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Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) is a life-threatening mucocutaneous disease that is predominantly drug-induced. Warfarin is the most commonly used drug for long-term anti-coagulant therapy; however, warfarin-induced SJS/TEN is seldom reported. In this study, we presented the case of a 61-year-old man who developed SJS after receiving multiple-drug therapy following aortic valve replacement surgery. The patient was diagnosed with drug-induced liver injury (DILI) based on significantly abnormal liver function test results. Warfarin was identified as the culprit drug using the algorithm of drug causality for epidermal necrolysis (ALDEN) score, enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay, and Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM). After warfarin discontinuation and corticosteroid therapy, the lesions and liver function test findings improved. Human leukocyte antigen typing was conducted to detect the risk allele. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of warfarin-induced SJS/TEN with DILI. This case suggests that commonly used and safe pharmaceutical agents such as warfarin can potentially cause serious adverse events, including SJS/TEN and DILI. The application of ALDEN, the ELISPOT assay, and RUCAM could be useful in identifying culprit drugs.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has significant effects on ecosystems, environments, and human health, as well as atmospheric processes and climate change. Two ultraviolet radiation datasets are described in this paper. One contains hourly observations of UV radiation measured at 40 Chinese Ecosystem Research Network stations from 2005 to 2015. CUV3 broadband radiometers were used to observe the UV radiation, with an accuracy of 5%, which meets the World Meteorology Organization's measurement standards. The extremum method was used to control the quality of the measured datasets. The other dataset contains daily cumulative UV radiation estimates that were calculated using an all-sky estimation model combined with a hybrid model. The reconstructed daily UV radiation data span from 1961 to 2014. The mean absolute bias error and root-mean-square error are smaller than 30% at most stations, and most of the mean bias error values are negative, which indicates underestimation of the UV radiation intensity. These datasets can improve our basic knowledge of the spatial and temporal variations in UV radiation. Additionally, these datasets can be used in studies of potential ozone formation and atmospheric oxidation, as well as simulations of ecological processes.

W–Cu functionally graded material (FGM, 75 wt% W + 25 wt% Cu—40 wt% W + 60 wt% Cu) has been prepared by a method of high-gravity combustion synthesis and melt-infiltration in a short time (∼5 min). The infiltration mechanism in the high-gravity field was investigated. The W–Cu FGM showed an overall relative density of ∼97% and gradually-varying properties in terms of density, micro hardness, coefficient of thermal expansion. Especially, the W–Cu FGM exhibited a coefficient of thermal expansion between those of W and Cu, and thus could be used as a transition layer between W and Cu to relax the thermal stresses.

The characteristics of net radiation (R n) (0.3–10 µm) in Lhasa and Haibei in the Tibetan Plateau were analyzed based on long-term in-situ measurements of surface radiation data. The monthly average of daily R n reached a minimum during the winter period followed by an increase until May and then a decline until January. This variation is consistent with solar activity. The annual mean daily total R n values were 0.92 MJ m−2 d−1 and 0.66 MJ m−2 d−1 in Lhasa and Haibei, respectively. A relationship between R n and broadband solar radiation (R s) was demonstrated by a good linear correlation at the two sites. R n can be an accurate estimate from R s. The estimated R n values were similar to the observed values, and the relative deviations between the estimates and measurements of R n were 2.8% and 3.8% in Lhasa and Haibei, respectively. The application of the R n estimating model to other locations showed that it could provide acceptable estimated R n values from the R s data. Furthermore, we analyzed the influence of clouds on R n by different clear index (K s), defined as the ratio of R s to the extraterrestrial solar irradiance on a horizontal surface. The results indicate that more accurate results are associated with increased cloudy conditions. The influence of the albedo was also considered, but its inclusion in the model resulted in only a slight improvement. Because surface albedo is not usually measured, an expression based solely on global solar radiation could be of more extensive use.

A long-term dataset of photosynthetically active radiation (Q p) is reconstructed from a broadband global solar radiation (R s) dataset through an all-weather reconstruction model. This method is based on four years’ worth of data collected in Beijing. Observation data of R s and Q p from 2005–2008 are used to investigate the temporal variability of Q p and its dependence on the clearness index and solar zenith angle. A simple and efficient all-weather empirically derived reconstruction model is proposed to reconstruct Q p from R s. This reconstruction method is found to estimate instantaneous Q p with high accuracy. The annual mean of the daily values of Q p during the period 1958–2005 period is 25.06 mol m−2 d−1. The magnitude of the long-term trend for the annual averaged Q p is presented (−0.19 mol m−2 yr−1 from 1958–1997 and −0.12 mol mm−2 yr−1 from 1958–2005). The trend in Q p exhibits sharp decreases in the spring and summer and more gentle decreases in the autumn and winter.

The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Atmospheric Environment Monitoring Network was established by the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The goals of the network were to monitor and provide warnings of the atmospheric quality in Beijing and its surrounding area during the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. The results showed that the atmospheric complex pollution exhibited high concentrations of ozone and fine particles and oxidation in summer, with a ubiquitous regional source. The regional mean concentrations of SO2, PM2.5, NO2, and O3_8h max (the maximum daily 8 h mean) and O x were 22±11, 90±40, 25±5, 136±35 and 112±21 μg/m3 in summer, respectively. During the Olympic Games, the mean concentration of SO2, PM2.5, NO2, O3_8h max, and O x were 12.5±4, 56±28, 23±4, 114±29, 95±17 μg/m3 in the region, respectively, and fell by 51.0%, 43.7%, 13%, 20.2%, and 18.9%, respectively, compared to the prophase mean before the Olympic Games. The concentration of atmospheric pollutants declined significantly and achieved the “Green Olympics” control goal of air quality. After the Olympic Games, SO2, PM2.5 and NO x increased significantly as the temporary atmospheric pollution control measures were terminated.

The accuracy of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer's (MODIS) aerosol products is still uncertain in China, due to a lack of validation by long-term and large-scale ground-based observations. In this paper, the MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD) product is evaluated using Chinese Sun Hazemeter Network (CSHNET) data as ground truths over different ecological regions in China during the East Asian Study of Tropospheric Aerosols—an International Regional Experiment (EAST-AIRE). The evaluation results show very large differences in the MODIS AOD retrieval between different ecosystems and geographic locations. The most agreement between the MODIS data and that of the CSHNET was in farmland sites in central-southern China, where high correlation (R>0.82) and large percentages (R2>72%) within the expected error lines issued by NASA were found. In temperate forest, coastal regions, and northeast and central farmlands, there appeared moderate agreement, with R∼0.64–0.80 and 45–73% of retrieval data falling within the expected errors. The poorest agreement existed in northern arid and semiarid regions, in remote northeast farmlands, in the Tibetan and Loess Plateau, and in southern forests, with 13–54% of retrieval data falling within the expected errors. In addition, the MODIS AOD retrievals were significantly overestimated in the northern arid and semiarid regions and underestimated in remote northeast farmlands and southern forests.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation and broadband solar radiation ( R s ) measured from January 2005 to June 2006 at 31 stations in Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) were used to investigate the spatio-temporal characteristics of UV radiation and UV fraction (the ratio of UV radiation to R s ) in China. Results indicated that the seasonal variations of UV radiation and R s were consistent with the solar activities, which reached their lower values during winter period, and increased throughout the spring, peaking in June or July, in most sites. The Meiyu weather system and Southwest Monsoon produced different variation characteristics of UV radiation and R s in subtropical and tropical regions. The UV fraction values showed a similar seasonal trend as that of UV radiation, which was mainly determined by the seasonal change of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and water vapor content in atmosphere. The seasonal variations of UV fraction were much smoother in southern China due to high water vapor content over the whole year. The UV radiation showed an increasing trend from east to west in China. In the western area, a simple increasing trend was observed from north to south, with the largest annual mean daily UV value 0.91 MJ m −2 appearing in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area. In east China there was a low center that appeared in the subtropical region due to high aerosol burden, with the lowest value 0.41 MJ m −2 observed in Yanting site. Two high centers were located in the tropics with higher solar altitudes and the north desert region with low atmospheric attenuation. The largest values of UV fraction appeared in the tropical and subtropical regions due to higher relative humidity (RH) in these areas. However, the smallest value did not appear in the north desert region where the RH was the lowest, they were found at the Luancheng site which featured relatively low humidity and abundant fine aerosols. The variations in the UV fraction were not such distinctive as those of the UV radiation in China due to the more complex influences of aerosol and water vapor.

The measurements of the photosynthetic photon flux density ( Q p ) and other solar components have been in Beijing for 2-year period. The Q p , broadband solar radiation ( R s ) and the PAR fraction ( Q p / R s ) showed similar seasonal features that peaked in value during the Summer and reached their lowest value during the Winter. The PAR fraction ranged from 1.68 E M J − 1 (Winter) to 1.98 E M J − 1 (Summer) with an annual mean value of 1.83 E M J − 1 . The analysis of the hourly values also revealed a diurnal pattern, with higher values of Q p and R s being observed around noon. The PAR fraction increased from 1.78 to 1.89 μE J − 1 (hourly values), as the sky conditions changed from clear to cloudy. The monthly mean hourly PAR fraction also revealed a diurnal variation, however, with lower values being observed around noon during most months. In November, the diurnal variations showed an opposite feature in comparison with other months. This is mainly attributed to the diurnal variations in the water vapor concentration. Two models were developed to estimate Q p from R s . The models consisted of atmospheric parameters that were found to cause substantial changes to the PAR fraction, such as sky clearness, brightness and path length. The estimated Q p obtained via different equations was much closer to the observed values, with relative errors below 20% in Beijing. The Q p and R s data collected at three stations with featuring different climate types from within Beijing were used for verifying the transferability of the models. The correlation coefficients between the measured and estimated Q p values decreased at these stations, and the relative error increased. This indicates that the estimation models need to be modified accordingly for the local climatic conditions.

The Chinese Sun Hazemeter Network (CSHNET) provides the necessary ground-based observation to validate and assess the applicability of MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD) products over different ecological and geographic regions in China for the first time. The validation results show that the comprehensive utilization ratio and applicability of MODIS products varied very much over different regions and seasons from August 2004 to July 2005. On the Tibetan Plateau, the comprehensive utilization ratio of MODIS data was low: MODIS products only accounted for 16% of the ground-based observation; on average, 31% to 45% of MODIS products fell within the retrieval errors issued by NASA. A similar result was found in northern desert areas with the ratio of MODIS to observation ranging from 15% to 55%, with 7% to 39% of MODIS products within errors. In the remote northeast corner of China, low ratios of MODIS to observation were also found ranging from 14% to 46%, with 49% to 69% of MODIS within errors. The forested sites exhibited moderate ratios of MODIS to observation ranging from 46% to 65%, with 30% to 59% of MODIS within errors. This was similar to numbers observed at sites along eastern seashore of China and inland urban sites with the ratio of MODIS to observation between 63% to 75%, with 25% to 67% of MODIS within errors for sites along eastern seashore of China and 43% to 78%, with 35% to 75% of MODIS within errors for inland urban sites. The ratio of MODIS to observation over agricultural areas ranged from 61% to 89%; 59%–88% of MODIS fell within the retrieval errors. At homogeneous and well vegetated areas, the comprehensive utilization ratio of MODIS products was over 80% and above 70% of MODIS products fell within the retrieval errors in growing season.

Measurements of greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and N2O were made by static chamber-gas Chromatograph in Inner Mongolia. Results indicate that with growing seasons, the daily variation patterns of emission/uptake of greenhouse gases differ greatly in the prairie ecosystem. The peak of seasonal emission/uptake of three greenhouse gases occurs at the molting period in spring when soil moisture is high and rainfall is rich. The daily emissions of CO2 from steppe vegetation in growing seasons are low during the daytime and high at night. Higher temperatures are advantageous to emission of CO2, as aboveground biomass determines the amount of CO2 photosynthetic uptake. The key factors that influence the daily variation patterns of CH4 uptake and N2O emission in serniarid grassland are soil moisture and the oxygen supplying condition, while the changes in daily temperature mainly affect the range of daily variations. The seasonal changes of N2O emission are positively related to seasonal change in soil moisture. Free grazing reduces the daily mean deviation of exchange rates of CO2, N2O, and CH4, but it decreases the amount of annual emission/uptake of N2O and CH4 yet it increases the annual emission of CO2.

Four years measurements of broadband global solar radiation ( R S ) and total ultraviolet (UV) radiation (the sum of UV-A and UV-B) were conducted from 2005 to 2008 in Beijing. These data were used to determine the temporal variability of UV/ R S and its dependence on water vapour content and clearness index. A simple, efficient and empirically derived all-weather model is proposed to estimate UV from R S . The estimated data were used to analyse the characteristics of long-term variations in UV radiation. Results revealed that annual mean UV was 0.37 ± 0.17 MJ m -2 d -1 . The highest daily value of UV radiation was measured in May, while the lowest value occurred in December. The monthly mean value of UV/ R s gradually increased from 2.7% in November to 3.7% in August. The annual mean value of UV/ R s was 3.1%. The annual mean daily UV radiation during 1958–2005 was 0.46 MJ m -2 d -1 . The interannual variations and long-term patterns of UV radiation derived from reconstructed daily UV values are compatible with changes in measured R S . Annual mean UV radiation levels decreased from the early 1960s to the late 1990s but began to increase in the late 1990s. Over the latter half of the 20th century, decrease in UV radiation was 0.018 MJ m -2 d -1 per decade. The decrease trends in long-term annual mean UV radiation of −0.026 MJ m -2 d -1 per year for 1958–1997 and −0.0024 MJ m -2 d -1 per year for 1958–2005. The decreasing trend in UV radiation was sharpest in spring and summer but more gradual in autumn and winter. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00452.x

CH4 and N2O fluxes from soil under a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China were measured for one year using closed static chamber technique and gas chromatography method. Three treatments were set in the studied field: (A) litter-free, (B) with litter, and (C) with litter and seedling. The results showed that the soil in our study was a sink of atmospheric CH4 and source of atmospheric N2O. The observed mean CH4 fluxes from treatments A, B, and C were -50.0 +/- 4.0, -35.9 +/- 2.8, -31.6 +/- 2.8 microgC/(m2 x h), respectively, and calculated annual fluxes in 2003 were -4.1, -3.1, and -2.9 kgC/hm2, respectively. The observed mean N2O fluxes from treatments A, B, and C were 30.9 +/- 3.1, 28.2 +/- 3.5, 50.2+/-3.7 microgN/(m2 x h), respectively, and calculated annual fluxes in 2003 were 2.8, 2.6, and 3.7 kgN/hm2, respectively. Seasonal variations in CH4 and N2O fluxes were significant among all the three treatments. The presence of litter decreased CH4 uptake during wet season (P0.05), but not during dry season. There was a similar increase in seedlings-mediated N2O emissions during wet and dry seasons, indicating that seedlings increased N2O emission in both seasons. A strong positive relationship existed between CH4 fluxes and soil moisture for all the three treatments, and weak relationship between CH4 fluxes and soil temperature for treatment B and treatment C. The N2O fluxes correlated with soil temperature for all the three treatments.

Background: Prognosis of hand eczema (HE) has not been reported in China. Objectives: To investigate the etiology and outcome of HE in 655 consecutive patients patch tested with European standard series in Peking University Hospital in a 2-year period. Methods: All patients were re-examined at 1 year after patch testing, and prognosis of dermatitis was evaluated by the rate of clearance of skin symptoms for at least 3 months without relapse before the evaluation. Results: Of 599 patients examined, 82 (13.7%) were HE. Allergic, irritant, and unclassified HE accounted for 23.2%, 17.1%, and 51.3% of HE, respectively. The overall clearance rate of HE was much lower than that of eczema elsewhere (18.3% versus 29.6%, P

Little is known about the prognosis of facial allergic contact dermatitis (FACD). The objective of the study was to investigate the prevalence and 1-year outcome of FACD in patients patch tested. 655 consecutive patients patch tested with European standard series in Peking University Hospital in a 2-year period were studied. At 1 year after testing, all patients were asked a revisit and prognosis of FACD was assessed by the rates of clearance of dermatitis, relapse, and improvement at the final evaluation. Of 599 patients examined, 92 were affected by FACD. All their dermatitis improved. The clearance rate was 55.4%, which was much higher than that (23.1%) of other patients tested in the same period (P < 0.05, chi-square test); however, the relapse rate was also high (42.4%). Concurrence of atopic diathesis, icthyosis, or drug allergy history had no influence on the clearance rates. The clearance rate was significantly lower (40.9%) in patients with disease duration over 3 months before testing. FACD is common among patients patch tested and has a better prognosis than other eczema. Patients with suspected FACD should be tested early and more work is needed to decrease the relapse rate.

[1] Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) plays an important part in climate change and ecological processes. Few PAR measurements are usually available, especially in China. Thus it is important and significant to investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics of PAR in China for radiation budget and ecosystem studies. In order to study the spatiotemporal characteristics of PAR, photosynthetic photon flux density (Qp) and broadband solar radiation (Rs) measurement data were analyzed for the period of January 2005 to June 2006. Qp increases gradually from spring and reaches its maximum and minimum in summer and winter, respectively. The highest value of annual mean daily Qp (40.9 ± 4.1 mol m−2 d−1) appears in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region, along with higher atmospheric transmission; and the lowest value (17.4 ± 9.03 mol m−2 d−1) is found in the northern subtropics, along with the largest aerosol optical depth (AOD) and a lower water vapor content. PAR fraction shows a similar seasonal trend as that of Qp at all sites except for some near to lakes and sea. The annual mean daily value of PAR fraction varies from 1.75 ± 0.12 to 2.3 ± 0.15 mol MJ−1 over China. The largest value appears in tropical regions because of higher relative humidity (RH). The lowest value is observed at the Luancheng site, which features low humidity and an abundance of fine aerosols, instead of sites in China's driest northern desert region. The variability of PAR fraction is mainly controlled by the selective scattering of aerosol particles and absorption of water vapor. Two different diurnal trends of PAR fraction are observed in China. In most sites, PAR fraction tends to peak during sunrise or sunset and reaches its lowest value around noon. However, it exhibits an opposite trend in the northern desert area because of the distinctive diurnal variation of water vapor in this region. Further analysis of annual mean hourly PAR fraction shows that the national average is 1.82 ± 0.11 and 2.00 ± 0.08 μmol J−1 for clear and cloudy days, respectively. The cloudy day's ratio is therefore 10% higher than that for clear days. The altitude dependency of PAR fraction is very weak below 1500 m because of uneven distributions of water vapor, clouds, and aerosols. Above 1500 m, PAR fraction increases gradually with altitude on both cloudy and clear days, attributed to the weaker extinction of Qp at higher-altitude sites. The distribution pattern of annual mean daily PAR fraction is similar to that of the hourly value. Its magnitude is medial to the hourly values on cloudy and clear days. These results are helpful for understanding the climatic, agricultural, and ecological processes over China and useful for primary productivity estimation and ecosystem–atmosphere CO2 exchange study in China.

500, and 650 nm were analyzed for the period of August 2004 to September 2005. The smallest mean AOD (0.15) was found in the Tibetan Plateau where a showed the largest range in value (0.06‐0.9). The remote northeast corner of China was the next cleanest region with AODs ranging from 0.19 to 0.21 and with the largest a (1.16‐1.79), indicating the presence of fine aerosol particles. The forested sites exhibited moderate values of AOD (0.19‐0.51) and a (0.97‐1.47). A surprising finding was that the AOD measured at a few desert sites in northern China were relatively low, ranging from 0.24 to 0.36, and that a ranged from 0.42 to 0.99, presumably because of several dustblowing episodes during the observation period. The AOD observed over agricultural areas ranges from 0.38 to 0.90; a ranges from 0.55 to 1.11. These values do not differ much from those observed at the inland urban and suburban sites where AOD ranges from 0.50 to 0.69 and a ranges from 0.90 to 1.48. Given the geographic heterogeneity and the rapid increase in urbanization in China, much longer and more extensive observations are required.

The diurnal variation of the atmospheric CO2 at the urban area in Beijing displayed a very clear cycle, generally with the lowest value being recorded at about 15:00 local time and the highest in the nighttime. The differences between the maximums and the minimums ranged from 23.2 to 39.0 mumol.mol-1 in the four seasons and the ones of summer and fall were bigger than that of winter and spring. It showed a large seasonal cycle with a maximum in winter, from 421.5 to 441.0 mumol.mol-1, and a minimum in summer, between 367.4 and 371.6 mumol.mol-1. The peak-to-peak amplitude of atmospheric CO2 in Beijing, controlled mostly by the anthropogenic activities and seasonal variation of vegetation, was higher than that in Xinglong Station, Hebei Province and China Global Atmosphere Watch Baseline Observatory (Waliguan). The concentration of atmospheric CO2 in Beijing increased rapidly at a mean growth rate of 3.7%.a-1 from 1993 to 1995. After displaying a peak of 409.7 +/- 25.9 mumol.mol-1 in 1995, it decreased slowly.

GC-MS was used to measure the greenhouse emission of Inner Mongolia Grassland. The results showed that four kinds of typical semi-arid grasslands in Inner Mongolia had their own special seasonal patterns as the source of atmospheric N2O and CO2 emission and the sink of atmopsheric CH4, which were controlled by seasonal weather variation. Different soil and vegetation types and precipitation influenced the intensity of emission and upatake of the gases. Compared with natural grassland, free grazing decreased CH4 uptake and N2O emission, but increased CO2 emission.

The concentration of atmospheric CO2 in Beijing increased rapidly at a mean growth rate of 3.7% · a−1 from 1993 to 1995. After displaying a peak of (409.7±25.9) μmol · mol−1 in 1995, it decreased slowly. Both the almost stable anthropogenic CO2 source and increasing biotic CO2 sink contribute to the drop of CO2 concentration from 1995 to 2000. The seasonal variation of CO2 concentration exhibits a clear cycle with a maximum in winter, averaging (426.8±20.6) μmol · mol−1, and a minimum in summer, averaging (369.1±6.1) μmol·mol−1. The seasonal variation of CO2 concentration is mainly controlled by phenology. The mean diurnal variation of atmospheric CO2 concentration for a year in Beijing is highly clear: daily maximum CO2 concentration usually occurs at night, but daily minimum CO2 concentration does in the daytime, with a mean diurnal difference more than 34.7 μmol·mol−1. It has been revealed that the interannual variations of atmospheric CO2 concentration in winter and autumn regulated the interannual trend of atmospheric CO2, whereas the interannual variation of CO2 concentration in summer affected the general tendency of atmospheric CO2 in a less degree.