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Background In the past decade, the Chinese drug regulatory system has undergone many changes. A major reform starting in 2015 has significantly reshaped the regulatory processes. It was important to assess the impact of the reform on new drug approvals in China. Method We analyzed the temporal trends of regulatory characteristics of the new drugs approved by the Chinese regulatory agency from 2011 to 2021, using data collected in the Pharmcube database. Results A total of 353 new drugs were approved, including 220 small molecule drugs, 86 biological products and 47 vaccines. The annual number of new drug approvals increased dramatically since 2017, reaching a record high of 70 in 2021. The median NDA approval time was 15.4 months in 2017-2021, the shortest in the decade, and was significantly shorter than that in the pre-reform period. The newly instituted expedited pathways such as priority review (PR) and accelerated approval for urgently needed overseas drugs (UNOD) significantly reduced new drug application (NDA) approval times compared with standard review. For imported drugs, in 2017-2021, the median time difference between the first approval in the world and the approval in China was 5 years, representing significant “drug lag”. However, the proportion of the imported drugs approved in China within 3 years of its first foreign approval has increased to 24.4% in 2017-2021. Conclusion The regulatory reform has produced significant, positive immediate outcomes in several metrics of drug regulatory approval. China’s regulatory system will continue to evolve as there still are many areas requiring further reform and improvement.

Background The widespread pandemic of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) poses an unprecedented global health crisis. In the United States (US), different state governments have adopted various combinations of non-pharmaceutical public health interventions (NPIs), such as non-essential business closures and gathering bans, to mitigate the epidemic from February to April, 2020. Quantitative assessment on the effectiveness of NPIs is greatly needed to assist in guiding individualized decision making for adjustment of interventions in the US and around the world. However, the impacts of these approaches remain uncertain. Methods Based on the reported cases, the effective reproduction number (Rt) of COVID-19 epidemic for 50 states in the US was estimated. Measurements on the effectiveness of nine different NPIs were conducted by assessing risk ratios (RRs) between Rt and NPIs through a generalized linear model (GLM). Results Different NPIs were found to have led to different levels of reduction in Rt. Stay-at-home contributed approximately 51% (95% CI 46–57%), wearing (face) masks 29% (15–42%), gathering ban (more than 10 people) 19% (14–24%), non-essential business closure 16% (10–21%), declaration of emergency 13% (8–17%), interstate travel restriction 11% (5–16%), school closure 10% (7–14%), initial business closure 10% (6–14%), and gathering ban (more than 50 people) 7% (2–11%). Conclusions This retrospective assessment of NPIs on Rt has shown that NPIs played critical roles on epidemic control in the US in the past several months. The quantitative results could guide individualized decision making for future adjustment of NPIs in the US and other countries for COVID-19 and other similar infectious diseases.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer treatment; however, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in the gastrointestinal (GI) system commonly occur. In this study, data were obtained from the US Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system between July 2014 and December 2020. Colitis, hepatobiliary disorders, and pancreatitis were identified as irAEs in our study. Reporting odds ratio (ROR) with information components (IC) was adopted for disproportionate analysis. A total of 70,330 adverse events were reported during the selected period, 4,075 records of which were associated with ICIs. GI toxicities have been reportedly increased with ICI, with ROR025 of 17.2, 6.7, and 2.3 for colitis, hepatobiliary disorders, and pancreatitis, respectively. The risks of colitis, hepatobiliary disorders, and pancreatitis were higher with anti-CTLA-4 treatment than that with anti-PD-1 (ROR025 2.6, 1.3, and 1.1, respectively) or anti-PD-L1 treatment (ROR025 4.8, 1.3, and 1.3, respectively). Logistic analysis indicated that hepatobiliary disorders and pancreatitis more frequently occurred in female patients (adjusted odds ratio, 1.16 and 1.52; both p < 0.05). Consistently, polytherapy was a strong risk factor for colitis (adjusted odds ratio 2.52, p < 0.001), hepatobiliary disorders (adjusted odds ratio 2.50, p < 0.001), and pancreatitis (adjusted odds ratio 2.29, p < 0.001) according to multivariate logistic analysis. This pharmacovigilance analysis demonstrated an increased risk of all three GI irAEs associated with ICI therapies. The comparative analysis offered supportive insights on selecting GI irAEs for patients treated with ICIs.

Nano-ferrosoferric-oxide (nFe3O4)-activated persulfate (PS) technology was used to remove pollutant bisphenol A (BPA) in water. The effects of nFe3O4 concentration, PS concentration, BPA concentration, temperature, and pH were investigated in terms of the degradation effect of BPA. The results showed that more PS dosage and lower BPA concentration could improve the degradation rate of BPA. When other conditions were constant, the degradation rate of BPA increased with the increase of temperature. When pH was 5, the degradation rate of BPA was the highest. When the initial PS concentration and pH were changed, the degradation rate of BPA was consistent with the pseudo-secondary kinetic model. Under other conditions, the degradation rate of BPA was consistent with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Sulfate radical (SO4•−) produced by nFe3O4/PS system was mainly responsible for the degradation of BPA.

The ultraviolet (UV)/H2O2, UV/O3, UV/peroxodisulfate (PDS) and UV/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) methods are called UV-based advanced oxidation processes. In the UV/H2O2 and UV/O3 processes, the free radicals generated are hydroxyl radicals (•OH), while in the UV/PDS and UV/PMS processes, sulfate radicals (SO4•−) predominate, accompanied by •OH. SO4•− are considered to be more advantageous than •OH in degrading organic substances, so the researches on activation of PDS and PMS have become a hot spot in recent years. Especially the utilization of UV-activated PDS and PMS in removing antibiotics in water has received much attention. Some influencing factors and mechanisms are constantly investigated and discussed in the UV/PDS and UV/PMS systems toward antibiotics degradation. However, a systematic review about UV/PDS and UV/PMS in eliminating antibiotics is lacking up to now. Therefore, this review is intended to present the properties of UV sources, antibiotics, and PDS (PMS), to discuss the application of UV/PDS (PMS) in degrading antibiotics from the aspects of effect, influencing factors and mechanism, and to analyze and propose future research directions.

Background Early detection of influenza activity followed by timely response is a critical component of preparedness for seasonal influenza epidemic and influenza pandemic. However, most relevant studies were conducted at the regional or national level with regular seasonal influenza trends. There are few feasible strategies to forecast influenza activity at the local level with irregular trends. Methods Multi-source electronic data, including historical percentage of influenza-like illness (ILI%), weather data, Baidu search index and Sina Weibo data of Chongqing, China, were collected and integrated into an innovative Self-adaptive AI Model (SAAIM), which was constructed by integrating Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model and XGBoost model using a self-adaptive weight adjustment mechanism. SAAIM was applied to ILI% forecast in Chongqing from 2017 to 2018, of which the performance was compared with three previously available models on forecasting. Findings ILI% showed an irregular seasonal trend from 2012 to 2018 in Chongqing. Compared with three reference models, SAAIM achieved the best performance on forecasting ILI% of Chongqing with the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 11·9%, 7·5%, and 11·9% during the periods of the year 2014–2016, 2017, and 2018 respectively. Among the three categories of source data, historical influenza activity contributed the most to the forecast accuracy by decreasing the MAPE by 19·6%, 43·1%, and 11·1%, followed by weather information (MAPE reduced by 3·3%, 17·1%, and 2·2%), and Internet-related public sentiment data (MAPE reduced by 1·1%, 0·9%, and 1·3%). Interpretation Accurate influenza forecast in areas with irregular seasonal influenza trends can be made by SAAIM with multi-source electronic data.

The Dickkopf 3 (DKK3) protein antagonizes the Wnt receptor complex in the Wnt signaling pathway; however, to date, there have been no relevant studies investigating its upstream regulatory mechanism in breast cancer (BC), to the best of our knowledge. The present study aimed to explore whether long non‑coding RNA MICAL2‑1 (lnc‑MICAL2‑1) sponged microRNA (miR)‑25 to regulate DKK3 and inhibit activation of the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway. The Atlas of non‑coding RNA in Cancer database was used to measure the expression levels of lnc‑MICAL2‑1 and their correlation with DKK3 expression levels. In addition, cell proliferation, invasion and migration were determined following the silencing or overexpression of lnc‑MICAL2‑1. The binding between lnc‑MICAL2‑1 and miR‑25, or miR‑25 and DKK3 was verified using RNA pull‑down and dual‑luciferase reporter assays. The effects of overexpression or knockdown of lnc‑MICAL2‑1 on DKK3 expression and the Wnt signaling pathway were further evaluated in a nude mouse xenograft model. The results revealed that, compared with in adjacent normal tissue, the expression levels of lnc‑MICAL2‑1 were downregulated in BC tissues, and the expression levels of lnc‑MICAL2‑1 were found to be positively correlated with DKK3 expression. The overexpression of lnc‑MICAL2‑1 in BC cells upregulated the mRNA expression levels of DKK3 and inhibited their proliferation. Results from the RNA pull‑down and dual luciferase reporter assays validated that lnc‑MICAL2‑1 could bind to miR‑25, which targets DKK3. The

Additional file 2: Table S1. Execution dates of the selected main NPIs among 50 states in the US from February 29 to April 20, and the dates of staring to relax interventions. Table S2. Source of information for the dates of interventions. Table S3. Dates of symptom onset of infector-infectee pairs. Table S4. Risk Ratios (RR) of each variable to the response variable Rt. Table S5. Risk Ratios (RR) of each variable to the response variable Rt (Shenzhen). Table S6. Risk Ratios (RR) of each variable to the response variable Rt (Wenzhou).

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Symptom onset time, reporting time, incubation period, reporting delay, and generation time. a. Illustration of the relationships among the infection time, symptom onset time, reporting time, incubation period, reporting delay, and generation time (serial interval). b. Distribution of the generation time based on gamma distribution. Figure S2. Time varying Rt and inferred infection epidemic curve for the other states. The blue bars represent the daily number of infections, the orange lines show the trends of Rt (standard deviation less than 0.5), and the grey shading refers to the 95% confidence intervals of Rt. The dates range from February 22 (one week before the first state emergency on February 29) to April 20. Figure S3. The value of Rt and the inferred infection number for all the 50 states on April 20.

Background Identifying young individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who are unaware of their status is a major challenge for HIV control in China. To address this, an innovative, anonymous vending machine–based urine self-collection for HIV testing (USCT) program was implemented in 2016 in colleges across China. Methods From June 2016 to December 2019, 146 vending machines stocked with urine self-collection kits were distributed on 73 college campuses across 11 provinces of China. Urine samples were collected, delivered, and tested in an anonymous manner. We analyzed the returned rate, reactive rate (likelihood of HIV screening positive), testing effectiveness (the annual number of college students living with HIV screened by USCT or other testing methods), and the spatiotemporal relationship between USCT usage and student activity per college generated from the usage of a social networking application. Results Among the 5178 kits sold, 3109 (60%) samples were returned; of these, 2933 (94%) were eligible for testing. The HIV reactive rate was 2.3% (66 of 2933). The average effectiveness ratio among the 34 participating Beijing colleges was 0.39 (12:31) between USCT and conventional testing methods. A strong spatiotemporal correlation between USCT numbers and online student activity was observed during school semesters in Beijing. Conclusions USCT is a powerful complement to current interventions that target at-risk students and promote HIV testing. The social networking–based evaluation framework can be a guide in prioritizing at-risk target populations.

Complex transition metal hydrides have been identified as being materials for multi-functional applications holding potential as thermal energy storage materials, hydrogen storage materials and optical sensors. Na2Mg2NiH6 (2Na+·2Mg2+·2H−·[NiH4]4−) is one such material. In this study, the decomposition pathway and thermodynamics have been explored for the first time, revealing that at 225 °C, hydrogen desorption commences with two major decomposition steps, with maximum H2 desorption rates at 278 and 350 °C as measured by differential scanning calorimetry. The first step of decomposition results in the formation of Mg2NiHx (x < 0.3) and NaH, before these compounds decompose into Mg2Ni and Na, respectively. PCI analysis of Na2Mg2NiH6 has determined the thermodynamics of decomposition for the first step to have a ΔHdes and ΔSdes of 83 kJ mol−1 H2 and 140 J K−1 mol−1 H2, respectively. Hydrogen cycling of the first step has been achieved for 10 cycles without any significant reduction in hydrogen capacity, with complete hydrogen desorption within 20 min at 395 °C. Despite the relatively high cost of Ni, the ability to effectively store hydrogen reversibly at operational temperatures of 318–568 °C should allow this material to be considered as a thermal energy storage material.

Graphical abstract, Objective As the potential spread of COVID-19 sparked by imported cases from overseas will pose continuous challenges, it is essential to estimate the effects of control measures on reducing the importation risk of COVID-19. Our objective is to provide a framework of methodology for quantifying the combined effects of entry restrictions and travel quarantine on managing the importation risk of COVID-19 and other pandemics by leveraging different sets of parameters. Methods Three major categories of control measures on controlling importation risk were parameterized and modelled by the framework: 1) entry restrictions, 2) travel quarantine, and 3) domestic containment measures. Integrating the parameterized intensity of control measures, a modified SEIR model was developed to simulate the case importation and local epidemic under different scenarios of global epidemic dynamics. A web-based tool was also provided to enable interactive visualization of epidemic simulation. Results The simulated number of case importation and local spread modelled by the proposed framework of methods fitted well to the historical epidemic curve of China and Singapore. Based on the simulation results, the total numbers of infected cases when reducing 30% of visitor arrivals would be 88·4 (IQR 87·5–89·6) and 58·8 (IQR 58·3–59·5) times more than those when reducing 99% of visitor arrivals in mainland China and Singapore respectively, assuming actual time-varying Rt and travel quarantine policy. If the number of global daily new infections reached 100,000, 85%–91% of inbound travels should be reduced to keep the daily new infected number below 100 for a country with a similar travel volume as Singapore (daily 52,000 tourist arrivals in 2019). Whereas if the number was lower than 10,000, the daily new infected case would be less than 100 even with no entry restrictions. Discussions We proposed a framework that first estimated the intensity of travel restrictions and local containment measures for countries since the first overseas imported case. Our approach then quantified the combined effects of entry restrictions and travel quarantine using a modified SEIR model to simulate the potential epidemic spread under hypothetical intensities of these control measures. We also developed a web-based system that enables interactive simulation, which could serve as a valuable tool for health system administrators to assess policy effects on managing the importation risk. By leveraging different sets of parameters, it could adapt to any specific country and specific type of epidemic. Conclusions This framework has provided a valuable tool to parameterize the intensity of control measures, simulate both the case importation and local epidemic, and quantify the combined effects of entry restrictions and travel quarantine on managing the importation risk.

The Li-5(BH4)(3)NH complex hydride, obtained by ball milling LiBH4 and Li2NH in various molar ratios, has been investigated. Using X-ray powder diffraction analysis the crystalline phase has been indexed with an orthorhombic unit cell with lattice parameters a = 10.2031(3), b = 11.5005(2), and c = 7.0474(2) angstrom at 77 degrees C. The crystal structure of Lis(BH4)(3)NH has been solved in space group Pnma, and refined coupling density functional theory (DFT) and synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction data have been obtained for a 3LiBH(4):2Li(2)NH ball-milled and annealed sample. Solid-state nudear magnetic resonance measurements confirmed the chemical shifts calculated by DFT from the solved structure. The DFT calculations confirmed the ionic character of this lithium-rich compound. Each Li+ cation is coordinated by three BH4- and one NH2- anion in a tetrahedral configuration. The room temperature ionic conductivity of the new orthorhombic compound is close to10(-6) S/cm at room temperature, with activation energy of 0.73 eV.

Zanubrutinib was recently granted expedited approval by the USA and Chinese drug regulatory authorities for the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma, thus becoming the first investigational new drug discovered in China to achieve simultaneous development in both countries. Here, we provide an overview of the regulatory processes and considerations of the two health authorities and discuss the pathways of concurrent review and approval.

Administration of interleukin-2 (IL-2) has led to durable response in patients with advanced renal cancer and melanoma, but is restricted for clinical application due to adverse effects, including the vascular leak syndrome (VLS). VLS is associated with increased circulating levels of the Tie2 antagonist ligand, angiopoietin 2 (Ang2) and decreased Tie2 receptor phosphorylation and downstream signaling in endothelial cells. Given that vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) is a specific membrane phosphatase in endothelial cells that dephosphorylates Tie2, the effects of targeting VE-PTP by a selective inhibitor AKB-9778 (AKB) in terms of VLS and anti-tumor efficacy were examined in this study. We found, by targeting VE-PTP, that the anti-tumor effects induced by IL-2 was augmented (tumor-free 44% (IL-2 alone) vs 87.5% (IL-2+AKB)), associated with enhanced immune cell infiltrate (90% increase for CD8 T cells and NK cells). In addition, the side effects of IL-2 therapy were lessened, as demonstrated by diminished lung weight (less vascular leakage) as well as reduced cytokine levels (Serum HMGB1 from137.04±2.69 to 43.86±3.65 pg/ml, IFN-γ from 590.52 ± 90.52 to 31.37 ± 1.14 pg/ml). We further sought to determine the potential mechanism of the action of AKB-9778. Our findings suggest that AKB-9778 may function through reducing serum Ang2 level and regulating endothelial cell viability. These findings provide insights into the targeting VE-PTP to improve tolerance and efficacy of IL-2 therapy and highlight the clinical potential of AKB-9778 for treating patients with vascular leak syndrome and cancer.

Thirty years ago, China experienced its first indigenous HIV/AIDS cases. Since then, HIV has spread from drug users and blood transfusion recipients to the general urban population, mainly through sexual routes. Particularly worrisome is the recent increase of HIV infection among college students, according to the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The number of newly diagnosed college students has seen an annual growth rate ranging from 30 to 50% over the past several years. A proactive approach is required to spread public awareness of this trend and to promote aggressive prevention and treatment measures. One factor that underlies this growing epidemic is likely the limited precollege sex education. Because only one-third of China's highest academically ranked youth attend college, pre-college education is focused on scholarly studies. Recent surveys indicate that about half of college students received sex education, which is usually minimal [does not include precautions on HIV and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)], conservative, and heteronormative (which perpetuates a stigma associated with homosexuality and HIV infection). There is also a more open attitude toward casual sex in China. Around 60 to 80% of college students are accepting of premarital sex and having multiple sex partners. Coupled with the lack of sex education, there is an increased risk of spreading HIV and STDs. The associated cultural stigma also encourages HIV-positive and STD-positive individuals to conceal their status, creating invisible disease transmitters in the population. Another factor is social media, which can increase exposure to sexual content and facilitate convenient access to various potential partners. About 50% of Chinese users of the largest gay social network app in China (Blued) are aged 18 to 25. Although the Chinese government announced a 2015 policy to increase HIV health care services in colleges, its current implementation is ineffective. The obstacles have included insufficient attention by the education sector, failure to implement health care budgets, lack of publicizing HIV, and students' lack of self-motivation for prevention and treatment. What is the way forward, then? Education and health care sectors need to work together to tailor policies for HIV prevention and care for students on campus. College administrators must foster an open environment for education and awareness on HIV/AIDS and also provide counseling and testing while protecting student privacy. Student organizations can work with public health professionals to disseminate basic information about HIV/AIDS in more engaging ways. For example, the Red Cross at Tsinghua University designed an innovative and popular game where students solve HIV/AIDS–related puzzles while learning about the disease. Education campaigns should take advantage of the internet, mobile phones, and social media frequently accessed by students. And colleges also could provide a readily accessible means of testing for infections. In 2018, China's CDC made anonymous HIV urine-testing services available through vending machines in over 40 universities. This not only provides access to HIV/AIDS testing, but also improves awareness and enhances students' motivation for HIV protection. This pilot approach certainly could be scaled up to a national level. China's policy-makers should also consider aggressive responses that have been successful elsewhere. For example, in the United States, there are programs at STD clinics through which pre-exposure prophylaxis is provided to those with higher risks of infection or to those who have requested HIV testing. It is anticipated that the antiretroviral medication Truvada for HIV prevention will be available in the next year or two. College students should have access to these drugs. Innovations in male circumcision that have made the procedure safer, quicker, and cost-effective should also be accessible to college students. China can take many actions to address the uptick in HIV/AIDS among college students. The challenge is for China to show a much stronger—and faster—will to act.

Initiation of cotton fiber from ovule epidermal cells determines the ultimate number of fibers per cotton ovule, making it one of the restriction factors of cotton fiber yield. Previous comparative proteomics studies have collectively revealed 162 important differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) in cotton fiber-initiation process, however, whether and how post-translational modifications, especially phosphorylation modification, regulate the expression and function of the DAPs are still unclear. Here we reported the successful identification of 17 phosphopeptides from 16 phosphoproteins out of the 162 DAPs using the integrated bioinformatics analyses of peptide mass fingerprinting data and targeted MS/MS identification method. In-depth analyses indicated that 15 of the 17 phosphorylation sites were novel phosphorylation sites first identified in plants, whereas 6 of the 16 phosphoproteins were found to be the phosphorylated isoforms of 6 proteins. The phosphorylation-regulated dynamic protein network derived from this study not only expanded our understanding of the cotton fiber-initiation process, but also provided a valuable resource for future functional studies of the phosphoproteins.

Carboxyl terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP) is known as a chaperone-associated E3 for a variety of protein substrates. It acts as a link between molecular chaperones and ubiquitin–proteasome system. Involved in the process of protein clearance, CHIP plays a critical role in maintaining protein homeostasis in diverse conditions. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of our current understanding of CHIP and summarize recent advances in CHIP biology, with a focus on CHIP in the setting of malignancies.

An intermediate phase LaMg2NiH4.6 found for the hydrogenation reaction of the ternary intermetallic compound LaMg2Ni to the complex transition-metal hydride LaMg2NiH7 has been investigated experimentally and theoretically. It is known that this reaction induces only minor rearrangement of the host metal atoms, and this feature is also observed for the intermediate compound. Another important feature is that the electronic structure of the intermediate phase is metallic, which is free from the energy barrier associated with the metal–insulator transition. The hydrogenation reaction to the intermediate phase proceeds even at room temperature, when the Ni–H clusters are formed. The internal bonding of the Ni–H clusters has a covalent nature, the same as those of NiH4 complexes in LaMg2NiH7. They most likely play as the precursor states for the following complex hydride formation. This picture is insightful to enhance the formation of complex hydrides.

RATIONALE Triple or more primary malignancies are rare, with only 23 previous cases including breast cancer reported in the English language studies between January 1990 and December 2019. PATIENT CONCERNS The patient was a 67-year-old woman with a mass in her right breast. She had a previous history of uterine and colon cancer. Both ultrasonography and mammography revealed a Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) category 3 breast lesion, in which proliferative nodules are more likely. Given her previous history of 2 malignancies, her doctors strongly recommended a biopsy. DIAGNOSIS AND INTERVENTIONS The biopsy pathology suggested intraductal breast cancer. Mastectomy and sentinel lymph node biopsy were performed. The postoperative pathological diagnosis was invasive ductal carcinoma, grade II, stage I. The sample was positive for estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor and negative for cerbB-2. No radiotherapy or chemotherapy was administered except for endocrine therapy. A follow-up at 19 months showed no breast recurrence or distant metastases. OUTCOMES No recurrence or distant metastasis occurred within the 19-month, 11-year, and 20-year follow-ups for breast, colon, and uterine cancers, respectively. LESSONS To our knowledge, this is the first review of triple or more primary malignancies including breast cancer. These malignancies occur predominantly in older female patients. The most prevalent tumors of triple or more primary malignancies including breast cancer occur in the colon, uterus, and lung. A favorable prognosis is associated with early-stage malignancies.

The dehydriding process and hydrogen–deuterium exchange (H–D exchange) of xLiBH4 + (1 − x)Mg2FeD6 (x = 0.25, 0.75) composites has been studied in detail. For the composition with x = 0.25, only one overlapping mass peak of all hydrogen and deuterium related species was observed in mass spectrometry. This implied the simultaneous dehydriding of LiBH4 and Mg2FeD6, despite an almost 190 °C difference in the dehydriding temperatures of the respective discrete complex hydrides. In situ infrared spectroscopy measurements indicated that H–D exchange between [BH4]− and [FeD6]4− had occurred during ball-milling and was promoted upon heating. The extent of H–D exchange was estimated from the areas of the relevant mass signals: immediately prior to the dehydriding, more than two H atoms in [BH4]− was replaced by D atoms. For x = 0.75, H–D exchange also occurred and about one to two H atoms in [BH4]− was replaced by D atoms immediately before the dehydriding. In contrast to the situation for x = 0.25, firstly LiBH4 and Mg2FeD6 dehydrided simultaneously with a special molar ratio = 1:1 at x = 0.75, and then the remaining LiBH4 reacted with the Mg and Fe derived from the dehydriding of Mg2FeD6.