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Pyropia yezoensis is the most widely cultivated and economically important alga. Affected by climate change, the cultivation of P. yezoensis has gradually migrated to the northern coast of China, increasing from 6.8% in 2019 to 19.5% in 2023. To date, the genetic impact of northern migration on cultivation resources has not been assessed and analyzed extensively. Here, DNA barcoding (rbcL and cox1) and the presence/absence of intronic-ORFs in mitochondrial regions (rnl and cox1) were applied to investigate genetic diversity in 44 P. yezoensis specimens from 17 aquaculture farms in China, with comparisons to Korean and Japanese cultivated resources. The lower intraspecific variation was 0.31% for the cox1 gene and 0.14% for the rbcL gene, with three haplotypes, indicating that intensive selection and breeding during cultivation had narrowed the germplasm genetic variation. The intron structure of mitochondrial regions showed that the cultivated resources had 17 phenotypes, and the northern specimens shared 35.3% of genotypes with the southern specimens, indicating that the cultivated P. yezoensis is expanding its cultivation ranges through north migration. Even with lower genetic diversity, the northern area of cultivation had already developed 17.6% site-specific specimens. The genetic diversity of cultivated P. yezoensis from the Northwest Pacific is also discussed. Our work provides a preliminary framework for P. yezoensis breeding and cultivation under climate change.

As environmental pressures intensify and digital technology advances rapidly, many countries, including China, are looking to more effectively heed social and environmental responsibilities by effectively integrating digital technology with traditional industries. Digital green innovation is gradually becoming a necessary direction for enterprises in various countries as they strive for high-quality development. How enterprises can achieve digital green innovation through the duality of digitalization and sustainability has become a crucial research question. However, existing research rarely addresses the mechanisms that lead to the formation of digital green innovation within enterprises. This study uses a sample of 305 manufacturing enterprises in China. Based on strategic orientation theory, this study introduces the concept of digital sustainability orientation, integrating both digital and sustainability orientations. A model is constructed to examine the impact of digital sustainability orientation on digital green innovation in enterprises, analyzing the mechanism of action through the mediation of capability reconfiguration and the moderation of environmental scanning. The study finds that digital sustainability orientation significantly positively impacts digital green innovation, highlighting the integrated effect of digital and sustainability orientations. The findings indicate that digital sustainability orientation significantly positively impacts digital green innovation, whereas a single strategic orientation does not effectively promote digital green innovation; capability reconfiguration partially mediates the relationship between digital sustainability orientation and digital green innovation in enterprises; and environmental scanning positively moderates the relationship between digital sustainability orientation and capability reconfiguration and further influences the mediating role of capability reconfiguration. This study contributes to the advancement of digital sustainability theory in the field of digital green innovation; moreover, the results of this study offer significant practical insights for enterprises aiming to successfully implement digital green innovation.

To investigate the effects of different biochar applications on soil enzyme activities in Eucalyptus plantations in North Guangxi, and provide theoretical references for the rational application of biochar to Eucalyptus plantations. Based on field experiments, biochar was prepared anaerobically at 500℃ from branches of Eucalyptus plantation harvesting residues, and with six treatment groups, such as 0 (CK), 0.5% (T1), 1% (T2), 2% (T3), 4% (T4), and 6% (T5), to analyze the changes in soil enzyme activities under different application rates after one year importation. The results were as follows: (1) The soil enzyme content decreased gradually as the soil layer deepened. (2) In the same soil layer, the contents of urease, catalase, β-glucosidase and dehydrogenase increased with the increase of biochar application, and the highest contents were found at 6% of biochar application. (3) With the increase of biochar application, the contents of acid phosphatase, sucrase, leucine aminopeptidase and cellobioglucosidase showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Acid phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase had the highest contents at 2% of biochar application. Sucrase and cellobioglucosidase had the highest contents at 4% of biochar application. In general, the biochar application increased the soil enzyme activities of Eucalyptus plantations. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for the application of forestry waste biochar in Eucalyptus plantations.

In real time embedded system, the embedded software often consists of a set of concurrent tasks, and such tasks are generally subject to timing constraints. In order to satisfy all the timing constraints, precisely predicting the WCET of a task is essential for the task scheduler to construct a feasible schedule for a task set. Caches have been widely used to bridge the gap between high speed processors and relatively slower off-chip memory. However, caches make it extremely harder to predict precise WCET (Worst Case Execution Time) of a task for the simple reason that it is difficult to predict if each cache access is a cache hit or miss. Cache locking is a mechanism which disables the replacement policy of caches and locks some contents (instruction or data) in the caches, such that the accesses to those contents become fully predictable and the WCET of a task is easier to predict. Furthermore, cache locking is also an effective technique to reduce the WCET of a task by locking appropriate contents in the caches. In this paper, we investigate the WCET-aware I-cache (Instruction cache) locking problem and propose an ILP-based (Integer Linear Programming) dynamic I-cache locking approach for reducing the WCET of a task. Our approach not only select locking contents which have largest benefit for reducing WCET of a task, but also finds a good locking point for each locked instruction such that extra execution time spend on locking instructions is also minimized. We have implemented this approach and compared it with two state-of-the-art I-cache locking approaches, the longest path based dynamic cache locking approach proposed in and the min-cut based dynamic locking approach proposed in by using MRTC benchmark suite. The experimental results show that our approach performs better for each benchmark. Compared to the longest path based dynamic approach, our approach achieves the average improvements of 5.8%, 13.8%, 16.1% and 12.6% for the 256B, 512B, 1KB and 2KB caches, respectively. Compared to the min-cut based dynamic approach, our approach achieves the average improvements of 2.2%, 7.6%, 8.2% and 6.4% for the 256B, 512B, 1KB and 2KB caches, respectively.

Caches are widely applied to improve data delivery performance in distributed systems like edge networks and content delivery networks (CDNs). We consider caching mechanism in those networks that deliver contents to end users. The challenge comes from the dynamic content distribution problem. The distribution of data popularity is highly skewed and changing over time. Besides, the access pattern of the user requests also varies over time. Some learning algorithms for edge caching problems need to rebuild a new model periodically to adapt to system dynamics, where the knowledge learned from the past is discarded. Besides, each model updating needs a large amount of data, leading to outdated models for consecutive user requests. Inspired by the success of incremental learning approaches in processing massive data in real time, we propose an incremental learning based framework at an edge caching server. The incremental learning algorithm is used to preserve valuable knowledge and to adapt to dynamic workloads faster. We implement our incremental learning based cache system prototype and evaluate its performance under various real-world workloads. The experimental results show that our algorithm can boost cache hit ratio for dynamic workloads compared with the state-of-the-art caching algorithms.

The germplasm bank of economic algae provides biological insurance against environmental changes and pressures for the cultivation industry. However, the red algal free-living conchocelis germplasm of Neopyropia was easily contaminated with filamentous cyanobacteria, which severely affected the growth of Neopyropia germplasm. To date, what and how the filamentous cyanobacteria contaminated Neopyropia germplasm remained unknown. Here, we combined cytological observations with light and electron microscopes and molecular analysis of the 16S rRNA gene to elucidate the pattern of cyanobacteria contamination. Nine filamentous cyanobacteria samples isolated from the Neopyropia germplasm bank were selected. Integrating microscopy observations and phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences, nine cyanobacteria samples were divided into three groups, including two Leptolyngbya with red pigments (YCR1 and YCR2) and one Nodosilinea with green pigments (YCG3). They had the same asexual reproduction mode, releasing hormogonia to grow new filaments. Due to the high reproductive ability, Leptolyngbya and Nodosilinea were easy to spread in the Neopyropia germplasm. Based on 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing analyses, we found the thallus of Neopyropia (NP1, NP2, and NP3) and surrounding seawater (SW1, SW2, and SW3) were enriched with cyanobacteria, especially with Leptolyngbya and Nodosilinea, indicating the filamentous cyanobacteria contaminated Neopyropia germplasm came from the thallus of Neopyropia or seawater. The results provided a better understanding of the prevention and control of cyanobacteria contamination in the Neopyropia germplasm bank.

While karst tiankengs have a higher capacity to act as safe havens for biodiversity in changing climates, little is known about their soil microorganisms. To fill this gap, we investigate the distribution and driving factors of the bacterial community in karst tiankeng systems. There is a significant difference in the soil characteristics between the inside and the outside of a karst tiankeng. At the karst tiankeng considered in this study, the bacterial composition, in terms of the operational taxonomic unit (OTU), was found to be significantly different in different soil samples, taken from diverse sampling sites within the collapsed doline or the external area, and showed a high habitat heterogeneity. The dominant phylum abundances vary with the sampling sites and have their own indicator taxa from phylum to genus. Unlike the primary controlling factors of plant diversity, the microclimate (soil moisture and temperature), soil pH, and slope dominated the distribution of the bacterial community in karst tiankeng systems. Our results firstly showed the distribution characteristics of bacterial communities and then revealed the importance of microhabitats in predicting the microbial distribution in karst tiankeng systems.

This paper discusses the optimal decisions of pricing and selling effort for a two-echelon supply chain with uncertain consumer demands, manufacturing costs, and selling costs. In order to maximize the α-optimistic value of the profits, based on different market structures, one centralized decision model and three decentralized decision models are developed, and the corresponding analytical equilibrium solutions are obtained using the game-theoretical approach. The results illustrate that no matter what decision case is, the optimal retail and wholesale prices in the case of considering selling effort are, respectively, larger than those of no selling effort; the optimal profits of the manufacturer, the retailer, and the whole supply chain system in the case of considering selling effort are, respectively, larger than those of no selling effort except for the profit of the retailer in the case that the manufacturer plays the leader’s role. Finally, one numerical example is presented, which illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed models.

[Objectives] To study the differences of growth rate, morphology, ultrastructure, pigment content and antioxidant enzyme activity of free-living conchocelis of cultivated type of Neopyropia yezoensis under different light qualities (white, red, blue, and green light). [Methods] The study was carried out through light quality design and culture, growth rate determination, microstructure and ultrastructure observation, chlorophyll a content and carotenoid content determination, phycobiliprotein content determination, malondialdehyde (MDA) content determination, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity determination. [Results] After 21 d of culture, the specific growth rate (SGR) and chlorophyll a content of free-living conchocelis of N. yezoensis were significantly increased by white light (WL), followed by red light (RL) and green light (GL), and they were the lowest under blue light (BL). Compared with the WL group, the BL group had the highest content of phycoerythrin (PE), and the RL and GL groups had the highest content of phycocyanin (PC). The algal body of WL group was normal black brown, and the cell wall was the thickest. In RL and GL groups, the algal bodies were green, and their diameters and cell wall thicknesses were similar to those in WL group. In BL group, the algal body was bright red, the diameter was the smallest, the cell wall was the thinnest, and the ultrastructure showed that the number of plastoglobulus on the thylakoid was the largest. After BL irradiation, the highest MDA content and the lowest SOD activity were observed. The results revealed that WL is the most beneficial to the growth of free-living conchocelis, followed by RL and GL, while BL has adverse effects. [Conclusions] This study explored the most suitable light quality conditions for the propagation of free-living conchocelis. It is expected to provide germplasm guarantee for the production and seedling of N. yezoensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]