92 results on '"Guerrera MC"'
Search Results
2. Immunohistochemistry of the nasal cavity-associated lymphoid tissue in the dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba, Meyen 1833).
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Miller A, Lombardo GP, Guerrera MC, Messina E, Marino S, Pellicanò F, Kotanska M, Pergolizzi S, Alesci A, and Lauriano ER
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- Animals, Nasal Mucosa, Microscopy, Confocal, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II metabolism, CD4 Antigens metabolism, CD4 Antigens analysis, Dolphins anatomy & histology, Nasal Cavity anatomy & histology, Lymphoid Tissue anatomy & histology, Stenella anatomy & histology, Immunohistochemistry
- Abstract
The striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) is a medium-sized pelagic dolphin with a single external nasal opening (blowhole) located in the rostral and dorsal regions of the skull. The nasal cavity is divided into three sections: the olfactory, respiratory, and vestibular areas. The surface epithelium lining the regio vestibularis is the first tissue in the nose to be directly affected by environmental antigens. Cetaceans have a significant amount of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) located throughout their bodies. The lymphoid tissue found in the nasal mucosa is known as nose- or nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). NALT has not yet been studied in dolphins, but it has been identified and documented in humans and laboratory rodents. This study utilized toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), CD4, Langerin/CD207, and inducible nitric oxide synthase to characterize, for the first time, immune cells in the mucosal regio vestibularis of the S. coeruleoalba nasal cavity using confocal microscopy immunofluorescence techniques. The findings revealed scattered immune cells immunoreactive to the tested antibodies, present in both the epithelial tissue lining the nasal cavity vestibulum and the underlying connective tissue. This study enhances our comprehension of the immune system of cetaceans. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: This study provides new insights into NALT in S. coeruleoalba. This research deepens the knowledge of the skin of cetaceans., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)
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- 2024
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3. Localization of Piezo 1 and Piezo 2 in Lateral Line System and Inner Ear of Zebrafish ( Danio rerio ).
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Aragona M, Mhalhel K, Pansera L, Montalbano G, Guerrera MC, Levanti M, Laurà R, Abbate F, Vega JA, and Germanà A
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- Animals, Zebrafish metabolism, Ear, Inner metabolism, Zebrafish Proteins metabolism, Zebrafish Proteins genetics, Ion Channels metabolism, Ion Channels genetics, Lateral Line System metabolism, Mechanotransduction, Cellular
- Abstract
Piezo proteins have been identified as mechanosensitive ion channels involved in mechanotransduction. Several ion channel dysfunctions may be associated with diseases (including deafness and pain); thus, studying them is critical to understand their role in mechanosensitive disorders and to establish new therapeutic strategies. The current study investigated for the first time the expression patterns of Piezo proteins in zebrafish octavolateralis mechanosensory organs. Piezo 1 and 2 were immunoreactive in the sensory epithelia of the lateral line system and the inner ear. Piezo 1 (28.7 ± 1.55 cells) and Piezo 2 (28.8 ± 3.31 cells) immunopositive neuromast cells were identified based on their ultrastructural features, and their overlapping immunoreactivity to the s100p specific marker (28.6 ± 1.62 cells), as sensory cells. These findings are in favor of Piezo proteins' potential role in sensory cell activation, while their expression on mantle cells reflects their implication in the maintenance and regeneration of the neuromast during cell turnover. In the inner ear, Piezo proteins' colocalization with BDNF introduces their potential implication in neuronal plasticity and regenerative events, typical of zebrafish mechanosensory epithelia. Assessing these proteins in zebrafish could open up new scenarios for the roles of these important ionic membrane channels, for example in treating impairments of sensory systems.
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- 2024
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4. microRNAs as New Biomolecular Markers to Estimate Time since Death: A Systematic Review.
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Cianci V, Mondello C, Sapienza D, Guerrera MC, Cianci A, Cracò A, Luppino F, Gioffrè V, Gualniera P, Asmundo A, and Germanà A
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- Humans, Biomarkers, Circadian Rhythm genetics, Animals, MicroRNAs genetics, Postmortem Changes
- Abstract
Estimating the post-mortem interval is still one of the most complex challenges in forensics. In fact, the main tools currently used are burdened by numerous limitations, which sometimes allow the time of death to be placed only within too large time intervals. In recent years, researchers have tried to identify new tools to try to narrow down the interval within which to place the time of death; among these, the analysis of microRNAs seems to be promising. An evidence-based systematic review of the literature has been conducted to evaluate the state of the art of knowledge, focusing on the potential correlation between miRNA degradation and PMI estimation. The research has been performed using the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and WOS. The results allowed us to highlight the usefulness of miRNAs both as markers for PMI estimation and for normalization, especially due to their stability. In fact, some miRNAs remain particularly stable for long periods and in different tissues, while others degrade faster. Furthermore, there are numerous factors capable of influencing the behavior of these molecules, among which the type of tissue, the cause of death, and the circadian rhythm appear to be the most relevant. Despite the promising results of the few articles present in the literature, because of the numerous limitations they are burdened by, further research is still necessary to achieve more solid and shareable results.
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- 2024
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5. Potential Role of mRNA in Estimating Postmortem Interval: A Systematic Review.
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Cianci V, Mondello C, Sapienza D, Guerrera MC, Cianci A, Cracò A, Omero F, Gioffrè V, Gualniera P, Asmundo A, and Germanà A
- Subjects
- Humans, Animals, Forensic Medicine methods, RNA Stability, Autopsy, RNA, Messenger genetics, RNA, Messenger metabolism, Postmortem Changes
- Abstract
Although the postmortem interval estimation still represents one of the main goals of forensic medicine, there are still several limitations that weigh on the methods most used for its determination: for this reason, even today, precisely estimating the postmortem interval remains one of the most important challenges in the forensic pathology field. To try to overcome these limitations, in recent years, numerous studies have been conducted on the potential use of the mRNA degradation time for reaching a more precise post mortem interval (PMI) estimation. An evidence-based systematic review of the literature has been conducted to evaluate the state of the art of the knowledge focusing on the potential correlation between mRNA degradation and PMI estimation. The research has been performed using the electronic databases PubMed and Scopus. The analysis conducted made it possible to confirm the potential applicability of mRNA for reaching a more precise PMI estimation. The analysis of the results highlighted the usefulness of some mRNAs, such as β-actin and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA, especially in short time frames, within a few hours or days of death. The matrices on which these analyses were conducted were also analyzed, resulting in less exposure to the external environment, including the heart, brain, and dental pulp. The major limitations were also reported, including the short time intervals analyzed in most of the articles, the lack of mathematical models, and the failure to report the error rate between the mRNA degradation time and PMI. Given the still small number of published articles, the lack of globally recognized standardized methods, and the numerous techniques used to evaluate the mRNA degradation times, numerous and larger studies are still necessary to reach more solid and shared evidence.
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- 2024
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6. Piezo 1 and Piezo 2 in the Chemosensory Organs of Zebrafish ( Danio rerio ).
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Aragona M, Mhalhel K, Cometa M, Franco GA, Montalbano G, Guerrera MC, Levanti M, Laurà R, Abbate F, Vega JA, and Germanà A
- Subjects
- Animals, Taste Buds metabolism, Calbindin 2 metabolism, Olfactory Mucosa metabolism, Zebrafish metabolism, Zebrafish Proteins metabolism, Zebrafish Proteins genetics, Ion Channels metabolism, Ion Channels genetics
- Abstract
The ion channels Piezo 1 and Piezo 2 have been identified as membrane mechano-proteins. Studying mechanosensitive channels in chemosensory organs could help in understanding the mechanisms by which these channels operate, offering new therapeutic targets for various disorders. This study investigates the expression patterns of Piezo proteins in zebrafish chemosensory organs. For the first time, Piezo protein expression in adult zebrafish chemosensory organs is reported. In the olfactory epithelium, Piezo 1 immunolabels kappe neurons, microvillous cells, and crypt neurons, while Calretinin is expressed in ciliated sensory cells. The lack of overlap between Piezo 1 and Calretinin confirms Piezo 1's specificity for kappe neurons, microvillous cells, and crypt neurons. Piezo 2 shows intense immunoreactivity in kappe neurons, one-ciliated sensory cells, and multi-ciliated sensory cells, with overlapping Calretinin expression, indicating its olfactory neuron nature. In taste buds, Piezo 1 immunolabels Merkel-like cells at the bases of cutaneous and pharyngeal taste buds and the light and dark cells of cutaneous and oral taste buds. It also marks the dark cells of pharyngeal taste buds and support cells in oral taste buds. Piezo 2 is found in the light and dark cells of cutaneous and oral taste buds and isolated chemosensory cells. These findings provide new insights into the distribution of Piezo channels in zebrafish chemosensory organs, enhancing our understanding of their sensory processing and potential therapeutic applications.
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- 2024
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7. The odd couple: Caffeine and microplastics. Morphological and physiological changes in Mytilus galloprovincialis.
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Impellitteri F, Briglia M, Porcino C, Stoliar O, Yunko K, Germanà A, Piccione G, Faggio C, and Guerrera MC
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- Animals, Microplastics toxicity, Microplastics metabolism, Plastics metabolism, Plastics pharmacology, Caffeine toxicity, Ecosystem, Mytilus metabolism, Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis, Environmental Pollutants
- Abstract
In recent years, the presence of pharmaceuticals and microplastics (MPs) in aquatic ecosystems has raised concerns about their environmental impact. This study explores the combined effects of caffeine, a common pharmaceutical pollutant, and MPs on the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Caffeine, at concentrations of 20.0 μg L
-1 , and MPs (1 mg L-1 , 35-50 μm size range), was used to mimic real-world exposure scenarios. Two hundred M. galloprovincialis specimens were divided into four groups: caffeine, MPs, Mix (caffeine + MPs), and Control. After a two-week acclimation period, the mollusks were subjected to these pollutants in oxygen-aerated aquariums under controlled conditions for 14 days. Histopathological assessments were performed to evaluate gill morphology. Cellular volume regulation and digestive gland cell viability were also analyzed. Exposure to caffeine and MPs induced significant morphological changes in M. galloprovincialis gills, including cilia loss, ciliary disk damage, and cellular alterations. The chitinous rod supporting filaments also suffered damage, potentially due to MP interactions, leading to hemocyte infiltration and filament integrity compromise. Hemocytic aggregation suggested an inflammatory response to caffeine. In addition, viability assessments of digestive gland cells revealed potential damage to cell membranes and function, with impaired cell volume regulation, particularly in the Mix group, raising concerns about nutrient metabolism disruption and organ function compromise. These findings underscore the vulnerability of M. galloprovincialis to environmental pollutants and emphasize the need for monitoring and mitigation efforts. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The synergy of caffeine and microplastics (MPs) in aquatic ecosystems warrants investigation. MPs and caffeine could affect gill morphology of Mytilus galloprovincialis. Caffeine-exposed cells had lower viability than the control group in the NR retention test. MPs and mix-exposed cells struggled to recover their volume., (© 2024 The Authors. Microscopy Research and Technique published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)- Published
- 2024
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8. Neurotrophins and Trk Neurotrophin Receptors in the Retina of Adult Killifish ( Nothobranchius guentheri ).
- Author
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Porcino C, Mhalhel K, Briglia M, Cometa M, Guerrera MC, Germanà PG, Montalbano G, Levanti M, Laurà R, Abbate F, Germanà A, and Aragona M
- Subjects
- Humans, Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases physiology, Retina metabolism, Receptor, trkA, Neurotrophin 3, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor metabolism, Nerve Growth Factors metabolism, Killifishes
- Abstract
Specific subpopulations of neurons in nerve and sensory systems must be developed and maintained, and this is accomplished in significant part by neurotrophins (NTs) and the signaling receptors on which they act, called tyrosine protein kinase receptors (Trks). The neurotrophins-tyrosine protein kinase receptors (NTs/Trks) system is involved in sensory organ regulation, including the visual system. An NTs/Trks system alteration is associated with neurodegeneration related to aging and diseases, including retinal pathologies. An emergent model in the field of translational medicine, for instance, in aging study, is the annual killifish belonging to the Nothobranchius genus, thanks to its short lifespan. Members of this genus, such as Nothobranchius guentheri , and humans share a similar retinal stratigraphy. Nevertheless, according to the authors' knowledge, the occurrence and distribution of the NTs/Trks system in the retina of N. guentheri has never been investigated before. Therefore, the present study aimed to localize neurotrophin BDNF, NGF, and NT-3 and TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC receptors in the N. guentheri retina using the immunofluorescence method. The present investigation demonstrates, for the first time, the occurrence of the NTs/Trks system in N. guentheri retina and, consequently, the potential key role of these proteins in the biology and survival of the retinal cells.
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- 2024
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9. Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy Post-Mortem Assessment: A Systematic Review.
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Cianci V, Forzese E, Sapienza D, Cianci A, Ieni A, Germanà A, Guerrera MC, Omero F, Speranza D, Cracò A, Asmundo A, Gualniera P, and Mondello C
- Subjects
- Humans, Death, Sudden, Cardiac pathology, Death, Sudden, Cardiac etiology, Myocardium pathology, Heart Ventricles pathology, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia genetics, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia pathology, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia diagnosis, Autopsy
- Abstract
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a genetic disorder characterized by the progressive fibro-fatty replacement of the right ventricular myocardium, leading to myocardial atrophy. Although the structural changes usually affect the right ventricle, the pathology may also manifest with either isolated left ventricular myocardium or biventricular involvement. As ARVC shows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with variable penetrance, the clinical presentation of the disease is highly heterogeneous, with different degrees of severity and patterns of myocardial involvement even in patients of the same familiar group with the same gene mutation: the pathology spectrum ranges from the absence of symptoms to sudden cardiac death (SCD) sustained by ventricular arrhythmias, which may, in some cases, be the first manifestation of an otherwise silent pathology. An evidence-based systematic review of the literature was conducted to evaluate the state of the art of the diagnostic techniques for the correct post-mortem identification of ARVC. The research was performed using the electronic databases PubMed and Scopus. A methodological approach to reach a correct post-mortem diagnosis of ARVC was described, analyzing the main post-mortem peculiar macroscopic, microscopic and radiological alterations. In addition, the importance of performing post-mortem genetic tests has been underlined, which may lead to the correct identification and characterization of the disease, especially in those ARVC forms where anatomopathological investigation does not show evident morphostructural damage. Furthermore, the usefulness of genetic testing is not exclusively limited to the correct diagnosis of the pathology, but is essential for promoting targeted screening programs to the deceased's family members. Nowadays, the post-mortem diagnosis of ARVC performed by forensic pathologist remains very challenging: therefore, the identification of a clear methodological approach may lead to both a reduction in under-diagnoses and to the improvement of knowledge on the disease.
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- 2024
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10. Skeletal Morphogenesis and Anomalies in Gilthead Seabream: A Comprehensive Review.
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Mhalhel K, Levanti M, Abbate F, Laurà R, Guerrera MC, Aragona M, Porcino C, Pansera L, Sicari M, Cometa M, Briglia M, Germanà A, and Montalbano G
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- Animals, Aquaculture methods, Morphogenesis, Sea Bream genetics
- Abstract
The gilthead seabream, one of the most important species in Mediterranean aquaculture, with an increasing status of exploitation in terms of production volume and aquafarming technologies, has become an important research topic over the years. The accumulation of knowledge from several studies conducted during recent decades on their functional and biological characteristics has significantly improved their aquacultural aspects, namely their reproductive success, survival, and growth. Despite the remarkable progress in the aquaculture industry, hatchery conditions are still far from ideal, resulting in frequent abnormalities at the beginning of intensive culture, entailing significant economic losses. Those deformities are induced during the embryonic and post-embryonic periods of life, and their development is still poorly understood. In the present review, we created a comprehensive synthesis that covers the various aspects of skeletal morphogenesis and anomalies in the gilthead seabream, highlighting the genetic, environmental, and nutritional factors contributing to bone deformities and emphasized the potential of the gilthead seabream as a model organism for understanding bone morphogenesis in both aquaculture and translational biological research. This review article addresses the existing lack in the literature regarding gilthead seabream bone deformities, as there are currently no comprehensive reviews on this subject.
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- 2023
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11. Vimentin Localization in the Zebrafish Oral Cavity: A Potential Role in Taste Buds Regeneration.
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Aragona M, Porcino C, Briglia M, Mhalhel K, Abbate F, Levanti M, Montalbano G, Laurà R, Lauriano ER, Germanà A, and Guerrera MC
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- Animals, Calbindin 2 metabolism, Ubiquitins metabolism, Zebrafish metabolism, Taste Buds metabolism, Vimentin metabolism
- Abstract
The morphology of the oral cavity of fish is related to their feeding habits. In this context, taste buds are studied for their ability to catch chemical stimuli and their cell renewal capacity. Vimentin RV202 is a protein employed as a marker for mesenchymal cells that can differentiate along different lineages and to self-renew, while Calretinin N-18 is employed as a marker of sensory cells, and ubiquitin is a protein crucial for guiding the fate of stem cells throughout development. In this study, a surface morphology investigation and an immunohistochemical analysis have been conducted. The results of the present study reveal, for the first time, the presence of Vimentin RV202 in a taste bud cell population of zebrafish. Some taste bud cells are just Vimentin RV202-immunoreactive, while in other cells Vimentin RV202 and Calretinin N-18 colocalize. Some taste buds are just reactive to Calretinin N-18. Vimentin RV202-immunoreactive cells have been observed in the connective layer and in the basal portion of the taste buds. The immunoreactivity of ubiquitin was restricted to sensory cells. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of Vimentin RV202 in the maturation of taste bud cells, its potential involvement in the regeneration of these chemosensory organs, and its eventual synergic work with ubiquitin.
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- 2023
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12. Localization of Calretinin, Parvalbumin, and S100 Protein in Nothobranchius guentheri Retina: A Suitable Model for the Retina Aging.
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Aragona M, Briglia M, Porcino C, Mhalhel K, Cometa M, Germanà PG, Montalbano G, Levanti M, Laurà R, Abbate F, Germanà A, and Guerrera MC
- Abstract
Calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs) are members of a heterogeneous family of proteins able to buffer intracellular Ca
2+ ion concentration. CaBPs are expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system, including a subpopulation of retinal neurons. Since neurons expressing different CaBPs show different susceptibility to degeneration, it could be hypothesized that they are not just markers of different neuronal subpopulations, but that they might be crucial in survival. CaBPs' ability to buffer Ca2+ cytoplasmatic concentration makes them able to defend against a toxic increase in intracellular calcium that can lead to neurodegenerative processes, including those related to aging. An emergent model for aging studies is the annual killifish belonging to the Nothobranchius genus, thanks to its short lifespan. Members of this genus, such as Nothobranchius guentheri , show a retinal stratigraphy similar to that of other actinopterygian fishes and humans. However, according to our knowledge, CaBPs' occurrence and distribution in the retina of N. guentheri have never been investigated before. Therefore, the present study aimed to localize Calretinin N-18, Parvalbumin, and S100 protein (S100p) in the N. guentheri retina with immunohistochemistry methods. The results of the present investigation demonstrate for the first time the occurrence of Calretinin N-18, Parvalbumin, and S100p in N. guentheri retina and, consequently, the potential key role of these CaBPs in the biology of the retinal cells. Hence, the suitability of N. guentheri as a model to study the changes in CaBPs' expression patterns during neurodegenerative processes affecting the retina related both to disease and aging can be assumed.- Published
- 2023
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13. Nothobranchius as a model for anorexia of aging research: an evolutionary, anatomical, histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular study.
- Author
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Mhalhel K, Briglia M, Aragona M, Porcino C, Abbate F, Guerrera MC, Laurà R, Krichen Y, Guerbej H, Germanà A, Levanti M, and Montalbano G
- Subjects
- Humans, Animals, Rats, Aged, Cholecystokinin, Appetite physiology, Aging physiology, Anorexia, Geroscience
- Abstract
Background: Anorexia of aging, defined as a decrease in appetite and a preponderant loss of body weight occurring in late life, is one of the most common diseases affecting older people. The peptide hormone cholecystokinin (Cck) is known to play a key role in regulating food intake and satiety in higher vertebrates. In humans as well as in rats, an increased concentration of Cck was described as the basis of appetite loss in elderly. However, the role of increased plasma Cck concentrations in mediating the age-related decrease in appetite remains to be established. Although in vitro studies are an excellent resource for investigating aging, the use of a model organism that shares and imitates the human physiological processes guarantees a better understanding of the in vivo mechanisms. African annual fishes from the genus Nothobranchius are emerging as a prominent model organism in biogerontology and developmental biology due to their short captive lifespan. Therefore, in the current study, we aimed to investigate the possibility of using the genus Nothobranchius to model the anorexia of aging and their potential contribution to better understanding the pathway by which Cck induce appetite loss in older people providing a comparative/evolutionary localization of the current study model among the aging canonicals models, the morphology of its gastrointestinal tract and its Cck expression pattern., Methods: The comparative/evolutionary investigation was conducted using the NCBI blastp (protein-protein BLAST) and NCBI Tree Viewer. The macroscopic morphology, histological features, ultrastructural organization of Nothobranchius rachovii gastrointestinal tract were investigated using stereomicroscope, Masson's trichrome and alcian blue-PAS staining, and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The cck expression pattern was studied through immunofluorescence labeling, western blotting, and quantitative RT-PCR., Results: The intestine was folded into different segments divided into an anterior intestine made of a rostral intestinal bulb and an intestinal annex of lower diameter, mid and posterior intestine. The gradual transition from the rostral intestinal bulb to the posterior intestine sections's epithelium is characterized by a gradual reduction in the striated muscular bundles, villi height, and goblet mucous cells count. The lining epithelium of the intestinal villi was characterized by a typical brush border enterocytes full of mitochondria. Moreover, Cck expression was detected in scattered intraepithelial cells concentrated in the anterior tract of the intestine., Conclusions: Our study introduces Nothobranchius rachovii as a model for anorexia of aging, giving the first bases on the gastrointestinal tract morphology and cck expression pattern. Future studies on young and elderly Notobranchius can divulge the contribution of cck in the mechanisms of anorexia associated with aging., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)
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- 2023
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14. The gas bladder of Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829).
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Icardo JM, Alesci A, Kuciel M, Zuwala K, Guerrera MC, and Zaccone G
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- Animals, Fishes anatomy & histology, Cancellous Bone, Pharynx, Urinary Bladder, Spine anatomy & histology
- Abstract
This work reports on the structural characteristics of the respiratory gas bladder of the osteoglossiform fish Heterotis niloticus. The bladder-vertebrae relationships are also analyzed. A slit-shaped orifice in the mediodorsal pharyngeal wall is surrounded by a muscle sphincter and serves as a glottis-like opening to the gas bladder. The dorsolateral internal surface of the gas bladder is lined by a parenchyma of highly vascularized trabeculae and septa displaying an alveolar-like structure. The trabeculae contain, in addition to vessels, numerous eosinophils probably involved in immune responses. The air spaces are endowed with a thin exchange barrier indicating a good potential for respiratory gas exchange. The ventral wall of the gas bladder is a well-vascularized membrane that exhibits an exchange barrier in the luminal face and an inner structure dominated by the presence of a layer of richly innervated smooth muscle. This is suggestive of an autonomous adjustability of the gas bladder ventral wall. The trunk vertebrae show large transverse processes (parapophyses) and numerous surface openings that lead into intravertebral spaces that become invaded by the bladder parenchyma. Curiously, the caudal vertebrae show a regular teleost morphology with neural and hemal arches, but have similar surface openings and intravertebral pneumatic spaces. The African Arowana hence rivals the freshwater butterfly fish Pantodon in its exceptional role of displaying postcranial skeletal pneumaticity outside of Archosauria. The possible significance of these findings is discussed., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Morphology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)
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- 2023
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15. Correction to: Effects of heavy pollution in different water bodies on male rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reproductive health.
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Bhat RA, Saoca C, Cravana C, Fazio F, Guerrera MC, Labh SN, and Kesbiç OS
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- 2023
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16. Effects of heavy pollution in different water bodies on male rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reproductive health.
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Bhat RA, Saoca C, Cravana C, Fazio F, Guerrera MC, Labh SN, and Kesbiç OS
- Subjects
- Male, Animals, Reproductive Health, Semen, Water, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Metals, Heavy
- Abstract
This research aimed to investigate the influence of heavy metals on the reproductive health of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) captured from two locations, Verinag (S1) and Panzath (S2). Sixty (n. 60) mature rainbow trout samples (30 from each site) with body weights ranging from 400 to 650 g were collected from Verinag hatchery, which was less polluted (S1), and Panzath hatchery, which was more polluted (S2). The findings revealed significant differences between the two sites, S1 (less polluted) and S2 (more polluted), as well as significant variations within the tissues. Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn) were found to be highest in sampling water as well as in fish tissues sampled from S2 sites. Similarly, concerning S1 captured fishes, histopathological examination of testes from S2 captured fish was found. Testicular abnormalities that included disorganization of the seminiferous tubules, reduction in the number of germ cells (sperm cells, spermatozoa), vacuolization, and large empty areas in the seminiferous epithelium were found. In testicular cells, the frequency of apoptotic cells collected from S2 water increased significantly (P < 0.05). SOD, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity increased in S1 captured fishes but decreased in S2 captured fishes. MDA levels gradually increased in S2 captured fish, and the degree of heavy metal stress was positively correlated (P < 0.05). In male rainbow trout, testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone levels increased substantially in S1 captured fishes. While the fatty acids of testes in S2 fishes decreased with respect to S1 fishes. In conclusion, S2 captured fish suffered more damage due to heavy metals including cellular damage, apoptosis, oxidative damage, and altered steroid hormones when compared to fish from S1 waters., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
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- 2023
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17. Immunohistochemistry of the Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) in African Bonytongue ( Heterotis niloticus, Cuvier 1829).
- Author
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Lauriano ER, Alesci A, Aragona M, Pergolizzi S, Miller A, Zuwala K, Kuciel M, Zaccone G, Germanà A, and Guerrera MC
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- Animals, Immunohistochemistry, Fishes, Lymphoid Tissue, Mammals, Intestinal Mucosa, Intestines
- Abstract
Heterotis niloticus is a basal teleost, belonging to the Osteoglossidae family, which is widespread in many parts of Africa. The digestive tract of H. niloticus presents similar characteristics to those of higher vertebrates, exhibiting a gizzard-like stomach and lymphoid aggregates in the intestinal lamina propria. The adaptive immune system of teleost fish is linked with each of their mucosal body surfaces. In fish, the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is generally a diffuse immune system that represents an important line of defense against those pathogens inhabiting the external environment that can enter through food. The GALT comprises intraepithelial lymphocytes, which reside in the epithelial layer, and lamina propria leukocytes, which consist of lymphocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, and dendritic-like cells. This study aims to characterize, for the first time, the leukocytes present in the GALT of H. niloticus, by confocal immuno- fluorescence techniques, using specific antibodies: toll-like receptor 2, major histocompatibility complex class II, S100 protein, serotonin, CD4, langerin, and inducible nitric oxide synthetase. Our results show massive aggregates of immune cells in the thickness of the submucosa, arranged in circumscribed oval-shaped structures that are morphologically similar to the isolated lymphoid follicles present in birds and mammals, thus expanding our knowledge about the intestinal immunity shown by this fish., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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- 2023
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18. Potential Neuroprotective Role of Calretinin-N18 and Calbindin-D28k in the Retina of Adult Zebrafish Exposed to Different Wavelength Lights.
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Porcino C, Briglia M, Aragona M, Mhalhel K, Laurà R, Levanti M, Abbate F, Montalbano G, Germanà G, Lauriano ER, Meduri A, Vega JA, Germanà A, and Guerrera MC
- Subjects
- Animals, Calbindin 1, Calbindin 2, Calbindins, Retina metabolism, Zebrafish metabolism, S100 Calcium Binding Protein G metabolism
- Abstract
The incidence rates of light-induced retinopathies have increased significantly in the last decades because of continuous exposure to light from different electronic devices. Recent studies showed that exposure to blue light had been related to the pathogenesis of light-induced retinopathies. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying changes induced by light exposure are not fully known yet. In the present study, the effects of exposure to light at different wavelengths with emission peaks in the blue light range (400-500 nm) on the localization of Calretinin-N18 (CaR-N18) and Calbindin-D28K (CaB-D28K) in adult zebrafish retina are studied using double immunofluorescence with confocal laser microscopy. CaB-D28K and CaR-N18 are two homologous cytosolic calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs) implicated in essential process regulation in central and peripheral nervous systems. CaB-D28K and CaR-N18 distributions are investigated to elucidate their potential role in maintaining retinal homeostasis under distinct light conditions and darkness. The results showed that light influences CaB-D28K and CaR-N18 distribution in the retina of adult zebrafish, suggesting that these CaBPs could be involved in the pathophysiology of retinal damage induced by the short-wavelength visible light spectrum.
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- 2023
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19. Toxic effect of heavy metals on ovarian deformities, apoptotic changes, oxidative stress, and steroid hormones in rainbow trout.
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Bhat RA, Bakhshalizadeh S, Guerrera MC, Kesbiç OS, and Fazio F
- Subjects
- Animals, Hormones, Steroids, Oxidative Stress, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Metals, Heavy toxicity
- Abstract
Background: As is well known, the pollution in the aquatic environment in which fish grow has a direct impact on aquaculture practices. Pollution in aquatic systems because of multiple adverse effects on fish metabolic processes, especially the reproductive systems., Aim: The goal of this study was to assess the severity of pollution impact in two different hatcheries, Verinag hatchery, Site 1 (S1) and Panzath hatchery, Site 2 (S2) in Anantnag region, using histopathological, ultrastructural, oxidative stress, genotoxic, and hormonal analysis in rainbow trout gonad (ovary). M&M: Fish were collected between May 2018 and April 2019 from two locations, Verinag hatchery (S1) and Panzath hatchery (S2), which were affected by heavy metals., Results: The histological and ultrastructural examination of rainbow trout ovaries from the Verinag hatchery (S1) revealed normal structure in growing oocytes in rainbow trout at various stages based on morphological features while the fish ovaries in the Panzath hatchery (S2) showed various deformities and irregularly shaped oocytes. The surfaces of some of these oocytes were wrinkled, rough, or distorted. Apoptotic studies revealed that the frequency of apoptotic cells collected from S2 water was significantly increased in ovarian cells (P < 0.05). The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were found to be increased in fish collected from S1 but decreased in fish collected from S2. In S2 caught fish, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were found to increase gradually, and the degree of heavy metal stress was positively correlated (p < 0.05). The comet assay was used to determine the induction of DNA damage in ovarian cells. The induction of DNA damage was found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in S2 fish specimens compared to fish from S1. On comparing the DNA damage of the rainbow trout from the two sampling sites, it was revealed that the fish is much more sensitive to aquatic contaminants. Regarding steroid hormones, higher levels of progesterone and estrogen were reported in the fish samples collected from S1 as compared to S2 captured fish., Conclusion: In conclusion, the comparative study of fish from two different sites viz. Verinag hatchery (S1) and Panzath hatchery (S2) revealed that S2 sampled fish suffered more heavy metal damage, including cellular deformities, apoptosis, oxidative damage, and altered steroid hormones., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest statement The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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20. Effects of Tomato Paste By-Product Extract on Growth Performance and Blood Parameters in Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio ).
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Kesbiç OS, Acar Ü, Hassaan MS, Yılmaz S, Guerrera MC, and Fazio F
- Abstract
This research examined different growth performances and blood parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) consuming diets supplemented with tomato paste by-product extract (TPE). Five diets with different concentrations of TPEs, 0% (TPE0) 0.5% (TPE0.5), 1% (TPE1), 2% (TPE2), and 5% (TPE5) were supplied to 300 common carp (8.38 ± 0.18 g) (60 fish per group) each day during the 60-day feeding trial. The relative and specific growth rates of fish-fed supplemental diets increased significantly, while the feed conversion ratio significantly decreased (p < 0.05). TPE considerably increased the erythrocyte count (RBC), hemoglobin content (Hb), and hematocrit (Hct) (p < 0.05), according to hematological analyses of blood samples collected after the feeding experiment. The blood biochemical findings indicate that using 1% or more extracts considerably reduced the serum glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride ratios while significantly increasing the total protein, albumin, and globulin ratios in common carp (p < 0.05). Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that the 2% extract generated from tomato paste by-products in common carp diets could be utilized as a growth-promoting product without any negative effects on blood parameters linked to feeding in carp.
- Published
- 2022
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21. Expression of Antimicrobic Peptide Piscidin1 in Gills Mast Cells of Giant Mudskipper Periophthalmodon schlosseri (Pallas, 1770).
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Alesci A, Capillo G, Mokhtar DM, Fumia A, D'Angelo R, Lo Cascio P, Albano M, Guerrera MC, Sayed RKA, Spanò N, Pergolizzi S, and Lauriano ER
- Subjects
- Animals, Mast Cells, Serotonin metabolism, Fishes metabolism, Peptides metabolism, Gills metabolism, Perciformes metabolism
- Abstract
The amphibious teleost Giant mudskipper ( Periophthalmodon schlosseri , Pallas 1770) inhabit muddy plains and Asian mangrove forests. It spends more than 90% of its life outside of the water, using its skin, gills, and buccal-pharyngeal cavity mucosa to breathe in oxygen from the surrounding air. All vertebrates have been found to have mast cells (MCs), which are part of the innate immune system. These cells are mostly found in the mucous membranes of the organs that come in contact with the outside environment. According to their morphology, MCs have distinctive cytoplasmic granules that are released during the degranulation process. Additionally, these cells have antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that fight a variety of infections. Piscidins, hepcidins, defensins, cathelicidins, and histonic peptides are examples of fish AMPs. Confocal microscopy was used in this study to assess Piscidin1 expression in Giant Mudskipper branchial MCs. Our results demonstrated the presence of MCs in the gills is highly positive for Piscidin1. Additionally, colocalized MCs labeled with TLR2/5-HT and Piscidin1/5-HT supported our data. The expression of Piscidin1 in giant mudskipper MCs highlights the involvement of this peptide in the orchestration of teleost immunity, advancing the knowledge of the defense system of this fish.
- Published
- 2022
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22. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of the immune cell system and epithelial surfaces of the respiratory organs in the bimodally breathing African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822).
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Maina JN, Icardo JM, Zaccone G, Aragona M, Lauriano ER, Alesci A, Albano M, Guerrera MC, Germana A, Fernandes JMO, Kiron V, and Capillo G
- Subjects
- Acetylcholine metabolism, Animals, Cholinergic Agents metabolism, Cytokines metabolism, Neurotransmitter Agents metabolism, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I metabolism, Serotonin metabolism, Catfishes metabolism, Receptors, Nicotinic metabolism
- Abstract
Acetylcholine (Ach) represents the old neurotransmitter in central and peripheral nervous system. Its muscarinic and nicotinic receptors (mAChRs and nAChRs) constitute an independent cholinergic system that is found in immune cells and play a key role in the regulation of the immune function and cytokine production. Gas exchanging surfaces of the gills and air-breathing organs (ABOs) of the sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus were investigated using ultrastructural and confocal immunofluorescence techniques. This study was predominantly focused on the structure of the immune cell types, the expression of their neurotransmitters, including the antimicrobial peptide piscidin 1, and the functional significance of respiratory gas exchange epithelia. A network of immune cells (monocytes, eosinophils, and mast cells) was observed in the gill and the ABO epithelia. Eosinophils containing 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) immunoreactivity were seen in close association with mast cells expressing acetylcholine (Ach), 5-HT, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and piscidin 1. A rich and dense cholinergic innervation dispersing across the islet capillaries of the gas exchange barrier and the localization of Ach in the squamous pavement cells covering the capillaries were evidenced byVAChT antibodies. We report for the first time that piscidin 1 (Pis 1)-positive mast cells interact with Pis 1-positive nerves found in the epithelia of the respiratory organs. Pis 1 immunoreactivity was also observed in the covering respiratory epithelium of the ABOs and associated with a role in local mucosal immune defense. The above results anticipate future studies on the neuro-immune interactions at mucosal barrier surfaces, like the gill and the skin of fish, areas densely populated by different immune cells and sensory nerves that constantly sense and adapt to tissue-specific environmental challenges., (© 2022 American Association for Anatomy.)
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- 2022
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23. Identification of haemocytes and histological examination of gills of the spiny oyster Spondylus gaederopus (Linnaeus, 1758).
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Fabrello J, Pagano M, Arrigo F, Ciscato M, Boldrin F, Giacobbe S, Porcino C, Briglia M, Guerrera MC, Germanà A, Faggio C, and Matozzo V
- Subjects
- Acid Phosphatase, Alkaline Phosphatase, Animals, Arylsulfatases, Environmental Biomarkers, Gills, Glucuronidase, Glycogen, Hemocytes, Phagocytosis, Superoxides, Bivalvia physiology, Ostreidae
- Abstract
In the framework of investigations aimed to detect new available bioindicators in marine environment, haemolymph cells and ctenidia of the Mediterranean spiny oyster, Spondylus gaederopus, have been investigated. Haemocyte count and characterisation, phagocytosis and superoxide anion production and enzyme activity assays, have been carried out. TEM observations have been performed. After gross anatomy observations, cito-histological determinations have been carried out, especially focused on ctenidia structure and function. Main results concerned the relatively low number of circulating cells, and the rich in granules granulocytes, most of which were lysosomes. Release of lysosomal enzymes was confirmed a shared trait inside bivalves. Glycogen deposits as probable result of conversion of bacteria carbohydrates, have been detected, as well as the occurrence of both acidophilic and basophilic haemocytes. Phagocytosis, both in granulocytes and agranulocytes, has been recorded, together with the production of superoxide anion. Haemocytes were found positive to acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, β-glucuronidase, chloroacetylesterase and arylsulphatase. Ctenidia showed a complex organization, including two demibranch to each ctenidium, two different kinds of lamellae filament and specialized structures as ciliated disks connecting filaments in "eutherorhabdic ctenidia". The occurrence of three different types of mucous cells in the same region of ordinary filaments has been underlined. Such features, suggesting high resistance to environmental stress and disease, allow to consider spiny oysters as promising bioindicators, although deserving of further investigations to evaluate the physiological responses to stress in controlled conditions. Present data, moreover, providing basic information on the biology of S. gaederopus, notably implement the present knowledge on the Mediterranean spiny oysters, whose under-evaluated ecological role should be carefully considered., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
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- 2022
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24. Gill structure and neurochemical markers in the African bonytongue (Heterotis niloticus): A preliminary study.
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Zaccone G, Capillo G, Aragona M, Alesci A, Cupello C, Lauriano ER, Guerrera MC, Kuciel M, Zuwala K, Germana A, and Icardo JM
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- Animals, Biomarkers, Hypoxia, Nitric Oxide Synthase metabolism, Oxygen metabolism, Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins, Fishes metabolism, Gills physiology
- Abstract
We have conducted a morphological and immunohistochemical study of the gills of juvenile specimens of the obligate air-breathing fish Heterotis niloticus. The study has been performed under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The gills showed a reduced respiratory surface area by development of an interlamellar cellular mass (ILCM). The ILCM persisted without changes under both normoxia and hypoxia. Neuroepithelial cells (NECs), the major oxygen and hypoxia sensing cell type, were located in the distal end of the gill filaments and along the ILCM edges. These cells expressed 5HT, the neuronal isoform of the nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). Furthermore, NECs appeared associated with nitrergic nerve fibres. The O2 levels did not modify the location, number or the immunohistochemical characteristics of NECs. Pavement cells covering the ILCM were also positive to nNOS and VAChT. The mechanisms of O
2 sensing in the gills of Heterotis appears to involve several cell populations, the release of multiple neurotransmitters and a diversity of excitatory, inhibitory and modulatory mechanisms., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2022
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25. Histological and immunohistochemical study of gilthead seabream tongue from the early stage of development: TRPV4 potential roles.
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Mhalhel K, Montalbano G, Giurdanella G, Abbate F, Laurà R, Guerrera MC, Germanà A, and Levanti M
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- Animals, TRPV Cation Channels metabolism, Zebrafish metabolism, Tongue, Zebrafish Proteins metabolism, Sea Bream metabolism, Taste Buds metabolism
- Abstract
Background: Taste buds, the morphofunctional units for taste perception, transduce gustatory stimuli using G protein-coupled receptors and a complex arrangement of ion channels, among which TRPV4, a member of the TRP superfamily. Studies on taste buds development on gilthead seabream are unknown, and the TRPV4 expression on fish taste cells studies were conducted only on zebrafish., Methods: In our study, we have investigated the histological features of the gilthead seabream tongue dorsal surface from the earliest stage of development using Masson trichrome with aniline blue staining. Additionally, the TRPV4 expression pattern was studied by means of immunohistochemical labeling and quantitative RT-PCR., Results: We have recorded for the first time on gilthead seabream lingual dorsal surface the presence of, stage-specific, three types of taste buds: type I, type II and type III in larvae, juveniles and adults respectively. At 40 days post-hatching, taste buds were mature-looking. TRPV4 expression was detected in a subpopulation of taste cells of larvae, juveniles, and adults. Furthermore, TRPV4 was expressed in the basal epithelial cells of the tongue at the larvae and juvenile stage, while this expression pattern was more diffused within all the epithelial cell layers in the adult., Conclusion: Our findings presume a taste sensory role of TRPV4 in the three stage-specific taste buds and oral epithelia of gilthead seabream. In addition to its sensory role on the epithelial cell layers, we hypothesize that TRPV4 is implicated in epithelial cells differentiation and membrane protection., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
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26. The Alimentary Tract of African Bony-Tongue, Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829): Morphology Study.
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Guerrera MC, Aragona M, Briglia M, Porcino C, Mhalhel K, Cometa M, Abbate F, Montalbano G, Laurà R, Levanti M, Germanà G, Zaccone G, Zuwala K, Kuciel M, and Germanà A
- Abstract
A morphological study of the alimentary tract, from the oropharyngeal cavity to the rectum, including the attached glands, of African bony-tongue, Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829) was carried out by gross anatomy, and light microscope analysis. This study aimed to give a deeper knowledge of the alimentary tract morphological features of this species of commercial interest. H. niloticus is distinguished by individual morphological characteristics showing a digestive tract similar to that of reptiles and birds. Within the oropharyngeal cavity, two tubular structures with digitiform ends are arranged on both lateral sides of the triangular tongue. The oropharyngeal cavity connects the stomach by a short esophagus. This latter is adapted to mechanical trituration, and it is divided into a pars glandularis and a thick-walled pars muscularis. The gizzard flows into the anterior intestine and two blind pyloric appendages, which exhibit specific functions, including immune defense for the presence of secondary lymphoid organs. The anterior intestine continues with the middle and posterior tracts up into the rectum. According to the histological observations, all regions of the alimentary tract have common structural features, typical of hollow organs, with differences in the mucosa structure that reflects the different functions of the apparatus, from mouth to anus. Within this study, we provided the first basis for future studies on optimizing rearing conditions, feed conversion ratio, and the digestive capacity, improving the growth performance of this species, and ensuring its conservation.
- Published
- 2022
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27. Localization of BDNF and Calretinin in Olfactory Epithelium and Taste Buds of Zebrafish ( Danio rerio ).
- Author
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Aragona M, Porcino C, Guerrera MC, Montalbano G, Laurà R, Levanti M, Abbate F, Cobo T, Capitelli G, Calapai F, Vega JA, and Germanà A
- Subjects
- Animals, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor metabolism, Calbindin 2 metabolism, Larva metabolism, Mammals metabolism, Olfactory Mucosa metabolism, S100 Proteins metabolism, Zebrafish metabolism, Taste Buds metabolism
- Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a member of the neurotrophin family and it is involved in several fundamental functions in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and in sensory organs. BDNF regulates the chemosensory systems of mammals and is consistently expressed in those organs. In zebrafish, the key role of BDNF in the biology of the hair cells of the inner ear and lateral line system has recently been demonstrated. However, only some information is available about its occurrence in the olfactory epithelium, taste buds, and cutaneous isolated chemosensory cells. Therefore, this study was undertaken to analyze the involvement of BDNF in the chemosensory organs of zebrafish during the larval and adult stages. To identify cells displaying BDNF, we compared the cellular pattern of BDNF-displaying cells with those immunoreactive for calretinin and S100 protein. Our results demonstrate the localization of BDNF in the sensory part of the olfactory epithelium, mainly in the ciliated olfactory sensory neurons in larvae and adult zebrafish. Intense immunoreaction for BDNF was also observed in the chemosensory cells of oral and cutaneous taste buds. Moreover, a subpopulation of olfactory sensory neurons and chemosensory cells of olfactory rosette and taste bud, respectively, showed marked immunopositivity for calcium-binding protein S100 and calretinin. These results demonstrate the possible role of BDNF in the development and maintenance of olfactory sensory neurons and sensory cells in the olfactory epithelium and taste organs of zebrafish during all stages of development.
- Published
- 2022
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28. The BDNF/TrkB Neurotrophin System in the Sensory Organs of Zebrafish.
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Aragona M, Porcino C, Guerrera MC, Montalbano G, Laurà R, Cometa M, Levanti M, Abbate F, Cobo T, Capitelli G, Vega JA, and Germanà A
- Subjects
- Animals, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Neurotrophin 3, Receptor, trkB, Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor genetics, Zebrafish, Ear, Inner, Taste Buds
- Abstract
The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was discovered in the last century, and identified as a member of the neurotrophin family. BDNF shares approximately 50% of its amino acid with other neurotrophins such as NGF, NT-3 and NT-4/5, and its linear amino acid sequences in zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) and human are 91% identical. BDNF functions can be mediated by two categories of receptors: p75NTR and Trk. Intriguingly, BDNF receptors were highly conserved in the process of evolution, as were the other NTs' receptors. In this review, we update current knowledge about the distribution and functions of the BDNF-TrkB system in the sensory organs of zebrafish. In fish, particularly in zebrafish, the distribution and functions of BDNF and TrkB in the brain have been widely studied. Both components of the system, associated or segregated, are also present outside the central nervous system, especially in sensory organs including the inner ear, lateral line system, retina, taste buds and olfactory epithelium.
- Published
- 2022
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29. Expression of the Antimicrobial Peptide Piscidin 1 and Neuropeptides in Fish Gill and Skin: A Potential Participation in Neuro-Immune Interaction.
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Zaccone G, Capillo G, Fernandes JMO, Kiron V, Lauriano ER, Alesci A, Lo Cascio P, Guerrera MC, Kuciel M, Zuwala K, Icardo JM, Ishimatsu A, Murata R, Amagai T, Germanà A, and Aragona M
- Subjects
- Animals, Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides immunology, Aquaculture, Fish Proteins immunology, Fishes, Gills metabolism, Humans, Immunity, Innate immunology, Neuropeptides immunology, Skin metabolism, Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides metabolism, Fish Proteins metabolism, Neuropeptides metabolism
- Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are found widespread in nature and possess antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. Due to their multifunctional properties, these peptides are a focus of growing body of interest and have been characterized in several fish species. Due to their similarities in amino-acid composition and amphipathic design, it has been suggested that neuropeptides may be directly involved in the innate immune response against pathogen intruders. In this review, we report the molecular characterization of the fish-specific AMP piscidin1, the production of an antibody raised against this peptide and the immunohistochemical identification of this peptide and enkephalins in the neuroepithelial cells (NECs) in the gill of several teleost fish species living in different habitats. In spite of the abundant literature on Piscidin1, the biological role of this peptide in fish visceral organs remains poorly explored, as well as the role of the neuropeptides in neuroimmune interaction in fish. The NECs, by their role as sensors of hypoxia changes in the external environments, in combination with their endocrine nature and secretion of immunomodulatory substances would influence various types of immune cells that contain piscidin, such as mast cells and eosinophils, both showing interaction with the nervous system. The discovery of piscidins in the gill and skin, their diversity and their role in the regulation of immune response will lead to better selection of these immunomodulatory molecules as drug targets to retain antimicrobial barrier function and for aquaculture therapy in the future.
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- 2022
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30. Morphological characteristics of the blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) tongue: A structural and immunohistochemical study.
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Abbate F, Guerrera MC, Levanti M, Laurà R, Aragona M, Mhalhel K, Montalbano G, and Germanà A
- Subjects
- Animals, Microscopy, Confocal veterinary, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning veterinary, Tongue, Sea Bream, Taste Buds
- Abstract
The blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo, Brünnich, 1768) is an omnivorous, predominantly carnivorous fish. In aquaculture, it is fed with pellets rich in proteins and fat. The morphological and functional aspects of the fish tongue, the feeding modality and the tasting capacity are strictly related. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe by scanning electron, light and confocal laser microscopy, the morphological characteristics of the tongue in this species. It showed an apex, a body and a root. There were rows of teeth on the edges of the mouth and taste pores on all the tongue dorsal surface with folds and furrows. In addition, body and root showed several fungiform-like papillae in the mucosa of the folds, covered by a weakly keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, can be observed. The papillae were innervated by S100 positive fibres. In the apex, a mesenchymal tissue with vimentin positive star-shaped stem cells was evident. The results could give a support for a wider use of the blackspot seabream as a farmed species, considering the morphological data as correlated with the potentiality of food discrimination. This provides a basis for possible applications in feeding strategies. The presence, localization and characteristics of the mesenchymal stem cells, as seen also in previous studies, could represent a further basis for future applications in clinical trials., (© 2021 The Authors. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)
- Published
- 2022
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31. Anti-inflammatory effect of a flavonoid-rich extract of orange juice in adult zebrafish subjected to Vibrio anguillarum -induced enteritis.
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Cirmi S, Randazzo B, Russo C, Musumeci L, Maugeri A, Montalbano G, Guerrera MC, Lombardo GE, and Levanti M
- Subjects
- Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents pharmacology, Flavonoids pharmacology, Plant Extracts pharmacology, Vibrio, Zebrafish, Citrus sinensis, Enteritis chemically induced, Enteritis drug therapy
- Abstract
Inflammation-related pathologies remain a serious health problem with high costs for the community. Citrus flavonoids are known to possess important pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory activity. In this study we evaluated the effects of a flavonoid-rich extract of orange juice (OJe) in an experimental model of enteritis induced by Vibrio anguillarum in adult zebrafish ( Danio rerio ). Administration of V. anguillarum through live feed ( Artemia nauplii) for three consecutive days caused evident signs of enteritis in zebrafish. Three days of treatment with OJe before the pathogenic insult resulted in a remarkable reduction of tissue inflammatory events as well as a molecular down-regulation of the inflammatory genes such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα. Our data suggest that OJe counteracts the inflammation of zebrafish intestinal mucosa, indicating that the pool of flavonoids present in orange juice could be useful for the prevention of enteritis.
- Published
- 2021
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32. Neuroepithelial cells (NECs) and mucous cells express a variety of neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter receptors in the gill and respiratory air-sac of the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Siluriformes, Heteropneustidae): a possible role in local immune defence.
- Author
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Lauriano ER, Capillo G, Icardo JM, Fernandes JMO, Kiron V, Kuciel M, Zuwala K, Guerrera MC, Aragona M, Germana' A, and Zaccone G
- Subjects
- Air Sacs cytology, Animals, Catfishes immunology, Immunity, Cellular, Receptors, Neurotransmitter genetics, Catfishes physiology, Gills cytology, Mucus metabolism, Neuroepithelial Cells metabolism, Neurotransmitter Agents metabolism, Receptors, Neurotransmitter metabolism
- Abstract
Heteropneustes fossilis is an air-breathing teleost inhabiting environments with very poor O
2 conditions, and so it has evolved to cope with hypoxia. In the gills and respiratory air-sac, the sites for O2 sensing and the response to hypoxia rely on the expression of acetylcholine (Ach) acting via its nicotinic receptor (nAChR). This study examined the expression patterns of neuronal markers and some compounds in the NECs of the gills and respiratory air sac having an immunomodulatory function in mammalian lungs. Mucous cells, epithelial cells and neuroepithelial cells (NECs) were immunopositive to a variety of both neuronal markers (VAChT, nAChR, GABA-B-R1 receptor, GAD679) and the antimicrobial peptide piscidin, an evolutionary conserved humoral component of the mucosal immune system in fish. We speculate that Ach release via nAChR from mucous cells may be modulated by GABA production in the NECs and it is required for the induction of mucus production in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The presence of piscidin in mucous cells may act in synergy with the autocrine/paracrine signals of Ach and GABA binding to GABA B R1B receptor that may play a local immunomodulatory function in the mucous epithelia of the gills and the respiratory air sac. The potential role of the NECs in the immunobiological behaviour of the gill/air-sac is at moment a matter of speculation. The extent to which the NECs as such may participate is elusive at this stage and waits investigation., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2021
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33. Localization of Neurotrophin Specific Trk Receptors in Mechanosensory Systems of Killifish ( Nothobranchius guentheri) .
- Author
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Aragona M, Porcino C, Guerrera MC, Montalbano G, Levanti M, Abbate F, Laurà R, and Germanà A
- Subjects
- Animals, Fish Proteins genetics, Fundulidae genetics, Receptor, trkA genetics, Receptor, trkC genetics, Fish Proteins metabolism, Fundulidae metabolism, Lateral Line System metabolism, Mechanotransduction, Cellular, Receptor, trkA metabolism, Receptor, trkC metabolism
- Abstract
Neurotrophins (NTs) and their signal-transducing Trk receptors play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of specific neuronal subpopulations in nervous and sensory systems. NTs are supposed to regulate two sensory systems in fish, the inner ear and the lateral line system (LLS). The latter is one of the major mechanosensory systems in fish. Considering that annual fishes of the genus Nothobranchius , with their short life expectancy, have become a suitable model for aging studies and that the occurrence and distribution of neurotrophin Trk receptors have never been investigated in the inner ear and LLS of killifish ( Nothobranchius guentheri ), our study aimed to investigate the localization of neurotrophin-specific Trk receptors in mechanosensory systems of N. guentheri . For histological and immunohistochemical analysis, adult specimens of N. guentheri were processed using antibodies against Trk receptors and S100 protein. An intense immunoreaction for TrkA and TrkC was found in the sensory cells of the inner ear as well as in the hair cells of LLS. Moreover, also the neurons localized in the acoustic ganglia displayed a specific immunoreaction for all Trk receptors (TrkA, B, and C) analyzed. Taken together, our results demonstrate, for the first time, that neurotrophins and their specific receptors could play a pivotal role in the biology of the sensory cells of the inner ear and LLS of N. guentheri and might also be involved in the hair cells regeneration process in normal and aged conditions.
- Published
- 2021
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34. Acid-Sensing Ion Channels in Zebrafish.
- Author
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Montalbano G, Levanti M, Mhalhel K, Abbate F, Laurà R, Guerrera MC, Aragona M, and Germanà A
- Abstract
The ASICs, in mammals as in fish, control deviations from the physiological values of extracellular pH, and are involved in mechanoreception, nociception, or taste receptions. They are widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system. In this review, we summarized the data about the presence and localization of ASICs in different organs of zebrafish that represent one of the most used experimental models for the study of several diseases. In particular, we analyzed the data obtained by immunohistochemical and molecular biology techniques concerning the presence and expression of ASICs in the sensory organs, such as the olfactory rosette, lateral line, inner ear, taste buds, and in the gut and brain of zebrafish.
- Published
- 2021
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35. Zebrafish and Flavonoids: Adjuvants against Obesity.
- Author
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Montalbano G, Mhalhel K, Briglia M, Levanti M, Abbate F, Guerrera MC, D'Alessandro E, Laurà R, and Germanà A
- Subjects
- Animals, Diet, Disease Models, Animal, Obesity etiology, Zebrafish, Flavonoids pharmacology, Obesity prevention & control
- Abstract
Obesity is a pathological condition, defined as an excessive accumulation of fat, primarily caused by an energy imbalance. The storage of excess energy in the form of triglycerides within the adipocyte leads to lipotoxicity and promotes the phenotypic switch in the M1/M2 macrophage. These changes induce the development of a chronic state of low-grade inflammation, subsequently generating obesity-related complications, commonly known as metabolic syndromes. Over the past decade, obesity has been studied in many animal models. However, due to its competitive aspects and unique characteristics, the use of zebrafish has begun to gain traction in experimental obesity research. To counteract obesity and its related comorbidities, several natural substances have been studied. One of those natural substances reported to have substantial biological effects on obesity are flavonoids. This review summarizes the results of studies that examined the effects of flavonoids on obesity and related diseases and the emergence of zebrafish as a model of diet-induced obesity.
- Published
- 2021
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36. Expression of acetylcholine, its contribution to regulation of immune function and O 2 sensing and phylogenetic interpretations of the African butterfly fish Pantodon buchholzi (Osteoglossiformes, Pantodontidae).
- Author
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Capillo G, Zaccone G, Cupello C, Fernandes JMO, Viswanath K, Kuciel M, Zuwala K, Guerrera MC, Aragona M, Icardo JM, and Lauriano ER
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Fishes classification, Gills, Male, Oxygen immunology, Phylogeny, Acetylcholine metabolism, Fishes immunology, Immune System metabolism, Oxygen metabolism
- Abstract
Acetylcholine (Ach) is the main neurotransmitter in the neuronal cholinergic system and also works as a signaling molecule in non-neuronal cells and tissues. The diversity of signaling pathways mediated by Ach provides a basis for understanding the biology of the cholinergic epithelial cells and immune cells in the gill of the species studied. NECs in the gill were not found surprisingly, but specialized cells showing the morphological, histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of eosinophils were located in the gill filaments and respiratory lamellae. Much remains unknown about the interaction between the nerves and eosinophils that modulate both the release of acetylcholine and its nicotinic and muscarinic receptors including the role of acetylcholine in the mechanisms of O
2 chemosensing. In this study we report for the first time the expression of Ach in the pavement cells of the gill lamellae in fish, the mast cells associated with eosinophils and nerve interaction for both immune cell types, in the gill of the extant butterfly fish Pantodon buchholzi. Multiple roles have been hypothesized for Ach and alpha nAChR in the gills. Among these there are the possible involvement of the pavement cells of the gill lamellae as O2 chemosensitive cells, the interaction of Ach positive mast cells with eosinophils and interaction of eosinophils with nerve terminals. This could be related to the use of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and the alpha 2 subunit of the acetylcholine nicotinic receptor (alpha 2 nAChR). These data demonstrate the presence of Ach multiple sites of neuronal and non-neuronal release and reception within the gill and its ancestral signaling that arose during the evolutionary history of this conservative fish species., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2021
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37. A White Grape Juice Extract Reduces Fat Accumulation through the Modulation of Ghrelin and Leptin Expression in an In Vivo Model of Overfed Zebrafish.
- Author
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Montalbano G, Maugeri A, Guerrera MC, Miceli N, Navarra M, Barreca D, Cirmi S, and Germanà A
- Subjects
- Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Fats metabolism, Fruit and Vegetable Juices analysis, Ghrelin genetics, Ghrelin metabolism, Leptin genetics, Leptin metabolism, Molecular Structure, Obesity drug therapy, Obesity metabolism, Plant Extracts administration & dosage, Plant Extracts chemistry, RNA, Messenger antagonists & inhibitors, RNA, Messenger genetics, RNA, Messenger metabolism, Zebrafish, Adipocytes drug effects, Fats antagonists & inhibitors, Ghrelin antagonists & inhibitors, Leptin antagonists & inhibitors, Plant Extracts pharmacology, Vitis chemistry
- Abstract
A caloric surplus and a sedentary lifestyle are undoubtedly known to be the leading causes of obesity. Natural products represent valuable allies to face this problematic issue. This study was planned to assess the effect of a white grape ( Vitis vinifera ) juice extract (WGJe) in diet-induced obese zebrafish ( Danio rerio ). Fish were divided into four different diet groups: (i) normally fed (NF); (ii) overfed (OF); (iii) WGJe-supplemented NF (5 mL/L in fish water); (iv) WGJe-supplemented OF. Body mass index (BMI) was extrapolated each week. After the fourth week, euthanized zebrafish were processed for both microscopic evaluations and gene expression analyses. OF zebrafish showed higher BMI values with respect to NF counterparts, an effect that was hindered by WGJe treatment. Moreover, histological analyses showed that the area of the adipose tissue, as well as the number, size, and density of adipocytes was significantly higher in OF fish. On the other hand, WGJe was able to avoid these outcomes both at the subcutaneous and visceral levels, albeit to different extents. At the gene level, WGJe restored the altered levels of ghrelin and leptin of OF fish both in gut and brain. Overall, our results support the anti-obesity property of WGJe, suggesting its potential role in weight management.
- Published
- 2021
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38. The Effect of Orally Supplemented Melatonin on Larval Performance and Skeletal Deformities in Farmed Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata ).
- Author
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Mhalhel K, Germanà A, Abbate F, Guerrera MC, Levanti M, Laurà R, and Montalbano G
- Subjects
- Animals, Bone and Bones drug effects, Bone and Bones metabolism, Dietary Supplements, Fish Proteins genetics, Fish Proteins metabolism, Larva drug effects, Larva metabolism, Melatonin administration & dosage, Muscle, Skeletal growth & development, Muscle, Skeletal metabolism, Myosin Light Chains genetics, Myosin Light Chains metabolism, Osteocalcin genetics, Osteocalcin metabolism, Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein genetics, Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein metabolism, Sea Bream growth & development, Bone Development drug effects, Bone and Bones abnormalities, Melatonin toxicity, Sea Bream abnormalities
- Abstract
The gilthead seabream larval rearing in continuous light is common in most Mediterranean hatcheries to stimulate larval length growth and increase food consumption. Several studies have shown that continuous light affects larval development and increases the prevalence of skeletal deformities. Melatonin is a crucial pineal neurohormone that displays daily secretion patterns, stimulates cell proliferation and embryonic development in Atlantic salmon and zebrafish, and improves osseointegration in mice and humans. However, no studies have examined the effects of orally supplemented melatonin on skeletal deformities in Sparus aurata larvae. We administered exogenous melatonin to gilthead seabream larvae via enriched rotifers and nauplii of Artemia. Exogenous melatonin induced bone deformities and stimulated parathyroid hormone-related protein-coding gene ( PTHrP ) mRNA expression. In addition to the melatonin-induced PTHrP high expression level, the recorded non coordinated function of skeletal muscle and bone during growth can be the fountainhead of bone deformities. Both myosin light chain 2 ( mlc2 ) and bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein-coding gene ( bglap ) expression levels were significantly affected by melatonin administration in an inverse dose-response manner during the exogenous melatonin administration. This is the first study to report the effect of inducing melatonin bone deformities on Sparus aurata larvae reared under ordinary hatchery conditions.
- Published
- 2020
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39. The gas bladder of Pantodon buchholzi: Structure and relationships with the vertebrae.
- Author
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Icardo JM, Capillo G, Lauriano ER, Kuciel M, Aragona M, Guerrera MC, and Zaccone G
- Subjects
- Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Spine ultrastructure, Urinary Bladder ultrastructure, Fishes anatomy & histology, Spine anatomy & histology, Urinary Bladder anatomy & histology
- Abstract
We report here on the histological and structural characteristics of the gas bladder, the vertebral morphology, and the bladder-vertebra relationships of the butterfly fish, Pantodon buchholzi. The bladder opens at the boundary between the pharynx and the esophagus by a middle slit. A pneumatic duct is absent. The bladder shows a dorsolateral wall that adapts to the anfractuosities of the coelomic cavity and a ventral wall in contact with the abdominal organs. The vertebral bodies are formed by an hourglass shaped autocentrum, and by an arcocentrum reduced to several longitudinal ridges. The transverse processes adopt the structure of a cage whose walls are formed by bone trabeculae of variable size and distribution pattern. The dorsolateral wall of the bladder is a membrane that covers the kidney, adapts to the irregular shape of the vertebrae, and invades the transverse processes at several points before extending laterally. However, invasion of the vertebral bodies, the presence of a labyrinth, or the formation of respiratory parenchyma were not observed. The luminal surface of this wall is a thin respiratory barrier containing a single epithelial cell type. In addition, the wall contains numerous eosinophils that may be implicated in immune defense. The bladder ventral wall is a membrane rich in collagen, vessels, smooth muscle, and nerves that lacks a respiratory barrier. Its luminal surface contains ciliated and nonciliated cells. The two cell types appear implicated in surfactant production., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)
- Published
- 2020
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- View/download PDF
40. Morphology of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) tongue.
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Abbate F, Guerrera MC, Levanti M, Laurà R, Germanà GP, Montalbano G, Cavallaro M, and Germanà A
- Subjects
- Animals, Microscopy, Confocal veterinary, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning veterinary, Microscopy, Fluorescence veterinary, Tongue ultrastructure, Salmo salar anatomy & histology, Tongue anatomy & histology
- Abstract
The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a freshwater and marine fish of the family Salmonidae, widely farmed in aquaculture facilities in several countries. The salmon are carnivorous, but in aquaculture, alternative foods have been experienced. It is well known that feeding in captivity should cause adaptation and modifications of the morphological characteristics of the oral cavity, especially of tongue; therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate, by light, laser confocal and scanning electron microscopy, the morphological characteristics of the tongue dorsal surface, considering the importance of the correlations between feeding habits and the anatomy of the tongue. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrates the presence of caniniform teeth with oro-aboral orientation surrounded by numerous filiform papillae, single, fused or arranged in row. Oro-aborally, the papillae show an appearance like a rosette and they disappear at level of the root. Light and laser confocal microscopy demonstrates that the mucosa is covered by a non-keratinized stratified pavement epithelium with, in the deepest layer, the presence of a triangular structure whose apex is cranially directed and base facing aborally. In this structure, spindle-shaped cells are present, with a vimentin immunoreactivity, that for their characteristics could be adult mesenchymal stem cells. The obtained data could be useful not only for further studies on the nutrition, but it is interesting the detection of tissues typical of the embryo-fetal phase in the adult specimens tongue, thus giving a basis for studies of potential applications, if any, regarding cell therapies for different clinical indications., (© 2020 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)
- Published
- 2020
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41. Effect of light on the calretinin and calbindin expression in skin club cells of adult zebrafish.
- Author
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Lauriano ER, Guerrera MC, Laurà R, Capillo G, Pergolizzi S, Aragona M, Abbate F, and Germanà A
- Subjects
- Animals, Calbindin 2 analysis, Calbindins analysis, Skin cytology, Calbindin 2 biosynthesis, Calbindins biosynthesis, Light, Skin metabolism, Zebrafish metabolism
- Abstract
In the last decade, zebrafish has been used as a model for the study of several human skin diseases. The epidermis of Danio rerio is composed of keratinocytes and two types of secretory cells: mucous cells and club cells. Club cells have multiple biological functions and among them may be important in the protection against ultraviolet damage through the proliferative response or through the increased production of protective substances. Calcium-binding proteins such as calbindin D28K and calretinin are used as markers of nervous and enteric nervous systems, but they are present in numerous other cells. These proteins are involved in a wide variety of cell activities, such as cytoskeletal organization, cell motility and differentiation, cell cycle regulation and neuroprotective function. In this study we demonstrated, for the first time, the presence of calretinin and calbindin D28K in skin club cells of Danio rerio exposed to different wavelengths by immunohistochemistry analysis. Exposure to white-blue light and blue light causes the expression and colocalization of calbindin-D28K and calretinin. These proteins were moderately expressed and no colocalization was observed in the club cells of the control fish. In zebrafish exposed to continuous darkness for 10 days, in the club cells the two antibodies did not detect any proteins specifically. These results demonstrate that calbindin and calretinin could be involved in the pathophysiology of skin injury due to exposure to short-wavelength visible light spectrums.
- Published
- 2020
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42. Anatomical, histological and immunohistochemical study of the tongue in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
- Author
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Abbate F, Guerrera MC, Levanti M, Laurà R, Aragona M, Mhalhel K, Montalbano G, and Germanà A
- Subjects
- Animals, Azo Compounds, Coloring Agents, Eosine Yellowish-(YS), Immunohistochemistry veterinary, Methyl Green, Microscopy, Confocal veterinary, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning veterinary, Taste Buds ultrastructure, Tongue chemistry, Tongue ultrastructure, Oncorhynchus mykiss anatomy & histology, Tongue anatomy & histology
- Abstract
The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) is a fish commercially farmed all over the world. These fish are usually fed, in aquaculture, with pellets rich in proteins and fat. It is well known that there are close relationships among the adaptation of vertebrates to their environment, the capacity and the modality of feeding and the oral cavity morphology, especially the tongue one. No data are so far available about the morphology of the rainbow trout tongue, and therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate by light, scanning electron and confocal laser microscopy, the morphological characteristics of the tongue. An apex, a body and a root can be distinguished in the tongue, and the presence of teeth, taste buds and fungiform-like papillae was demonstrated. Light microscopy shows the presence of an adipose tissue pad in the deeper layer of the apex and in the most superficial layer of the root. In the deeper layer of the body, a triangular-shaped pad consisting of fusiform cells immersed in abundant extracellular matrix of the mesenchymal tissue was observed. The confocal laser microscopy shows the presence of cells with a fibroblast-like morphology positive for vimentin. In the deepest layer of the tongue root, a large area of osteo-cartilaginous tissue was observed. The results, besides the description of the morphological characteristics of the tongue, related to studies regarding the feeding, could be considered for the eventual applications of the use of mesenchymal cells, observed in adult fish, in cell therapies in different pathologies., (© 2020 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Expression and Localization of BDNF/TrkB System in the Zebrafish Inner Ear.
- Author
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Germanà A, Guerrera MC, Laurà R, Levanti M, Aragona M, Mhalhel K, Germanà G, Montalbano G, and Abbate F
- Subjects
- Animals, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor genetics, Ear, Inner anatomy & histology, Ear, Inner ultrastructure, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Larva genetics, RNA, Messenger genetics, RNA, Messenger metabolism, Receptor, trkB genetics, Zebrafish genetics, Zebrafish Proteins genetics, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor metabolism, Ear, Inner metabolism, Receptor, trkB metabolism, Zebrafish metabolism, Zebrafish Proteins metabolism
- Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a member of the neurotrophin family, is involved in multiple and fundamental functions of the central and peripheral nervous systems including sensory organs. Despite recent advances in knowledge on the functional significance of BDNF and TrkB in the regulation of the acoustic system of mammals, the localization of BDNF/TrkB system in the inner ear of zebrafish during development, is not well known. Therefore, the goal of the present study is to analyze the age-dependent changes using RT-PCR, Western Blot and single and double immunofluorescence of the BDNF and its specific receptor in the zebrafish inner ear. The results showed the mRNA expression and the cell localization of BDNF and TrkB in the hair cells of the crista ampullaris and in the neuroepithelium of the utricle, saccule and macula lagena, analyzed at different ages. Our results demonstrate that the BDNF/TrkB system is present in the sensory cells of the inner ear, during whole life. Therefore, this system might play a key role in the development and maintenance of the hair cells in adults, suggesting that the zebrafish inner ear represents an interesting model to study the involvement of the neurotrophins in the biology of sensory cells.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Expression of ghrelin and leptin in the chemosensory system of adult zebrafish.
- Author
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Montalbano G, Levanti M, Abbate F, Laurà R, Cavallaro M, Guerrera MC, and Germanà A
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Ghrelin analysis, Gills metabolism, Immunohistochemistry, Leptin analysis, Male, Skin metabolism, Chemoreceptor Cells metabolism, Ghrelin biosynthesis, Leptin biosynthesis, Receptors, Odorant metabolism, Taste Buds metabolism, Zebrafish metabolism
- Abstract
Numerous data show that the chemosensory system seems to be modulated by changes in the circulating levels of different molecules such as ghrelin, orexin, leptin, NPY, CCK. The chemosensory system of the zebrafish is represented by the taste buds (skin, oral and oropharyngeal), the olfactory rosette and the solitary chemosensorial cells (SCCs). The purpose of our study was to analyze the distribution of two peripheral hormones such as ghrelin and leptin in the chemosensory organs of the zebrafish. Our results demonstrated the presence of immunoreaction for all antibodies used in the zebrafish chemosensory organs even if with different distribution. In particular, IR was observed for ghrelin in the olfactory rosette while IR for leptin was found in the olfactory rosette, in the skin and oropharyngeal taste buds and in the gills. Both these hormones were detected in the intestine, used as a control., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Expression of Acetylcholine- and G protein coupled Muscarinic receptor in the Neuroepithelial cells (NECs) of the obligated air-breathing fish, Arapaima gigas (Arapaimatidae: Teleostei).
- Author
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Zaccone G, Cupello C, Capillo G, Kuciel M, Nascimento ALR, Gopesh A, Germanà GP, Spanò N, Guerrera MC, Aragona M, Crupi R, Icardo JM, and Lauriano ER
- Subjects
- Air, Animals, Antibodies, Antibody Specificity, Fishes genetics, Gills physiology, Receptors, Muscarinic genetics, Fishes physiology, Gene Expression Regulation physiology, Neuroepithelial Cells physiology, Receptors, Muscarinic metabolism
- Abstract
The air-breathing specialization has evolved idependently in vertebrates, as many different organs can perfom gas exchange. The largest obligate air-breathing fish from South America Arapaima gigas breathe air using its gas bladder, and its dependence on air breathing increases during its growth. During its development, gill morphology shows a dramatic change, remodeling with a gradual reduction of gill lamellae during the transition from water breathing to air breathing . It has been suggested that in this species the gills remain the main site of O
2 and CO2 sensing. Consistent with this, we demonstrate for the first time the occurrence of the neuroepithelial cells (NECs) in the glottis, and in the gill filament epithelia and their distal halves. These cells contain a broader spectrum of neurotransmitters (5-HT, acetylcholine, nNOS), G-protein subunits and the muscarininic receptors that are coupled to G proteins (G-protein coupled receptors). We report also for the first time the presence of G alpha proteins coupled with muscarinic receptors on the NECs, that are thought as receptors that initiate the cardiorespiratory reflexes in aquatic vertebrates. Based on the specific orientation in the epithelia and their closest vicinity to efferent vasculatures, the gill and glottal NECs of A. gigas could be regarded as potential O2 and CO2 sensing receptors. However, future studies are needed to ascertain the neurophysiological characterization of these cells., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier GmbH.)- Published
- 2020
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46. The last stage in the life history of the European conger eel Conger conger: a transformation before death.
- Author
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Battaglia P, Smith D, Ammendolia G, Cavallaro M, Maggio T, Consoli P, Guerrera MC, Andaloro F, and Romeo T
- Subjects
- Animals, Calcification, Physiologic, Female, Mediterranean Sea, Reproduction physiology, Eels physiology
- Abstract
The taxonomic, morphological and meristic features of a dark eel caught by commercial trawling off the Gulf of Patti, southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean Sea, February 17, 2017, showed it to be a female Conger conger. Histological analysis of gonads demonstrated that the individual was in a post-spawning phase. X-ray radiographs showed widespread decalcification of skeleton and teeth loss, confirming a strong mobilisation of somatic energy reserves needed for reproductive development., (© 2019 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Expression of Langerin/CD207 in airways, lung and associated lymph nodes of a stranded striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba).
- Author
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Lauriano ER, Pergolizzi S, Lo Cascio P, Kuciel M, Zizzo N, Guerrera MC, Aragona M, and Capillo G
- Subjects
- Animals, Cetacea metabolism, Dolphins, Male, Stenella metabolism, Lung metabolism, Lymph Nodes metabolism, Lymphocytes metabolism, Respiratory System metabolism
- Abstract
The airways and lungs of vertebrates are an entrance way for several microbial pathogens. Cetaceans present an upper and lower respiratory anatomy that allows the rapid flow of large air volumes, which may lead to high susceptibility to respiratory infections. Mortality and stranding rate of Cetaceans increased dramatically, so wide the knowledge about the immune system and specific antibodies identifying immune cells populations, is of fundamental importance to monitor and document cetacean health. The aim of this study was to identify the localization of dendritic cells marked by Langerin/CD207 in airways, lungs and associated lymph nodes, of the striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba. Samples of trachea, bronchi, lungs and lung-associated lymph nodes were obtained from a stranded adult male of Stenella coeruleoalba. Our results showed abundant lymphoid aggregates (LAs) in the lung of S. ceruleoalba. Langerhans-like dendritic cells were well distributed along the epithelium and interstitium of respiratory tract and in associated lymph nodes. The present study deepens the knowledge about the cetacean's immune system and report about the exploitability of a commercial antibody (Langerin/CD207) for cetacean species., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. The tongue of Leopard Gecko (Eublepharis macularius): LM, SEM and confocal laser study.
- Author
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Abbate F, Guerrera MC, Levanti M, Laurà R, Montalbano G, Cavallaro M, and Germanà A
- Subjects
- Animals, Microscopy, Microscopy, Confocal, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Olfactory Receptor Neurons metabolism, S100 Proteins metabolism, Taste Buds anatomy & histology, Lizards anatomy & histology, Tongue anatomy & histology
- Abstract
The leopard gecko is a crepuscular and insectivorous reptile. The role of the tongue in this reptile is fundamental for the prey capture and ingestion and is not related with eyes cleaning as usual in other geckos. The elongated tongue can be divided into a foretongue with a slightly bifurcated apex and a hindtongue. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that several different papillae are present on the dorsal surface, foliate and dome-shaped in the foretongue, becoming thicker and stouter with reduced interpapillary spaces in the lateral parts. The hindtongue is characterised by wide foliate papillae with indented margins and deep fissures of the mucosa. Light microscopy showed the presence of a stratified slightly keratinized squamous epithelium in the apex of the foretongue, a stratified non-keratinized squamous epithelium in the fore and in the hindtongue. In the foretongue, numerous muciparous caliciform cells were observed. Moreover, the presence of taste buds on the tongue ventral surface was demonstrated for the first time in this species and the confocal laser study revealed a strong immunoreactivity for the S-100 protein in the sensory cells. Therefore, the results obtained could give a contribution to the knowledge of the tongue anatomy and are a basis for eventual further studies regarding the feeding habits in a reptile become a popular pet., (© 2019 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Occurrence of diseases in fish used for experimental research.
- Author
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Iaria C, Saoca C, Guerrera MC, Ciulli S, Brundo MV, Piccione G, and Lanteri G
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Laboratory, Fish Diseases classification, Fish Diseases microbiology, Fish Diseases parasitology, Prevalence, Sicily epidemiology, Species Specificity, Fish Diseases epidemiology
- Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of pathogens and diseases in laboratory fish over a 10-year period at the Centre for Experimental Fish Pathology of Sicily, University of Messina. This report also emphasizes the adverse effects of subclinical infections on research endpoints, as well as the importance of animal health with respect to welfare. Infections in fish used for research can alter experimental outcomes, increase the variability of data, and impede experimental reproducibility. For this purpose, 411 diseased fish of different species (out of a total of 2820 fish) that belonged to four marine species ( Dicentrarchus labrax, Sparus aurata, Argyrosomus regius and Mugil cephalus ) and to four fresh water species ( Danio rerio, Carassius auratus, Xiphophorus variatus and Poecilia reticulata ) were examined in this study. Our results showed that mycobacteriosis and myxosporidiosis were the most important diseases found in our research fish, and the results represent a useful tool to obtain wider knowledge on the incidence of various diseases in different fish species. Further studies in this field are necessary to improve knowledge on the state of the health of fish used for research.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Effects of a Flavonoid-Rich Extract from Citrus sinensis Juice on a Diet-Induced Obese Zebrafish.
- Author
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Montalbano G, Mania M, Guerrera MC, Laurà R, Abbate F, Levanti M, Maugeri A, Germanà A, and Navarra M
- Subjects
- Adipocytes metabolism, Adipose Tissue metabolism, Animals, Biomarkers, Body Weight, Flavonoids chemistry, Gene Expression Profiling, Immunohistochemistry, Lipolysis, Obesity pathology, Plant Extracts chemistry, Zebrafish, Citrus sinensis chemistry, Diet adverse effects, Flavonoids pharmacology, Fruit and Vegetable Juices, Obesity drug therapy, Obesity etiology, Plant Extracts pharmacology
- Abstract
Background: Obesity is a pathological condition that has reached epidemic proportions; hence, it is necessary to find novel strategies aimed at fighting this disease. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of a flavonoid-rich extract of orange ( Citrus sinensis ) juice (OJe) in diet-induced obese zebrafish., Methods: Adult zebrafish were divided into four diet groups: (i) normally fed (NF); (ii) overfed (OF); (iii) NF supplemented with OJe (5 mL/L in fish water; NF + OJe); and (iv) OF supplemented with OJe (OF + OJe). Each week, body weight (BW) and body mass index (BMI) were measured, and, at the end of the fifth week, euthanized zebrafish were processed for both microscopic evaluations and qPCR analyses., Results: In OF zebrafish, OJe significantly decreased both BW and BMI values and lowered the visceral adipose tissue, while it had little effect in the NF group. Moreover, it significantly reduced adipocyte cell size in both NF and OF groups in both visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues, as well as their number in OF fish. Finally, OJe modulated some obesity-related genes, such as leptin A, ghrelin, orexin, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), and neuropeptide Y (NPY), in both gut and brain., Conclusion: This study adds new insights into the anti-obesity properties of orange juice and its flavonoids, suggesting their role as weight management agents through a lipolytic action linked to a restoration of metabolism-regulating gene expression.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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