National School of the Biological Science (ENCB) of the Mexican National Polytechnics Institute is the second collection in size and importance among the herbaria of Mexico. According to its catalogue published in 1996 more than 1,000 type specimens of vascular plants are registered in it. In the year 2003 several undetermined collections were revised by the first author belonging to the Rubiaceae family. The result of this work was the description of 7 new species: Arachnothryx latiloba, A. michoacana, A. monticola, Bouvardia lottae, Guettarda guerrerensis, Psychotria diegoae, Rogiera variiflora and Psychotria rzedowskiana as a new name for P. izabalensis subsp. oaxacana.

Pollen grains of 19 taxa of the genus Guettarda (Rubiaceae: Guettardeae) were studied using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (9 species), and fractured pollen grains (7 species). Most of the species have suboblate to oblate spheroidal, small to medium-sized grains with reticulate, microreticulate, perforate or foveolate exine. There is a great variability in the morphology of ectoapertures and endoapertures. Three pollen types are established, mainly based on differences in ectoapertures and sexine ornamentation.

A new species of the genus Guettarda (Guettardeae, Rubiaceae) from Chiapas, South Mexico, was collected by the second author. Guettarda quadrifida sp. n. is closely related to G. subcapitata C. M. Taylor, but differs from it by having short 4-lobed inflorescence axes and flowers occulted by long bracteoles.

Three new species are described from Waya Island, Fiji: Embelia deivanuae (Myrsinaceae), and Guettarda wayaensis and Psychotria volii (Rubiaceae). Newly recorded for Fiji (Waya) are Carex brunnea and Rinorea bengalensis. The occurrence of Serianthes vitiensis on Waya is noted.

Este trabalho objetivou reconhecer os gêneros e espécies de Rubiaceae ocorrentes no Parque Estadual das Várzeas do Rio Ivinhema, MS, localizado na bacia do Paraná, entre as coordenadas 22K 0226719 UTM 7463768. As coletas foram mensais no período de setembro de 2003 a outubro 2006. Foram encontradas 45 espécies distribuídas em 24 gêneros. Os gêneros mais representativos foram Psychotria (10 espécies), Palicourea (4), Borreria (3), Alibertia, Chomelia, Coccocypselum, Coussarea,Diodela,Galianthe e Guettarda (2). A maioria das espécies amostradas apresenta ampla distribuição geográfica; contudo, algumas espécies como Borreria flavovirens, Chomelia brasiliana, Psychotria anceps e Psychotria brachybotrya tiveram sua ocorrência registrada pela primeira vez para o Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul. This study aimed to identify genera and species of Rubiaceae occurring in the Parque Estadual das Várzeas do Rio Ivinhema, located in the Paraná river basin, between the coordinates 22K 0226719 UTM 7463768. Samples were collected monthly from September 2003 to October 2006. We found 45 species distributed in 24 genera. The most representative genera are Psychotria (10 species), Palicourea (4), and Borreria (3), followed by Alibertia, Chomelia, Coccocypselum, Coussarea,Diodela, Galianthe and Guettarda (2). Most of the species have a wide geographical distribution, however, for some species, such as Borreria flavovirens, Chomelia brasiliana, Psychotria anceps and Psychotria brachybotrya, this is the first record for Mato Grosso do Sul State.

Crude aqueous extract from seeds (AEs) of Guettarda angelica Mart. (Rubiaceae) presented in vitro antiviral activity against bovine (BoHV-1) and swine (SuHV-1) herpesviruses type 1 in our previous studies. The aim of the current work was to continue the studies with this extract in order to determine its mode of antiviral action on these two animal herpesviruses. For this, at non cytotoxic concentration (40 µg/mL), the AEs extract was added at different times to the cells or viruses during infection. The antiviral tests were performed using the viral titer reduction assay and expressed in inhibition percentage (IP). The mechanism studies showed that AEs blocked BoHV-1 binding to MDBK cells in 99%; inhibited both during and after virus adsorption by more than 97% for both viruses. Moreover, AEs inactivated both viruses extracellular and directly by 99%. These results indicate that AEs has a broad spectrum of action since it was able either to exert a direct virucidal effect or to present an antiviral activity before and after the attachment phase. Seeds of G. angelica might be a promising source of antiviral agents and merits further investigation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17525/vrr.v15i2.46

We examined the effect of seed dispersal by Purplish Jays (Cyanocorax cyanomelas; pulp consumers) and the Chestnut-eared Aracari (Pteroglossus castanotis; ''legitimate'' seed dispersers) on population growth of the small tree Guettarda viburnoides (Rubiaceae) in northeastern Bolivian savannas. Because each bird species differs with respect to feeding and post-feeding behavior, we hypothesized that seed dispersal by each species will contribute differently to the rate of increase of G. viburnoides, but that seed dispersal by either species will increase population growth when compared to a scenario with no seed dispersal. To examine the effects of individual dispersers on the future population size of G. viburnoides, we projected population growth rate using demographic models for G. viburnoides that explicitly incorporate data on quantitative and qualitative aspects of seed dispersal by each frugivore species. Our model suggests that seed dispersal by C. cyanomelas leads to positive population growth of G. viburnoides, whereas seed dispersal by P. castanotis has a detrimental effect on the population growth of this species. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report negative effects of a ''legitimate'' seed disperser on the population dynamics of the plant it consumes. Our results stress the importance of incorporating frugivore effects into population projection matrices, to allow a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of different dispersers for plant population dynamics.

In an effort to find effective and affordable ways to control of Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae), the larvicidal activities of 94 extracts from ten plant species belonging to eight families [Guettarda grazielae and Spermacoce verticillata (Rubiaceae), Coccoloba mollis and Triplaris americana (Polygonaceae), Eschweilera ovata (Lecytidaceae), Merremia aegyptia (Convolvulaceae), Ouratea nitida (Ochnnaceae), Protium heptaphyllum (Burseraceae), Rourea doniana (Connaraceae), and Tovomita brevistaminea (Guttiferae)], widely found in the northeast of Brazil, were initially screened at 250 microg/mL. Nineteen of the 94 extracts from six plant species (C. mollis, G. grazielae, M. aegyptia, R. doniana, S. verticillata, and T. americana) showed significant activity (75% mortality) against the fourth instar larvae. Some of these extracts showed 100% mosquito larvae mortality, with LD(50) values lower 200 microg/mL. When compared to synthetic insecticide Temephos (LD(50) 8.7 microg/mL), two of them, hexane (LD(50) 12.1 microg/mL) and ethyl acetate (LD(50) 51.6 microg/mL) extracts from stems of R. doniana and G. grazielae, respectively, were the most effective. The isolation and purification of these extracts are in progress and evaluation of these compounds will be needed to identify the active component.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-07-01T15:29:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Reinaldo Rodrigo Novo.pdf: 1167162 bytes, checksum: 1ba5f71b12f4bb3d0e7b5161c00355f2 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-01T15:29:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reinaldo Rodrigo Novo.pdf: 1167162 bytes, checksum: 1ba5f71b12f4bb3d0e7b5161c00355f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-01 Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq Distyly is a syndrome mainly found in the Rubiaceae family, being characterized by a floral dimorphism in which some individuals have thrum flowers (T) and others have pin ones (P). Typical distylous species present reciprocal hercogamy between floral morphs, a self and intramorph incompatibility mechanism and an equilibrated proportion of morphs in the population (isoplethy). Selective pressures such as the reproductive isolation or deficient pollination services may result in the break down of the distylous syndrome, and consequently in modifications on morphological and reproductive patterns of species of typically distylous groups. This study investigated the floral biology, the breeding system, the pollination and the floral morphometric relations of Guettarda platypoda DC. (Rubiaceae) in an area of coastal vegetation in the Pernambuco state, using measurement of floral parts, hand pollination experiments, estimate of floral morphs ratio in the population and focal observation of floral visitors. Guettarda platypoda have hermaphrodite, tubular, nectariferous flowers that produce a sweet odor; anthesis is nocturnal and flowers are pollinated by mophs and sphingids. Morphometric data showed the absence of reciprocity between the floral morphs, a feature that may limit distyly function. Both floral morphs produced fruits after all hand pollination experiments, and the species may be considered self and intramorph compatible. Because of these features, the species is considered as atypically distylous. Both the morphological and the compatibility conditions recorded here may be related to the break down of the distylous syndrome, which may be occurred because of deficient pollination services and/or habitat fragmentation, since the study area is strongly altered by antropogenic occupation. More specific genetical studies must be developed to investigate the distyly supergene integrity in the genus, since other studiesshowed similar morphological variations in other regions, some of them also related to pollination services. A distilia é uma síndrome encontrada principalmente na família Rubiaceae, caracterizada por um dimorfismo floral no qual alguns indivíduos possuem flores brevistilas (B) e outros possuem flores longistilas (L). Espécies tipicamente distílicas possuem hercogamia recíproca entre os morfos opostos, um mecanismo de autoincompatibilidade e de incompatibilidade intramorfo, e uma proporção equilibrada dos morfos florais na população (isopletia). Pressões seletivas tais como o isolamento reprodutivo ou a deficiência dos serviços de polinização, podem acarretar na quebra da distilia, resultando em modificações nos padrões morfológicos e reprodutivos em espécies de grupos tipicamente distílicos. Este estudo investigou a biologia floral, o sistema reprodutivo, a polinização e as relações morfométricas de flores de Guettarda platypoda DC. (Rubiaceae) em uma área de restinga do litoral sul do Estado de Pernambuco, utilizando medições das peças florais, experimentos de polinização manual, estimativa da razão entre morfos e observação focal dos visitantes florais. Guettarda platypoda possui flores hermafroditas, tubulares, que produzem néctar, emitem forte odor, são noturnas e polinizadas por mariposas e esfingídeos. Os dados morfométricos mostraram ausência de reciprocidade entre morfos florais, o que pode limitar a funcionalidade da distilia. Ambos os morfos florais formaram frutos em todos os experimentos realizados de polinização manual, e por esta razão a espécie pode ser considerada auto e intra-morfo compatível. Devido a essas características, a espécie pode ser classificada como distílica atípica. Tanto a condição morfológica encontrada nas populações de G. platypoda quanto a autocompatibilidade podem estar relacionadas à quebra da distilia, o que pode ter ocorrido por ineficiência dos serviços de polinização e/ou fragmentação do habitat, uma vez que a área de estudo sofre forte impacto ambiental. Estudos genéticos mais específicos devem ser realizados para investigar aintegridade do supergene no gênero, uma vez que outros estudos evidenciaram variações morfológicas semelhantes em outras regiões, algumas também atribuídas ao serviço de polinização.

International audience; According to current generic delimitations, supported by wood anatomy, palynology, and recent molecular phylogenies, Antirhea, traditionally treated as a Pantropical genus, is instead restricted to the Paleotropics. At the same time, the Neotropical species traditionally positioned in Antirhea should be positioned in Stenostomum. Following these definitions, Stenostomum is a genus with most of the species present in the Caribbean Region, and two species present in the Guianas, namely S. acreanum and S. guianensis, distributed throughout the Amazon Basin. In addition, according to these new generic delimitations, two species previously positioned in Guettarda and Antirhea need to be transferred to Chomelia, as C. triflora and C. ulei.

We examined woody species composition and its relation to environmental variables in native forest growing on four limestone islands in the southern Cook Islands: Atiu, Mangaia, Ma'uke, and Miti'aro. Relative dominance (percent basal area) of woody species in 74 sites was sampled using the point-centered quarter method, and the data were analyzed using clustering and ordination techniques. These tropical forests have a relatively low diversity of native woody species (32 native and 10 introduced species occurred in our sites). Four forest types were recognized: Pandanus/Guettarda littoral forest (with several subtypes), Hernandia nymphaeifolia littoral forest, Barringtonia littoral forest, and makatea forest (dominated by Elaeocarpus tonganus and Hernandia moeren-houtiana). These types were related, using canonical correspondence analysis, to geographical attributes (wind-wardness, elevation, and proximity to the coast or roads) that served as surrogates for environmental variables (maritime influence, soil variation, and degree of human disturbance). The eigenvalues for this direct ordination were much lower than for indirect ordination (0.32 vs. 0.71 for the first axis), indicating that the measured geographical attributes could explain only a modest portion of the compositional variation.

Tropical cloud forests are considered humid ecosystems with frequent cloud cover down to the ground surface. However, seasonal variation in precipitation may induce short-term water stress. For canopy leaves, this water stress may also be a consequence of large atmospheric vapor pressure deficits. The objective of this work was to study five canopy cloud forest species to determine if there are restrictions to leaf gas exchange as a consequence of seasonality in precipitation and to daily water deficit due to air evaporative demand mainly during maximum incoming radiation hours. Seasonal daily courses of microclimatic variables (air temperature, relative humidity, photosynthetic photon flux density) and plant responses (leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, CO2 assimilation rates, leaf nitrogen concentration) were measured at 2400masl in Monterrey, an intermontane valley of the Venezuelan Andes. A gradient in terms of responses to water stress conditions was observed between the species, with Clusia multiflora (a 46% reduction in stomatal conductance between seasons) as the most affected and Miconia resimoides (increased stomatal conductance) responding more favorably to slight water stress conditions. If we consider the limitations of water stress and/or light conditions on CO2 assimilation we may arrange the species into those in which water stress conditions have a greater impact on leaf carbon gain, those where light conditions are determinant and one in which both water stress and light conditions may affect leaf carbon assimilation. 659-664 frada@ula.ve cgarcia@ula.ve ataroff@ula.ve

Guettarda speciosa Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 991. 1753. "Habitat in Java." RCN: 7195. Lectotype (Wong & Verdcourt in Kew Bull. 43: 496. 1988; Verdcourt in Polhill, Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Rubiaceae 3: 924. 1991): Herb. Linn. No. 1121.1, excl. fruit (LINN). Generitype of Guettarda Linnaeus. Current name: Guettarda speciosa L. (Rubiaceae). Note: Verdcourt (1991) restricted the earlier type choice that he had made with Wong (1988) by excluding the fruiting element mounted on Herb. Linn. No. 1121.1 (LINN)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part G), pp. 529-556 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 529, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Matthiola scabra Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 1192. 1753. "Habitat in America." RCN: 1398. Type not designated. Original material: [icon] in Plumier, Nov. Pl. Amer.: 16, t. 6. 1703; [icon] in Zanoni, Istoria Bot.: 167, t. 75. 1675. Generitype of Matthiola Linnaeus, nom. rej. Current name: Guettarda scabra (L.) Lam. (Rubiaceae). Note: Matthiola Linnaeus, nom. rej. in favour of Matthiola Aiton., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part M), pp. 651-689 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 659, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Fil: Cabral, Elsa Leonor. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura; Argentina. Fil:Cabral, Elsa L. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste,; Argentina. Fil: Faneco Pereira, Giovanna. Programa de Pos-graduação em Ambientes Aquaticos Continentales; Brasil. Fil: de Souza, Maria Conceicao. Universidad Estadual de Maringá. Departamento Biologia; Brasil. Galianthe guaranitica E.L. Cabral y G. parvula E.L. Cabral son primeros registros para Brasil, Rosenbergiodendron longiflorum (Ruiz & Pav.) Fagerl. y Guettarda pohliana Müll. Arg. son mencionadas por primera vez para el estado de Paraná. Schwendenera tetrapyxis K. Schum., Galianthe dichasia (Sucre & C. G. Costa) E.L. Cabral y Galianthe longisepala E.L. Cabral son nuevas citas para los estados de Paraná, Mato Grosso do Sul y Mato Grosso respectivamente. Galianthe guaranitica E.L. Cabral and G. parvula E.L. Cabral are reported for the first time in Brazil, Rosenbergiodendron longiflorum (Ruiz & Pav.) Fagerl. and Guettarda pohliana Müll. Arg. are mentioned for the first time for Paraná State. Schwendenera tetrapyxis K. Schum., Galianthe dichasia (Sucre & C. G. Costa) E.L. Cabral and Galianthe longisepala E.L. Cabral are new records for Parana, Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso States respectively.

A new quinicine-type alkaloid, N-methylquinicinol, has been isolated from the bark of Guettarda noumeana, together with the known alkaloids, cupreine, dihydrocupreine and N-methyldihydroquinicinol. Complete NMR chemical shift assignments based on 2D experiments are reported for all the alkaloids.

Hawkmoths (Sphingidae) are among the major pollinators in tropical communities. Here the first survey of sphingids and related plants in Northeastern Brazil is presented. The sphingids were surveyed from March 1999 through April 2000 at the Reserva Biológica Guaribas, Mamanguape, Paraíba State. On black and mix light traps, 136 hawkmoths from 24 species were captured. Individuais of Erinnyis ello (Linnaeus, 1758), Isognathus menechus (Boisduval, 1875) and Xylophanes tersa (Linnaeus, 1771) represented 58% of the samples. One half of the recorded species show wide distribution in the Neotropics. Three species were registered for more than six months. Most of the species were found only in the dry or wet season. Pollen from 34 plant species were recorded by pollen analysis of sphingid mouth parts. Hancornia speciosa (Apocynaceae) and Guettarda platipoda (Rubiaceae) were the most important food plants. Both are characteristic elements of the Tabuleiro Nordestino and present typically sphingophilous flowers. More than one half of the sphingids presented pollen from only one or two species of plants. By transporting large quantities of pollen of a few species, hawkmoths seem to be the main pollinators of nocturnal flowers in the Tabuleiro Paraibano.