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Background: Sporotrichosis is an endemic disease caused by the thermally dimorphic fungal genus Sporothrix spp., and is the most prevalent of implantation or subcutaneous fungal infections. The disease can be chronic, and involves lymphatic vessels, fascia, muscles, cartilage and bones. Patients with sporotrichosis usually have implantation mycoses, caused by transcutaneous trauma, through which fungal conidia occur in the host. Aim: To report a single case of infantile sporotrichosis treated at our Hospital. Method: This is a single case report of a patient attended at the Pediatrics of the Hospital Universitário São Francisco na Providência de Deus - HUSF, located in the city of Bragança Paulista - SP, Brazil. Case Report: It was a female patient, 11 years old, with a history of a cat scratch on her right hand without improvement with previous antibiotic therapy. In the tolerated one, they suffered an ulcerous lesion at the base of the finger, in addition to enlarged lymph nodes on the wrist and forearm that extended to the axillary region, without other signs or symptoms of the persistent lesion. After collecting material for laboratory tests, including serology to investigate the cause of the lesion, a new antibiotic therapy with clindamycin, gentamicin and azithromycin was started. After 11 days of hospitalization, it was discovered that the family cat had sporotrichosis, which led to the diagnostic suspicion of lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis in the patient in question. A fungal culture was performed, and the treatment was then changed to itraconazole and doxycycline, with one patient showing improvement in the lesion after starting the new therapy. After 23 days of hospitalization, the diagnosis of lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis with growth of the fungus Sporothrix brasiliensis in the collected samples was confirmed. At the time of discharge, the wounds had already healed and there were no signs of lymph node enlargement. The patient continues treatment with itraconazole, and had follow-up tests to monitor her liver and kidney health, which showed no changes. Conclusion: In many cases, in the presence of cats in the patients' homes, the fungal infection caused by Sporothrix spp., especially Sporothrix brasiliensis, can be confused with cat scratch disease, which in turn is caused by the bacterium Bartonella henselae. Such confusion can lead to the prescription of antibiotics, which ends up allowing the evolution of the infection. The crucial factor for the correct diagnosis and treatment is the identification of the fungal agent, and the beginning of the treatment with antifungals, including itraconazole, usually brings good results and total remission of the infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The mortality rate among very low birth weight newborns has decreased due to advances in perinatal care. However, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains one of the main complications of prematurity, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Aim: To review the literature to summarize the clinical aspects related to BPD. We sought to identify the definitions, main risk factors, complications and especially new prevention and treatment strategies. Method: This is a narrative review of the literature using papers published between 2000 and 2023, selected from an electronic database and manual search. Conclusions: The disease development is the result of interactions between pre- and post-natal factors. Early identification of children at higher risk of developing the disease may allow for a better approach to reducing its incidence in the future. The early use of systemic corticosteroids has shown positive results not only in interrupting the BPD development cycle, but also in contributing to early weaning from oxygen therapy. Other therapies, such as molecular therapy and stem cells, still need further research to identify their real impact. In short, we must focus on preventive actions for BPD, including the early use of corticosteroids, monitoring and providing adequate growth and development for the child, in addition to combating infections, reducing hospitalizations and minimizing sequelae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pyoarthritis (PIOA), also known as septic arthritis, is an acute monoarthritis caused mainly by common bacteria, such as Staphylococcus or Streptococcus. Although PIOA in children is not common, it should not be underestimated as it can be associated with sepsis and result in severe dysfunction or death if not treated early and appropriately. Aim: To report a case of PIOA in a newborn treated at the Pediatrics Service of the Hospital Universitário São Francisco na Providência de Deus (HUSF), located in the city of Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil. Case Report: This was a 14-day-old newborn whose parents reported complaints of irritability, excessive crying during manipulation and decreased motility of the left lower limb, which was swollen and red in the hip region. The patient was evaluated by the Orthopedics team, who diagnosed him with PIOA, cleaning and draining the affected hip, followed by 21 days of combined antibiotic therapy, with complete remission of the disease. Conclusion: Due to its rarity, high morbidity and mortality rate and lack of international consensus on the best antibiotic therapy to be administered, IOP in newborns and children remains a major challenge. Its diagnosis should be performed quickly, seeking to avoid the occurrence of sequelae such as limb shortening or death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]