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This study examined the effects of under and overrotation on common factor loading stability under three levels of common variance and three levels of error. Four representative factor matrices were selected. In each case, the factor matrix was adjusted to account for 30%, 45%, and 60% of common variance. Each of the adjusted matrices was postmultiplied by its transpose and the intercorrelation matrix obtained was factor analyzed to obtain the criterion matrix.Using Fisher's z transformations, randomly-generated error based on 100, 200, and 500 subjects was added to the similarly transformed intercorrelation matrix. Each error-laden matrix of z's was then transformed back to r 's and factor analyzed. Ten replications were completed for each experimental condition. Several rotations were tried below, equal to, and above the correct number of factors for each problem matrix chosen. Root-mean-square (RMS) mean values were obtained between the first few factors of each criterion matrix and the corresponding factors from the successive rotations.The RMS mean deviation values were plotted against the number of factors rotated and a multifactor repeated measures ANOVA performed. The number of factors rotated, the interaction of rotations with common variance, and the interaction of rotations with error were found significant at the .01 level in all four problems. The interaction of rotations with common variance and error was found significant at the .01 level for Problems Three and Four only.Although these findings must be considered within the logistical limitations imposed upon this study, it appears, nevertheless, that matrices which account for large amounts of common variance are less susceptible to the vagaries of overrotation. Hence, these matrices tend to have stable factor loadings. Furthermore, common-factor space is clearly distorted in the case of underrotation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on empirical syndrome groupings of schizophrenia. The search for test correlates with schizophrenia is like the search for the Holy Grail; the object of the search may actually exist, but the only certain reality is in the minds of men. Conflicting proposals of relations between schizophrenia and behavior or test variables, and the failure to substantiate them upon cross-validation, usually are attributed to sample differences. Armchair speculation about types of schizophrenia has persisted with little general agreement among psychiatrists, and produced almost no worthwhile research findings.

The article presents a factor analytically derived scale for rating activities of psychiatric patients. The scale proposed grew out of the need for evaluating changes in behavioral adjustment. Observations regarding the behavior of male mental hospital patients were made to select the scale items. The items were factor analyzed and following six major factors were found to be associated with the phenomena: deteriorated behavior, interpersonal tensions, emotional controls, resistive isolation, regressive agitation, and reality concern.

The present study investigates the type-factors that are revealed by a transposed factor analysis of schizophrenics as rated on the Activity Rating Scale. Dissatisfaction with psychiatric nosology has recently provoked several investigations of transposed factor analyses of schizophrenic behavior. Most of the studies employ rather conventional psychiatric or psychometric data for intercomparing the individuals. What types of schizophrenics might be disclosed when viewed from a behavioral adjustment point of view was the subject of a recent study by the author.

This article presents a study on a transposed factor analysis of a group of schizophrenic patients. The present study is an effort through transposed factor analysis to examine the resemblances among a group of hospitalized schizophrenic patients for any light it may shed upon the nature and classification of schizophrenia. Twenty-nine veterans with schizophrenic psychosis were rated by one on the Multidimensional Scale for Rating Psychiatric Patients, Hospital Form. These veterans were a series admitted to a Veterans Administration hospital during February to May, 1954. The series included both first admissions and readmissions, and was essentially mute patients were excluded.

The article presents a factor analytic study of the adjustment of chronic schizophrenics. The Hospital Adjustment Scale ratings of twenty-four diagnosed schizophrenics and one hypothetical normal were submitted to a transposed multiple-group factor analysis. Two factors were revealed: the Apathetic Type and the Actively Withdrawn Type. The conventional applications of factor analysis to a study of schizophrenia aim at syndromatic description. On the other hand, transposed factor analyses are directed at studying the intercorrelations between schizophrenics to identify the types of schizophrenics in the sample.

The article presents information on transposed analysis of the Bender-Gestalts of paranoid schizophrenics. Thirty hospitalized male schizophrenics were the subjects of this investigation. All were recently diagnosed paranoid schizophrenics. Particular care was taken not to include subjects who were in complete remission at the tune of the examination. No data can be given on the number of uncooperative patients that had to be excluded from the study because the patients were selected on the basis of the availability of their Benders in the files. A previous study disclosed four type-factors for paranoid schizophrenics. The current study is a cross-validation of those findings under generalized conditions.

The article informs that a factor analysis of schizophrenic ratings on the hospital adjustment scale. One hundred hospitalized schizophrenic males were employed in this study. All subjects were chronically ill, and no attempt was made to select them as representative of the hospital. Rather, they were chosen on the basis of the availability of the HAS's. The many items of the scale, 90 in all, made it necessary to restrict the analysis to a portion of them. Thirty-five items were selected from the total number so that they represented a sampling from each of the subsections of the scale and included all the items of the scale which seemed to the investigator to have uniqueness.

The article discusses a transposed factor analysis of schizophernia performance on the Bender-Gestalt. Thirty-two resident male patients with varied schizophrenic subtype diagnoses were employed. Contrary to expectancy, the intercorrelation matrix failed to reveal a large group factor which might correspond to "schizophrenia." The fairly high communality among the subjects of the study supports the arguments, first, that the Bender-Gestalt validly represents the individual's psychiatric features, and second, that it is a helpful diagnostic instrument for grouping schizophrenics. In conclusion, it is felt that this transposed analysis of Bender-Gestalt performance contributes to the available information on subtype groupings of schizophrenia.

The article presents a factor analysis of curvilinear distortions on the Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test. The study sample consisted of 100 white mental patients at several hospitals, 26 females and 74 males. A total of 46 scoring variables were studied. The scoring items employed stem from distortions encountered rather frequently in the productions of hospitalized schizophrenics. This study suggests that Bender-Gestalt performance can be understood fairly well in terms of common factors, since the communality of the intercorrelation matrix is slightly greater than half the total variance of the matrix.

The article reports that cluster analysis was somewhat discouraging at first because of the difficulty in identifying tight clusters which were relatively independent of one another. This seems to be a consequence of the absence of high coefficients in spite of the fairly large number of moderately high coefficients which were present in. the intercorrelation matrix. The location of reference axes is always equivocal. The application of a conventional cluster analysis to locate the factors as well as the correspondence between these factors and general psycho-diagnostic and Gestalt principles, argues for the satisfactoriness of the positions of these reference axes.

This article presents information regarding the Szondi test as a forced-choice technique. The idea of preference value can be obtained best by a consideration of a procedure analogous to the Szondi test. This procedure known as the forced-choice rating technique requires the rater to consider a small group of items describing a worker's characteristics. He is forced to select the ones which best describe the individual being rated and those which are least applicable. The number of these items so marked is predetermined by the number of the items in the group and the rate is forced to make the prescribed number of selections.

The article examines the value of the Szondi stimulus pictures with respect to the use of European mental hospital cases for stimuli. Thirty-two undergraduate subjects of both sexes ranked the Szondi pictures and also a set of non-mentally ill Americans in the order of their preferences. A comparison of the dispersions of these rankings for the individual pictures was used as an indication of the discriminating power of them. The comparison failed to demonstrate the superiority of the Szondi pictures. Retest results showed that the two sets have comparable reliability.

The article focuses on the Szondi test. The Szondi test employs six pictures in each of eight different diagnostic categories. All six of the pictures within a given category are regarded as having a common significance. No distinction is made among the pictures in a given category and the only test observation made is the total number of the pictures within a category that are selected. A total of 100 subjects with personality and /or behavior difficulties was used. An equal number of each sex was employed to provide as wide a range of personality variables as possible. In addition, a broad age range from 15 to 71 years was used. All subjects were predominantly from the lower socio-economic class.

The article presents information on a study regarding the concept of need systems. A need-system is that personality variable which underlies a subject's reaction to the pictures of a given diagnostic group. Accordingly, there are a total of eight different need-systems, corresponding to the eight diagnostic groups utilized in the Szondi test. Szondi data from a group of 55 "normals" were obtained, and supposedly reflect the uneven need-tensions associated with the usual personalities found in such a group. Szondi data reflecting even need-tensions were obtained by making picture selections by chance from a random number table.

In this article focuses on the cases of intellectual retardation which, by exclusion, are primarily attributable to delayed maturation. Delayed maturation is usually established post hoc since normal intellectual potentialities are seldom observed upon initial examination. The principle of environmental under-stimulation as an important basis for delayed maturation has been extant in clinical thinking for sometime. This idea is implicit in the studies showing the importance of the environment in determining the intelligence quotient.

The article offers information about a study concerning the effects of social motivation on schizophrenic reaction time, specially on the differential effects of success, failure, and non-evaluative instructions. Moreover, it has been speculated in the study conducted by Olson that the success and failure instructions must enhance the reaction time performance of schizophrenics,with success instructions producing more enhancement than failure instructions. Information about the methods and analysis used in the study as well as the results is discussed.

The article discusses the problems faced by psychologists concerning psychometrics used in evaluating intelligence. Such problems arises from the application of two different theoretical views in measuring intelligence. It has been noted that psychologists measures it either through gross test results or through psychometric behavior. To resolve this, psychologists have considered the works of Alfred Binet, Francis Galton, and Sigmund Freud that focuses on individual differences.

The article presents a study discussing the need for establishing a differential diagnosis between feeblemindedness and pseudofeeblemindedness in the U.S. Subjects were selected from a list of patients who showed marked increases in intelligence quotient since their examination at the time of admission at the Lincoln State School and Colony. Evaluations of data were made both objectively and subjectively. Special factors play an important role in the etiology of the mental retardation of the subjects.

The article focuses on the trend in the social origin distribution and training of education students in the U.S. According to the author, the government has been giving much of its attention on educational and economic opportunities for socially disadvantaged Americans. Thus, formal training programs have been developed for education students with their tutoring of disadvantaged school pupils in cities. The idea of behavioral science training has been proposed to free students from the barriers of social origins.