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Background: Calcific aortic valve disease is characterized by an abnormal mineralization of the aortic valve. Osteogenic activity in the aortic valve is under the control of NOTCH1, which regulates the expression of key pro-osteogenic genes such as RUNX2 and BMP2. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) may reprogram cells by altering the gene expression pattern. Methods: Multidimensional genomic profiling was performed in human aortic valves to document the expression of lncRNAs and the DNA methylation pattern in calcific aortic valve disease. In-depth functional assays were carried out to document the impact of lncRNA on the mineralization of the aortic valve. Results: We documented that lncRNA H19 (H19) was increased in calcific aortic valve disease. Hypomethylation of the promoter region was observed in mineralized aortic valves and was inversely associated with H19 expression. Knockdown and overexpression experiments showed that H19 induces a strong osteogenic phenotype by altering the NOTCH1 pathway. Gene promoter analyses showed that H19 silenced NOTCH1 by preventing the recruitment of p53 to its promoter. A knockdown of H19 in valve interstitial cells (VICs) increased the expression of NOTCH1 and decreased the level of RUNX2 and BMP2, 2 downstream targets repressed by NOTCH1. In rescue experiments, the transfection of a vector encoding for the active Notch intracellular domain prevented H19-induced mineralization of valve interstitial cells. Conclusions: These findings indicate that a dysregulation of DNA methylation in the promoter of H19 during calcific aortic valve disease is associated with a higher expression of this lncRNA, which promotes an osteogenic program by interfering with the expression of NOTCH1.

Background: Calcific aortic valve disease is characterized by an abnormal mineralization of the aortic valve. Osteogenic activity in the aortic valve is under the control of NOTCH1, which regulates the expression of key pro-osteogenic genes such as RUNX2 and BMP2. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) may reprogram cells by altering the gene expression pattern. Methods: Multidimensional genomic profiling was performed in human aortic valves to document the expression of lncRNAs and the DNA methylation pattern in calcific aortic valve disease. In-depth functional assays were carried out to document the impact of lncRNA on the mineralization of the aortic valve. Results: We documented that lncRNA H19 (H19) was increased in calcific aortic valve disease. Hypomethylation of the promoter region was observed in mineralized aortic valves and was inversely associated with H19 expression. Knockdown and overexpression experiments showed that H19 induces a strong osteogenic phenotype by altering the NOTCH1 pathway. Gene promoter analyses showed that H19 silenced NOTCH1 by preventing the recruitment of p53 to its promoter. A knockdown of H19 in valve interstitial cells (VICs) increased the expression of NOTCH1 and decreased the level of RUNX2 and BMP2, 2 downstream targets repressed by NOTCH1. In rescue experiments, the transfection of a vector encoding for the active Notch intracellular domain prevented H19-induced mineralization of valve interstitial cells. Conclusions: These findings indicate that a dysregulation of DNA methylation in the promoter of H19 during calcific aortic valve disease is associated with a higher expression of this lncRNA, which promotes an osteogenic program by interfering with the expression of NOTCH1.

Interleukin 1 and its receptors are associated with allergic diseases such as asthma. In the present study, we measured DNA methylation at the IL1R1 and IL1R2 gene loci and assessed for associations with asthma-related phenotypes and gene expressions. We found that asthmatic and atopic individuals have higher IL1R2 promoter DNA methylation than control subjects. Additionally, we observed a negative correlation between DNA methylation at the IL1R2 promoter and IL1R2 mRNA expression. These results suggest for the first time that IL1R2 promoter DNA methylation is associated with its gene repression in allergic diseases such as asthma.

La maladie cardiovasculaire (MCV) représente encore aujourd’hui l’une des principales causes de décès et d’hospitalisation au Canada. Parmi les facteurs de risque de la MCV, la dyslipidémie est l’un des plus importants. En effet, des concentrations plasmatiques élevées de cholestérol transporté par les lipoprotéines de faibles densités (c-LDL), de triglycérides, ainsi que des concentrations faibles de cholestérol transporté par les lipoprotéines de hautes densités (c-HDL) ont été à maintes reprises identifiées comme des facteurs de risque indépendants de la MCV. Plusieurs facteurs héréditaires et environnementaux ont été associés aux concentrations de lipides plasmatiques. Toutefois, les facteurs héréditaires permettraient d’expliquer la plus grande proportion de la variabilité interindividuelle du bilan lipidique, particulièrement pour le c-HDL. Malgré l’étude de plusieurs millions de modifications génétiques, les principales causes moléculaires responsables de la forte héritabilité des concentrations de c-HDL demeurent pour l’instant encore inconnues. Afin d’expliquer l’héritabilité manquante des concentrations de lipides plasmatiques, plusieurs hypothèses ont été avancées. La présente thèse de doctorat se concentre sur celle suggérant que l’étude de la méthylation de l’ADN, une modification épigénétique considérée comme un facteur héréditaire non traditionnel, permettrait d’identifier de nouveaux fondements moléculaires associés aux dyslipidémies. Dans un premier temps, nous avons analysé la méthylation de l’ADN de plusieurs gènes du métabolisme lipoprotéique chez des sujets atteints d’hypercholestérolémie familiale (HF), un modèle humain de la MCV. Grâce à cette approche, nous avons pu démontrer que la méthylation de l’ADN de plusieurs gènes candidats (ABCA1, ABCG1, CETP, LIPC, LPL et PLTP) était associée à la variabilité du bilan lipidique, ainsi qu’avec les antécédents de maladies coronariennes athérosclérotiques. Dans un deuxième temps, une étude de la méthyl