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Due to the stability issue, It is difficult to prepare a silver nanocluster bearing functional sites, especially at a large scale. We report the synthesis and structure of a stable silver nanocluster bearing multiple surface aldehyde groups [Ag 21 (Ph 2 PO 2 ) 10 (p-CHOPhC≡C) 6 ]SbF 6 , which allows for postsynthesis modification such as surface functionalization through aldimine condensation to give homochiral clusters. Remarkably, the preparation of this cluster can be done in ~90 % high yield at gram scale, which facilitates further studies and potential applications. Through DFT calculations and geometric structure analysis, the high stability of this cluster is attributed to the geometric closure and electronic structure. This is the first time that an effective one-pot method has been developed to synthesize functional silver nanoclusters in high yield. The title cluster will be useful in the development of a variety of cluster-based materials., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Post-modification of porous materials with molecular modulators has emerged as a well-established strategy for improving gas adsorption and separation. However, a notable challenge lies in maintaining porosity and the limited applicability of the current method. In this study, we employed the mechanochemical "Cage-on-MOF" strategy, utilizing porous coordination cages (PCCs) with intrinsic pores and apertures as surface modulators to improve the gas adsorption and separation properties of the parent MOFs. We demonstrated the fast and facile preparation of 28 distinct MOF@PCC composites by combining 7 MOFs with 4 PCCs with varying aperture sizes and exposed functional groups through a mechanochemical reaction in 5 mins. Only the combinations of PCCs and MOFs with closely matched aperture sizes exhibited enhanced gas adsorption and separation performance. Specifically, MOF-808@PCC-4 exhibited a significantly increased C 2 H 2 uptake (+64 %) and a longer CO 2 /C 2 H 2 separation retention time (+40 %). MIL-101@PCC-4 achieved a substantial C 2 H 2 adsorption capacity of 6.11 mmol/g. This work not only highlights the broad applicability of the mechanochemical "Cage-on-MOF" strategy for the functionalization of a wide range of MOFs but also establishes potential design principles for the development of hybrid porous materials with enhanced gas adsorption and separation capabilities, along with promising applications in catalysis and intracellular delivery., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Tailoring the surface ligands of metal nanoclusters is important for engineering unique configurations of metal nanoclusters. Thiacalix[4]arene has found extensive applications in the construction of metal nanoclusters. In this investigation, we present the synthesis and characterization of the first all-calixarene-protected silver nanoclusters, [Ag(CH 3 CN) 4 ] 2 [Ag 44 (BTCA) 6 ] ( Ag 44 , H 4 BTCA = p-tert -butylthiacalix[4]arene). Single-crystal X-ray structural analysis reveals that all silver atoms are in a face-centered cubic ( fcc ) arrangement. The formation of such an fcc structure is attributed to the selectively passivation on {100} facets by BTCA 4- . Thiacalixarene substantially facilitates the stability of Ag 44 due to its multiple coordination sites and bulkiness. Mass spectrometry and theoretical calculations reveal that Ag 44 is a superatomic silver nanocluster with 22 free electrons in the following configuration: 1S 2 1P 6 1D 6 1F 2 2S 2 1D 4 . This work not only elucidates the impact of macrocyclic ligands on the stabilization of silver clusters but also furnishes an approach for assembling atomically precise fcc nanoclusters.

It is challenging to attain strong near-infrared (NIR) emissive gold nanoclusters. Here we show a rod-shaped cluster with the composition of [Au 28 (p-MBT) 14 (Hdppa) 3 ](SO 3 CF 3 ) 2 (1 for short, Hdppa is N,N-bis(diphenylphosphino)amine, p-MBT is 4-methylbenzenethiolate) has been synthesized. Single crystal X-ray structural analysis reveals that it has a rod-like face-centered cubic (fcc) Au 22 kernel built from two interpenetrating bicapped cuboctahedral Au 15 units. 1 features NIR luminescence with an emission maximum at 920 nm, and the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is 12%, which is 30-fold of [Au 21 (m-MBT) 12 (Hdppa) 2 ]SO 3 CF 3 (2, m-MBT is 3-methylbenzenethiolate) with a similar composition and 60-fold of Au 30 S(S‑t‑Bu) 18 with a similar structure. time-dependent DFT(TDDFT)calculations reveal that the luminescence of 1 is associated with the Au 22 kernel. The small Stokes shift of 1 indicates that it has a very small excited state structural distortion, leading to high radiative decay rate (k r ) probability. The emission of cluster 1 is a mixture of phosphorescence and thermally activated delayed fluorescence(TADF), and the enhancement of the NIR emission is mainly due to the promotion of k r rather than the inhibition of k nr . This work demonstrates that the metal kernel and the surface structure are both very important for cluster-based NIR luminescence materials., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

A 'passivated precursor' approach is developed for the efficient synthesis and isolation of all-alkynyl-protected gold nanoclusters. Direct reduction of dpa-passivated precursor Au-dpa (Hdpa=2,2'-dipyridylamine) in one-pot under ambient conditions gives a series of clusters including Au 22 (C≡CR) 18 (R=-C 6 H 4 -2-F), Au 36 (C≡CR) 24 , Au 44 (C≡CR) 28 , Au 130 (C≡CR) 50 , and Au 144 (C≡CR) 60 . These clusters can be well separated via column chromatography. The overall isolation yield of this series of clusters is 40 % (based on gold), which is much improved in comparison with previous approaches. It is notable that the molecular structure of the giant cluster Au 130 (C≡CR) 50 is revealed, which presents important information for understanding the structure of the mysterious Au 130 nanoclusters. Theoretical calculations indicated Au 130 (C≡CR) 50 has a smaller HOMO-LUMO gap than Au 130 (S-C 6 H 4 -4-CH 3 ) 50 . This facile and reliable synthetic approach will greatly accelerate further studies on all-alkynyl-protected gold nanoclusters., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

A gold(I)-cluster-based twin-cage has been constructed by post-clustering covalent modification of a hexa-aldehyde cluster precursor with triaminotriethylamines. The cages-on-cluster structure has double cavities and four binding sites, which show site-discriminative binding for silver(I) and copper(I) guests. The guests in the tripodal hats affect the luminescence of the cluster: the tetra-silver(I) host-guest complex is weakly red-emissive, while the bis-copper(I)-bis-silver(I) one is non-emissive but is a stimuli-responsive supramolecule. The copper(I) ion inside the tri-imine cavity is oxidation sensitive, which enables the release of the bright emissive precursor cluster triggered by H 2 O 2 solution. The hybridization of a cluster with cavities to construct a cluster-based cage presents an innovative concept for functional cluster design, and the post-clustering covalent modification opens up new avenues for finely tuning the properties of clusters., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

As the most prominent proton pumps in plants, vacuolar H + -ATPases (VHAs) comprise multiple subunits that are important for physiological processes and stress tolerance in plants. However, few studies on the roles of subunit genes of VHAs in chrysanthemum have been reported to date. In this study, the gene of A subunit of V-ATPase in chrysanthemum (CmVHA-A) was cloned and identified. CmVHA-A was conserved with VHA-A proteins from other plants. Expression analysis showed that CmVHA-A was highly expressed in most tissues of chrysanthemum except for the flower bud, and was readily induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment. Functional analysis demonstrated that CmVHA-A exerted a negative influence on the growth and development of shoot and root of chrysanthemum under normal conditions. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis revealed the possible explanations for phenotypic differences between transgenic and wild-type (WT) plants. Under drought conditions, CmVHA-A positively affected the drought tolerance of chrysanthemum by enhancing antioxidase activity and alleviating photosynthetic disruption. Overall, CmVHA-A plays opposite roles in plant growth and drought tolerance of chrysanthemums under different growing conditions., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Myocardial infarction (MI) poses a global public health challenge, often associated with elevated mortality rates and a grim prognosis. A crucial aspect of the inflammatory injury and healing process post-MI involves the dynamic differentiation of macrophages. A promising strategy to alleviate myocardial damage after MI is by modulating the inflammatory response and orchestrating the shift from pro-inflammatory (M1) to anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages, aiming to achieve a reduced M1/M2 ratio. Nuanxinkang (NXK), a simplified herbal decoction, has demonstrated noteworthy cardioprotective, inflammation-regulating, and myocardial energy metabolism-regulating properties., Methods: In this study, we constructed an MI model by ligating coronary arteries to investigate the efficacy of NXK in improving ventricular remodeling and cardiac function. Mice were administered NXK (1.65 g/kg/d) or an equivalent volume of regular saline via gavage for 28 consecutive days, commencing the day after surgery. Then, we conducted echocardiography to assess the cardiac function, Masson staining to illustrate the extent of myocardial fibrosis, TUNEL staining to reveal myocardial apoptosis, and flow cytometry to analyze the polarization of M1 and M2 macrophages in the hearts. Besides, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory macrophage (M1) polarization model was implemented in RAW264.7 cells to elucidate the underlying mechanism of NXK in regulating macrophage polarization. RAW264.7 cells were pre-treated with or without NXK-containing serum. Oxidative stress was detected by MitoSox staining, followed by Seahorse energy metabolism assay to evaluate alterations in mitochondrial metabolic patterns and ATP production. Both In vivo and in vitro, HIF-1α and PDK1 were detected by fluorescent quantitative PCR and Western blotting., Results: In vivo, MI mice exhibited a decline in cardiac function, adverse ventricular remodeling, and an increase in glycolysis, coupled with M1-dominant polarization mediated by the HIF-1α/PDK1 axis. Notably, robust responses were evident with high-dose NXK treatment (1.65 g/kg/day), leading to a significant enhancement in cardiac function, inhibition of cardiac remodeling, and partial suppression of macrophage glycolysis and the inflammatory phenotype in MI mice. This effect was achieved through the modulation of the HIF-1α/PDK1 axis. In vitro, elevated levels of mitochondrial ROS production and glycolysis were observed in LPS-induced macrophages. Conversely, treatment with NXK notably reduced the oxidative stress damage induced by LPS and enhanced oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Furthermore, NXK demonstrated the ability to modify the energy metabolism and inflammatory characteristics of macrophages by modulating the HIF-1α/PDK1 axis. The influence of NXK on this axis was partially counteracted by the HIF-1α agonist DMOG. And NXK downregulated PDK1 expression, curtailed glycolysis, and reversed LPS-induced M1 polarization in macrophages, similar to the PDK1 inhibitor DCA., Conclusion: In conclusion, NXK protects against MI-induced cardiac remodeling by inducing metabolic reprogramming and phenotypic differentiation of macrophages, achieved through the modulation of the HIF-1α/PDK1 axis. This provides a novel and promising strategy for the treatment of MI., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

It remains a grand challenge to amplify the chiroptical activity of chiral metal nanoclusters (NCs) although it is desirable for fundamental research and practical application. Herein, we report a strategy of surface/interface solidification (SIS) for enhancing the chiroptical activity of gold NCs. Structural analysis of [Au 19 (2 R ,4 R /2 S ,4 S -BDPP) 6 Cl 2 ] 3+ (BDPP is 2,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)pentane) clusters reveals that one of the interfacial gold atoms is flexible between two sites and large space is present on the surface, thus hampering chirality transfer from surface chiral ligands to metal core and leading to low chiroptical activity. Following SIS by filling the flexible sites and replacing chlorides with thiolate ligands affords another pair of [Au 20 (2 R ,4 R /2 S ,4 S -BDPP) 6 (4-F-C 6 H 4 S) 2 ] 4+ , which shows a more compact and organized structure and thus an almost 40-fold enhancement of chiroptical activity. This work not only provides an efficient approach for amplifying the chiroptical activity of metal nanoclusters but also highlights the significance of achiral components in shaping chiral nanostructures.

This work set out to investigate how the physicochemical markers, volatiles, and metabolomic characteristics of mixed fermented the fermentation of Lycium barbarum and Polygonatum cyrtonema compound wine (LPCW) from S. cerevisine RW and D. hansenii AS2.45 changed over the course of fermentation. HS-SPME-GC-MS combined with non-targeted metabolomics was used to follow up and monitor the fermentation process of LPCW. In total, 43 volatile chemical substances, mostly alcohols, esters, acids, carbonyl compounds, etc., were discovered in LPCW. After 30 days of fermentation, phenylethyl alcohol had increased to 3045.83 g/mL, giving off a rose-like fresh scent. The biosynthesis of valine, leucine, and isoleucine as well as the metabolism of alanine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid were the major routes that led to the identification of 1385 non-volatile components in total. This study offers a theoretical foundation for industrial development and advances our knowledge of the fundamental mechanism underlying flavor generation during LPCW fermentation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A bowl-shaped phosphangulene-protected cubic Cu 58 nanocluster has been synthesized. The structure was determined by X-ray crystallography and further analyzed by multiple techniques. The phosphangulenes not only enable ligand substitutions with triphenylphosphines in a cluster-to-cluster transformation way, but also facilitate inter-cluster interactions with fullerenes. These interactions further influence the entirety's photocurrent response and ability to liberate hydrogen when stimulated by light.

The application of supramolecular templates in aligning atomically precise heterometal arrays is important for pursuing functional materials. Herein, we report that a bilayered supramolecular tri-deprotonated melamine dimer functions as an effective template in the construction of a heterometallic gold(I)-silver(I) macrocyclic cluster [μ 6 -(C 3 N 6 H 3 ) 3- ] 2 -Au I 6 Ag I 6 . X-ray single crystal structural analysis showed that a crown-like Au I 6 Ag I 6 macrocycle is aligned around two parallelly stacked μ 6 -(C 3 N 6 H 3 ) 3- moieties hold together with π-π interactions. Theoretical calculations revealed that the [μ 6 -(C 3 N 6 H 3 ) 3- ] 2 motif dominantly contributes to the near-occupied orbitals in the electronic structure, which is closely related to its luminescence properties. This work demonstrates that the supramolecular templates containing multiple symmetric binding sites may present a facile approach in the construction of functional metal clusters., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Roots are fundamental for plants to adapt to variable environmental conditions. The development of a robust root system is orchestrated by numerous genetic determinants and, among them, the MADS-box gene ANR1 has garnered substantial attention. Prior research has demonstrated that, in chrysanthemum, CmANR1 positively regulates root system development. Nevertheless, the upstream regulators involved in the CmANR1-mediated regulation of root development remain unidentified. In this study, we successfully identified bric-a-brac, tramtrack and broad (BTB) and transcription adapter putative zinc finger (TAZ) domain protein CmBT1 as the interacting partner of CmANR1 through a yeast-two-hybrid (Y2H) screening library. Furthermore, we validated this physical interaction through bimolecular fluorescence complementation and pull-down assays. Functional assays revealed that CmBT1 exerted a negative influence on root development in chrysanthemum. In both in vitro and in vivo assays, it was evident that CmBT1 mediated the ubiquitination of CmANR1 through the ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway. This ubiquitination subsequently led to the degradation of the CmANR1 protein and a reduction in the transcription of CmANR1-targeted gene CmPIN2, which was crucial for root development in chrysanthemum. Genetic analysis suggested that CmBT1 modulated root development, at least in part, by regulating the level of CmANR1 protein. Collectively, these findings shed new light on the regulatory role of CmBT1 in degrading CmANR1 through ubiquitination, thereby repressing the expression of its targeted gene and inhibiting root development in chrysanthemum., (© 2024 Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences.)

Metal nanoclusters have emerged as promising near-infrared (NIR)-emissive materials, but their room-temperature photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), especially in solution, is often low (<10%). We studied the photophysics of Au 22 ( t BuPhC≡C) 18 (Au 22 ) and its alloy counterpart Au 16 Cu 6 ( t BuPhC≡C) 18 (Au 16 Cu 6 ) (where t Bu is tert -butyl and Ph is phenyl) and found that copper (Cu) doping suppressed the nonradiative decay (~60-fold less) and promoted intersystem crossing rate (~300-fold higher). The Au 16 Cu 6 nanocluster exhibited >99% PLQY in deaerated solution at room temperature with an emission maximum at 720 nanometers tailing to 950 nanometers and 61% PLQY in the oxygen-saturated solution. The approach to achieve near-unity PLQY could enable the development of highly emissive metal cluster materials.

This study aimed to examine the effect of fermentation methods on the quality of Lycium barbarum and Polygonatum cyrtonema compound wine (LPW) by combining non-targeted metabolomic approaches with chemometrics and path profiling to determine the chemical and metabolic properties of LPW. The results demonstrated that SRA had higher leaching rates of total phenols and flavonoids, reaching 4.20 ± 0.10 v/v ethanol concentration. According to LC-MS non-targeting genomics, the metabolic profiles of LPW prepared by different mixtures of fermentation methods (Saccharomyces cerevisiae RW; Debaryomyces hansenii AS2.45) of yeast differed significantly. Amino acids, phenylpropanoids, flavonols, etc., were identified as the differential metabolites between different comparison groups. The pathways of tyrosine metabolism, biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, and metabolism of 2-oxocarboxylic acids enriched 17 distinct metabolites. SRA stimulated the production of tyrosine and imparted a distinctive saucy aroma to the wine samples, providing a novel research concept for the microbial fermentation-based production of tyrosine., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Reported herein is the facial synthesis, molecular structure, and catalysis of a Pt/Ag nanocluster costabilized by organic ligands of phosphines and inorganic ligands of chlorides. The nanocluster with molecular formula of [PtAg 18 (dppp) 6 Cl 8 ](SbF 6 ) 2 has been obtained facilely by the one pot method. The structure of the cluster could be anatomized as the stabilizaiton of PtAg 12 -centered icosahedral core by the metalloligand of dppp-Ag-Cl, in which Cl - not only caps the surface Ag atoms but also binds the core and surface motifs. Featuring eight free electrons in its structure, the cluster exhibits high stability. More interestingly, the exposure of surface metal sites endows the cluster with counterintutively  high catalytic activity in hydrogenation reactions.

Structurally precise metal nanoclusters with a facile synthetic process and high catalytic performance have been long pursued. These atomically precise nanocatalysts are regarded as model systems to study structure-performance relationships, surface coordination chemistry, and the reaction mechanism of heterogeneous metal catalysts. Nevertheless, the research on silver-based nanoclusters for driving chemical transformations is sluggish in comparison to gold counterparts. Herein, we report the one-step synthesis of Pt/Ag alloy nanoclusters of [PtAg 9 (C 18 H 12 Br 3 P) 7 Cl 3 ](C 18 H 12 Br 3 P), which are highly active in catalysing cycloaddition reactions of CO 2 and epoxides. The cluster was obtained in a rather simple way with the reduction of silver and platinum salts in the presence of ligands in one pot. The molecular structure of the titled cluster describes the protection of the Pt-centred Ag 9 crown by the shell of phosphine ligands and halides. Its electronic structure, as revealed by density function theoretical calculations, adopts a superatomic geometry with 1S 2 1P 6 configuration. Interestingly, the cluster displays high activity in the formation of cyclic carbonates from CO 2 under mind conditions.

Photocatalytic organic conversion is considered an efficient, environmentally friendly, and energy-saving strategy for organic synthesis. In recent decades, the molecular cage has emerged as a creative functional material with broad applications in host-guest recognition, drug delivery, catalysis, intelligent materials and other fields. Based on the unique properties of porous molecular cage materials, they provide an ideal platform for leveraging pre-structuring in catalytic reactions and show great potential in various photocatalytic organic reactions. As a result, they have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional molecules or inorganic photocatalysts in redox processes. In this Review, the synthesis strategies based on coordination cages and organic cages, as well as their recent progress in photocatalytic organic conversion, are comprehensively summarized. Finally, we deliver the persistent challenges associated with porous molecular cage compounds that need to be overcome for further development in this field.

A facile strategy that directly reduces alkynyl-silver precursors and copper salts for the synthesis of bimetallic nanoclusters using the weak reducing agent Ph 2 SiH 2 is demonstrated. Two alkynyl-protected concentric-shell nanoclusters, (Ph 4 P) 2 [Ag 22 Cu 12 (C≡CR) 28 ] and (Ph 4 P) 3 [Ag 42 Cu 12 Cl(C≡CR) 36 ] (Ag 22 Cu 12 and Ag 42 Cu 12 Cl, R=bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl), were successfully obtained and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and electro-spray ionization mass spectrometry. For the first time, a hybrid 55-atom two-shell Mackay icosahedron was found in Ag 42 Cu 12 Cl, which is icosahedral M 54 Cl instead of M 55 . The incorporation of a chloride in the metal icosahedron contributes to the stability of the cluster from both electronic and geometric aspects. Alkynyl ligands show various binding-modes including linear "RC≡C-Cu-C≡CR" staple motifs., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Functionalizing porous materials with capping agents generates hybrid materials with enhanced properties, while the challenge is how to improve the selectivity and maintain the porosity of the parent framework. Herein, we developed a "Cage-on-MOF" strategy to tune the recognition and catalytic properties of MOFs without impairing their porosity. Two types of porous coordination cages (PCCs) of opposite charges containing secondary binding groups were developed to coordinatively functionalize two distinct porous MOFs, namely MOF@PCC nanocomposites. We demonstrated that the surface-capped PCCs can act as "modulators" to effectively tune the surface charge, stability, and adsorption behavior of different host MOF particles. More importantly, the MOF@PCCs can serve as selective heterogeneous catalysts for condensation reactions to achieve reversed product selectivity and excellent recyclability. This work sets the foundation for using molecular cages as porous surface-capping agents to functionalize and manipulate another porous material, without affecting the intrinsic properties of the parent framework., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)

Mimicking the active site and the substrate binding cavity of the enzyme to achieve specificity in catalytic reactions is an essential challenge. Herein, porous coordination cages (PCCs) with intrinsic cavities and tunable metal centers have proved the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating pathways as evidenced by multiple photo-induced oxidations. Remarkably, in the presence of the Zn 4 -μ 4 -O center, PCC converted dioxygen molecules from triplet to singlet excitons, whereas the Ni 4 -μ 4 -O center promoted the efficient dissociation of electrons and holes to conduct electron transfer towards substrates. Accordingly, the distinct ROS generation behavior of PCC-6-Zn and PCC-6-Ni enables the conversion of O 2 to 1 O 2 and O 2 ⋅ - , respectively. In contrast, the Co 4 -μ 4 -O center combined the 1 O 2 and O 2 ⋅ - together to generate carbonyl radicals, which in turn reacted with the oxygen molecules. Harnessing the three oxygen activation pathways, PCC-6-M (M=Zn/Ni/Co) display specific catalytic activities in thioanisole oxidation (PCC-6-Zn), benzylamine coupling (PCC-6-Ni), and aldehyde autoxidation (PCC-6-Co). This work not only provides fundamental insights into the regulation of ROS generation by a supramolecular catalyst but also demonstrates a rare example of achieving reaction specificity through mimicking natural enzymes by PCCs., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The reduction of alkynyl-silver and phosphine-silver precursors with a weak reducing reagent Ph 2 SiH 2 led to the formation of a novel silver nanocluster [Ag 93 (PPh 3 ) 6 (C≡CR) 50 ] 3+ (R=4-CH 3 OC 6 H 4 ), which is the largest structurally characterized cluster of clusters. This disc-shaped cluster has a Ag 69 kernel consisting of a bicapped hexagonal prismatic Ag 15 unit wrapped by six Ino decahedra through edge-sharing. This is the first time that Ino decahedra are used as a building block to assemble a cluster of clusters. Moreover, the central silver atom has a coordination number of 14, which is the highest in metal nanoclusters. This work provides a diverse metal packing pattern in metal nanoclusters, which is helpful for understanding metal cluster assembling mechanisms., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L.) is an important cash crop, but transgenic oilseed rape has not been grown on a commercial scale in China. It is necessary to analyze the characteristics of transgenic oilseed rape before commercial cultivation. In our study, differential expression of total protein from the leaves in two transgenic lines of oilseed rape expressing foreign Bt Cry1Ac insecticidal toxin and their non-transgenic parent plant was analyzed using a proteomic approach. Only shared changes in both of the two transgenic lines were calculated. Fourteen differential protein spots were analyzed and identified, namely, eleven upregulated expressed protein spots and three downregulated protein spots. These proteins are involved in photosynthesis, transporter function, metabolism, protein synthesis, and cell growth and differentiation. The changes of these protein spots in transgenic oilseed rape may be attributable to the insertion of the foreign transgenes. However, the transgenic manipulation might not necessarily cause significant change in proteomes of the oilseed rape.

Lycium barbarum and Polygonatum cyrtonema are known for their medicinal, edible, and ornamental properties. The sensory indices of the novel high-quality L. barbarum and P. cyrtonema compound wine (LPCW) fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae RW and Debaryomyces hansenii AS2.45 under different inoculation methods were analyzed. The alcohol content of the LPCW ranged from 3.88 to 4.75 % under three mixed inoculations. The total saponin and total polysaccharide contents in LPCW inoculated with D. hansenii first and S. cerevisiae after 24 h were 4.39 mg/mL and 0.21 mg/mL, respectively. Ethyl butyrate, citronellol, and 3-(methylthio) propanol were unique metabolites of D. hansenii. 4-Methoxybenzoic acid was the core product of brewing of by S. cerevisiae. Except for wine inoculated with S. cerevisiae only, the acceptability scores of all the LPCW samples were higher than 7.3. Our data provided the foundation for the development and application of medicinal and food homologous substances in food fermentation., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Owing to the inherent instability caused by the low Cu(I)/Cu(0) half-cell reduction potential, Cu(0)-containing copper nanoclusters are quite uncommon in comparison to their Ag and Au congeners. Here, a novel eight-electron superatomic copper nanocluster [Cu 31 (4-MeO-PhC≡C) 21 (dppe) 3 ](ClO 4 ) 2 ( Cu 31 , dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) is presented with total structural characterization. The structural determination reveals that Cu 31 features an inherent chiral metal core arising from the helical arrangement of two sets of three Cu 2 units encircling the icosahedral Cu 13 core, which is further shielded by 4-MeO-PhC≡C - and dppe ligands. Cu 31 is the first copper nanocluster carrying eight free electrons, which is further corroborated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. Interestingly, Cu 31 demonstrates the first near-infrared (750-950 nm, NIR-I) window absorption and the second near-infrared (1000-1700 nm, NIR-II) window emission, which is exceptional in the copper nanocluster family and endows it with great potential in biological applications. Of note, the 4-methoxy groups providing close contacts with neighboring clusters are crucial for the cluster formation and crystallization, while 2-methoxyphenylacetylene leads only to copper hydride clusters, Cu 6 H or Cu 32 H 14 . This research not only showcases a new member of copper superatoms but also exemplifies that copper nanoclusters, which are nonluminous in the visible range may emit luminescence in the deep NIR region.

Porous materials have been widely applied for supercapacitors; however, the relationship between the electrochemical behaviors and the spatial structures has rarely been discussed before. Herein, we report a series of porous coordination cage (PCC) flexible supercapacitors with tunable three-dimensional (3D) cavities and redox centers. PCCs exhibit excellent capacitor performances with a superior molecular capacitance of 2510 F mmol -1 , high areal capacitances of 250 mF cm -2 , and unique cycle stability. The electrochemical behavior of PCCs is dictated by the size, type, and open-close state of the cavities. Both the charge binding site and the charge transportation pathway are unambiguously elucidated for PCC supercapacitors. These findings provide central theoretical support for the "structure-property relationship" for designing powerful electrode materials for flexible energy storage devices., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Cancer remains one of the most pressing diseases in the world. Traditional treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy still show certain limitations. Recently, numerous cancer treatments have been proposed in combination with novel materials, such as photothermal therapy, chemodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, and a combination of therapeutic approaches. These new methods have shown significant advantages in reducing side effects and synergistically enhancing anti-cancer efficacy. In addition to the above approaches, early diagnosis and in situ monitoring of lesion areas are also important for reducing side effects and improving the success rate of cancer therapy. This depends on the decent use of bioimaging technology. In this review, we mainly summarize the recent advances in porous framework materials for bioimaging and cancer therapy. In addition, we present future challenges relating to bioimaging and cancer therapy based on porous framework materials.

The first mixed-valence nanocluster Cu I /Cu II with the highest percentage of Cu II ions was synthesized by using 4- tert -butylcalix[4]arene (Calix4), with the formula DMF 2 ⊂[(CO 3 ) 2- @Cu II 6 Cu I 3 (Calix4) 3 Cl 2 (DMF) 5 (H 3 O)]•DMF ( 1 ), as a photothermal nanocluster. Its structure was characterized using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. In addition, the charge state and chemical composition of the nanocluster were determined using electrospray ionization spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectrum. The results of the XPS and X-ray crystallography revealed that there are two independent Cu II and Cu I centers in nanocluster 1 with the relative abundances of 66.6 and 33.3% for Cu II and Cu I , respectively. The nanocluster contains three four-coordinated Cu I ions with a square-planar geometry and six five-coordinated Cu II ions with a square pyramid geometry. The nanocluster shows strong near-infrared optical absorption in the solid state and excellent photothermal conversion ability (the equilibrium temperature ∼78.2 °C) with the light absorption centers in 286-917 nm over previous reported pentanucleus Cu I 4 Cu II clusters and Cu II compounds.

Atomically precise gold nanoclusters provide great opportunities to explore the relationship between the structure and properties of nanogold catalysts. A nanocluster consists of a metal core and a surface ligand shell, and both the core and shell have significant effects on the catalytic properties. Thanks to their precise structures, the active metal site of the clusters can be readily identified and the effects of ligands on catalysis can be disclosed. In this Minireview, we summarize recent advances in catalytic research of gold nanoclusters, emphasizing four strategies for constructing open metal sites, including by post-treatment, the bulky ligands strategy, the surface geometric mismatch method, and heteroatom doping procedures. We also discuss the effects of ligands on the catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability of gold cluster catalysts. Finally, we present future challenges relating to gold cluster catalysis., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Growing attention has been paid to nanoclusters with face-centered cubic (fcc) metal kernels, due to its structural similarity to bulk metals. We demonstrate that the use of tetradentate formamidinate ligands facilitate the construction of two fcc silver nanoclusters: [Ag 52 (5-F-dpf) 16 Cl 4 ](SbF 6 ) 2 ( Ag 52 , 5-F-Hdpf = N , N '-di(5-fluoro-2-pyridinyl)formamidine) and [Ag 53 (5-Me-dpf) 18 ](NO 3 ) 5 ( Ag 53 , 5-Me-Hdpf = N , N '-di(5-methyl-2-pyridinyl)formamidine). Single-crystal X-ray structural analysis revealed that the silver atoms in both clusters are in a layer-by-layer arrangement, which can be viewed as a portion of the fcc packing of silver. The nitrogen donors of amidinate ligands selectively passivate the {111} facets. All silver atoms are involved in the fcc packing, that is, no staple motifs are observed due to the linear arrangement of the four N donors of the dpf ligands. The characteristic optical absorption bands of Ag 52 and Ag 53 have been studied with a time-dependent density functional theory. This work provides a facile access to assembling atomically precise fcc-type nanoclusters and shows the prospect of amidinates as protecting ligands in synthesizing metal nanoclusters.

A simple food chain (plant, insect pests, and predatory arthropods) in an agro-ecosystem was set up here as a model system to elucidate the potential effect of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton on non-target organisms. The system included transgenic/non-transgenic cotton, neonate larvae of three herbivorous insects ( Spodoptera exigua , Helicoverpa armigera , and S . litura ), and predatory lacewing larvae ( Chrysopa spp.), which represent the first, second, and third trophic levels, respectively. The results showed that transgenic treatments and different densities of prey had significant effects on both body-weight gain of neonate herbivorous larvae and the number of prey captured by lacewing larvae, respectively. It was found that Bt toxin could persist at the third trophic level in lacewing larvae. The diet mixture bioassay showed that body-weight gain of lacewing larvae was significantly affected by various treatments, especially at lower concentrations of plant-expressed Bt toxin in the diet mixture, which caused significant decreases in body-weight gain. In contrast, synthetic Bt toxin at higher concentrations in the diet did not show this effect. Thus, we inferred that Bt toxin indirectly affected the growth of the lacewings and the lacewings may not be susceptible to Bt toxin or are able to metabolize it.

Developing hierarchical ordered systems is challenging. Using organo-macrocycles to construct metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and porous coordination cages (PCCs) provides an efficient way to obtain hierarchical assemblies. Macrocycles, such as crown ethers, cyclodextrins, calixarenes, cucurbiturils, and pillararenes, can be incorporated within MOFs/PCCs and they also endow the resultant composites with enhanced properties and functionalities. This review summarizes recent developments of organo-macrocycle-containing hierarchical MOFs/PCCs, emphasizing applications and structure-property relationships of these hierarchically porous materials. This review provides insights for future research on hierarchical self-assembly using macrocycles as building blocks and functional ligands to extend the applications of the composites.

A pair of alkynyl-diphosphine-coprotected copper(I) clusters, namely, [Cu 6 (4-MeO-PhC≡C) 5 (dppe) 3 ](ClO 4 ) [ Cu 6 ; dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane] and [Cu 11 (H)(4-MeO-PhC≡C) 8 (dpppe) 3 ](ClO 4 ) 2 [ Cu 11 ; dpppe = 1,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)pentane], featuring trigonal-prismatic frameworks have been synthesized by a reduction method. Their molecular structures are determined by X-ray crystallography and characterized by multiple techniques. The length of the spacer of the diphosphine ligand can directly affect the aspect ratio of the clusters. Cu 6 with dppe as ligands has a trigonal-prismatic core. The longer alkyl spacer of dpppe helps to elongate the trigonal-prismatic framework to form Cu 11 , with its trigonal-prismatic framework encapsulating a Cu 5 H unit. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, 2 H NMR, and liberations of hydrogen further verify the presence of a hydride in the cluster. Density functional theory calculations help to locate the position of the hydride and understand the electronic structures of the clusters. Cu 11 is the first alkynyl-phosphine-coprotected copper hydride cluster. These two clusters show distinct luminescence properties. The compact Cu 6 is phosphorescent upon radiation, while the longer Cu 11 with more flexibility is nonluminous. This work enriches the family of copper hydrides and demonstrates the ligand effects in the extension of the length and structural complexity of clusters.

Two superatomic solids, a bi-cluster compound, [Ag 6 (3S) 4 (OTf) 4 ][Ag 6 (3S) 4 (CC t Bu) 4 ](OTf) 2 [Ag6(0)·Ag6(i)], and a homologous nanocluster, [Ag 6 (3S) 4 (tfa) 4 ] (Ag6), have been described here, which are both close-packed in the crystal lattice with the ligation of trithiane. Their aggregation-state-dependent absorption and fluorescence properties could be ascribed to the enhanced intercluster charge-transfer in the crystalline state.

Identification of the authentic active species of cluster catalysis is rather challenging, and direct structural evidence is quite valuable and difficult to obtain. Two "isostructural" clusters, Ag 25 Cu 4 Cl 6 (dppb) 6 (PhC≡C) 12 (SO 3 CF 3 ) 3 ( 1 ) and Ag 25 Cu 4 Cl 6 H 8 (dppb) 6 (PhC≡C) 12 (SO 3 CF 3 ) 3 ( 2 H ) (dppb is 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphine)butane), have been successfully isolated and structurally characterized. Both these clusters have a centered icosahedron Ag 13 core with the same peripheral composition and structure. The only difference is that 2 H has eight hydrides but 1 has none, that is, the kernels are Ag 13 5+ and Ag 13 H 8 5+ in 1 and 2 H , respectively. The catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) as a model reaction is assessed with the two clusters. Cluster 2 H is very active with 100% yield within 2 h, whereas 1 shows a very low conversion (∼8%) under the same conditions. Interestingly, high catalytic activity was observed when 1 was converted to 2 H with the oxidation of H 2 O 2 under catalytic conditions. The unprecedented transformation of a reduced nanocluster to an Ag(I)Cu(I) bimetallic cluster compound provides an excellent platform to determine the real active cluster in terms of metal cluster catalysis. The present work presents clear structural evidence that the catalytic performance of metal nanoclusters can be modulated by properly regulating the oxidation state of their constituted metal atoms.

Anions have been used to regulate the structures and luminescence of heterometallic clusters. Introducing ClO 4 - into orange-emissive, butterfly-like [(C)(Au-PPhpy 2 ) 6 Ag 4 ](BF 4 ) 6 (1, PPhpy 2 =bis(2-pyridyl)phenylphosphine) leads to the formation of red-emissive [(C)(Au-PPhpy 2 ) 6 Ag 5 (ClO 4 ) 3 ](ClO 4 ) 4 (2) with a novel trigonal bipyramidal structure; employing PhCO 2 - gives yellow-emissive, hexagram-like [(C)(Au-PPhpy 2 ) 6 Ag 6 (PhCO 2 ) 3 ](BF 4 ) 5 (3). Notably, 1 exhibits weak luminescence in CH 2 Cl 2 /CH 3 OH=1 : 1 (v : v) with a quantum yield (QY) of 0.05, whereas it was dramatically increased to 0.49 and 0.83 for 2 and 3, respectively. Theoretical calculation confirms that the involvement of anions in the electronic structures is responsible for the shifts of emission. The high QYs of 2 and 3 are attributed to the protection provided by ligands and anions. This work demonstrates that anions may serve as an extra designable factor beyond just counterions for functional metal clusters., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

In this study, the miscible system was formed by mixing gelatin (G) with mulberry leaf polysaccharides (MLPs) continuously extracted with a hot buffer (HBSS), a chelating agent (CHSS), a dilute alkali (DASS), and a concentrated alkali (CASS), and the zeta potential, turbidity, particle size, distribution, and rheological properties of the miscible systems were evaluated. Under acidic conditions, the miscible systems of four polysaccharides and gelatin were in a clear state; under alkaline conditions, G-HBSS and G-CHSS were clarified, and G-DASS and G-CASS changed from clarification to turbidity. The zeta potential changed from positive to negative with the increase in pH. When the pH was at 7, it increased with the increase in polysaccharide concentration but was still negative. The four miscible systems all showed polydispersity. The particle sizes of G-HBSS and G-CHSS decreased with the increase in pH, while the particle sizes of G-DASS and G-CASS were increased. The four miscible systems showed "shear thinning" behavior, and the addition of gelatin reduced the apparent viscosity of the four polysaccharide solutions. G-CHSS was highly stable, and G-CASS was more suitable as a stabilizer in the freezing process.

Surface organic ligands are critical in dictating the structures and properties of atomically precise metal nanoclusters. In contrast to the conventionally used thiolate, phosphine and alkynyl ligands, nitrogen donor ligands have not been used in the protection for well-defined metal nanoclusters until recently. This review focuses on recent developments in atomically precise metal nanoclusters stabilized by different types of nitrogen donor ligands, in which the synthesis, total structure determination and various properties are covered. We hope that this review will provide insights into the rational design of N donor-protected metal nanoclusters in terms of structural and functional modulation., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Copper hydrides are important hydrogenation catalysts, but their poor stability hinders the practical applications. Ligand engineering is an effective strategy to tackle this issue. An amidinate ligand, N,N'-Di(5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyl)formamidinate (Tf-dpf) with four N-donors has been applied as a protecting agent in the synthesis of stable copper hydride clusters: Cu 11 H 3 (Tf-dpf) 6 (OAc) 2 (Cu 11 ) with three interfacial μ 5 -H and [Cu 12 H 3 (Tf-dpf) 6 (OAc) 2 ]·OAc (Cu 12 ) with three interstitial μ 6 -H. A solvent-triggered reversible interconversion between Cu 11 and Cu 12 has been observed thanks to the flexibility of Tf-dpf. Cu 11 shows high activity in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol, while Cu 12 displays very low activity. Deuteration experiments prove that the type of hydride is the key in dictating the catalytic activity, for the interfacial μ 5 -H species in Cu 11 are involved in the catalytic cycle whereas the interstitial μ 6 -H species in Cu 12 are not. This work highlights the role of hydrides with regard to catalytic hydrogenation activity., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

For the first time site-specific doping of silver into a spherical Au 25 nanocluster has been achieved in [Au 19 Ag 6 (MeOPhS) 17 (PPh 3 ) 6 ] (BF 4 ) 2 (Au 19 Ag 6 ) through a dual-ligand coordination strategy. Single crystal X-ray structural analysis shows that the cluster has a distorted centered icosahedral Au@Au 6 Ag 6 core of D 3 symmetry, in contrast to the I h Au@Au 12 kernel in the well-known [Au 25 (SR) 18 ] - (R = CH 2 CH 2 Ph). An interesting feature is the coexistence of [Au 2 (SPhOMe) 3 ] dimeric staples and [P-Au-SPhOMe] semi-staples in the title cluster, due to the incorporation of PPh 3 . The observation of only one double-charged peak in ESI-TOF-MS confirms the ordered doping of silver atoms. Au 19 Ag 6 is a 6e system showing a distinct absorption spectrum from [Au 25 (SR) 18 ] - , that is, the HOMO-LUMO transition of Au 19 Ag 6 is optically forbidden due to the P character of the superatomic frontier orbitals., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

We report the structures, stability and catalysis properties of two Ag 21 nanoclusters, namely [Ag 21 (H 2 BTCA) 3 (O 2 PPh 2 ) 6 ]SbF 6 (1) and [Ag 21 (C≡CC 6 H 3 -3,5-R 2 ) 6 (O 2 PPh 2 ) 10 ]SbF 6 (2) (H 4 BTCA=p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene, R=OMe). Both Ag 21 structures possess an identical icosahedral kernel that is surrounded by eight peripheral Ag atoms. Single-crystal structural analysis and ESI-MS revealed that 1 is an 8-electron cluster and 2 has four free electrons. Theoretical results show that the P-symmetry orbitals are found as HOMO-1 and HOMO states in 1, and the frontier unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO, LUMO+1 and LUMO+2) show D-character, indicating 1 is a superatomic cluster with an electronically closed shell 1S 2 1P 6 , while 2 has an incomplete shell configuration 1S 2 1P 2 . These two Ag 21 clusters show superior stability under ambient conditions, and 1 is robust even at 90 °C in toluene and under oxidative conditions (30 % H 2 O 2 ). Significantly, 2 exhibits much higher activity than 1 as catalyst in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol. This work demonstrates that ligands can influence the electronic structures of silver clusters, and further affect their stability and catalytic performance., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

An atomically resolved gold nanocluster Au 99 (C≡CC 6 H 3 -2,4-F 2 ) 40 ( Au 99 ) with an unusual 59 valence electrons has been synthesized. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that its Au 79 kernel is a Au 49 Marks decahedron capped by two Au 15 units. The surface structure of Au 99 consists of 20 linear Au(C≡CR) 2 staples. Intercluster interactions are observed between these D 5 symmetric clusters. The existence of an unpaired electron is verified by magnetic measurement. Interestingly, this open-shell gold cluster Au 99 stays intact in toluene solution at 80 °C for more than a week, and it has good charging-discharging capability under electrochemical conditions. The compact ligand shell protection around the symmetric core accounts for the high stability. This work suggests that geometric factors may play a crucial role in determining the stability of a metal nanocluster, even though the cluster has an open-shell electronic structure.

The boundary between molecular and metallic gold nanoclusters is of special interest. The difficulty in obtaining atomically precise nanoclusters larger than 2 nm limits the determination of such a boundary. The synthesis and total structural determination of the largest all-alkynyl-protected gold nanocluster (Ph 4 P) 6 [Au 156 (C≡CR) 60 ] (R = 4-CF 3 C 6 H 4 -) ( Au 156 ) are reported. It presents an ideal platform for studying the relationship between the structure and the metallic nature. Au 156 has a rod shape with the length and width of the kernel being 2.38 and 2.04 nm, respectively. The cluster contains a concentric Au 126 core structure (Au 46 @Au 50 @Au 30 ) protected by 30 linear RC≡C-Au-C≡CR staple motifs. It is interesting that Au 156 displays multiple excitonic peaks in the steady-state absorption spectrum (molecular) and pump-power-dependent excited-state dynamics as revealed in the transient absorption spectrum (metallic), which indicates that Au 156 is a critical crossover cluster for the transition from molecular to metallic state. Au 156 is the smallest-sized gold nanocluster showing metal-like electron dynamics, and it is recognized that the cluster shape is one of the important factors determining the molecular or metallic nature of a gold nanocluster.

Acetelyenediide (C 2 2- ) species have been encapsulated in bimetallic and trimetallic clusters: [(AuL) 6 Ag 7 (C≡C) 3 ](BF 4 ) 7 (2) and [(AuL) 6 AgCu 6 (C≡C) 3 ](BF 4 ) 7 (3), L=phenylbis(2-pyridyl)phosphine (PPhpy 2 ). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that they are isostructural and six silver atoms in 2 are replaced with copper in 3. Both clusters have a trefoil skeleton, which can be viewed as three trigonal bipyramidal (LAu-C≡C-AuL)M 2 Ag (M=Ag/Cu) motifs sharing a common silver atom. TDDFT calculations showed Cu-doping significantly increases the energy level of (C 2 -Cu)-involved occupied orbital, thus inducing interesting transition coupling of dual-emission at low temperature. This work not only provides a strategy for constructing heterometallic clusters, but also shows the prospect for pursuing novel thermochromic luminescent materials by incorporating multi-congeneric metal components., (© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The first all-amidinate-protected gold nanocluster [Au 28 (Ph-form) 12 ](OTf) 2 (Ph-form=N,N'-diphenylformamidinate) (Au 28 ) has been synthesized and structurally resolved. Single crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that Au 28 has a compact Au 4 @Au 24 tetrahedral core-shell structure of T symmetry, which is fully protected by 12 bridging formamidinate ligands. This cluster is quite robust as indicated by the fact that it can stay intact in solution at 80 °C for 6 d. It exhibits excellent catalytic performance for the electroreduction of CO 2 with 96.5 % Faradaic efficiency (FE) at -0.57 V and a maximum TOF of 1731 h -1 at -0.87 V. Its superior stability is also manifested in the fact that the supported catalyst Au 28 /CNTs maintains stable potentials at ca. -0.69 V for 40 h with FE(CO)s>91 %. A superatomic electron configuration of 1S 2 1P 6 2S 2 1D 4 has been clarified by DFT computations, and the strong gold-ligand binding and geometric shell closure account for the superior stability of Au 28 ., (© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Objective: To understand the relationship between health literacy and patient experience of outpatients in China, and to explore its mechanism., Methods: The conceptual framework was developed based on Andersen's behavioral model of health services use and health literacy skills framework. An online cross-sectional survey was conducted with snowball sampling method, while the health literacy was measured by self-designed patient health literacy scale, and the patient experience was measured by the Chinese patient experience questionnaire for ambulatory care developed by Peking Union Medical College. And a structural equation model was built to explore the relationship between them and test the mechanism of health literacy influencing patient experience., Results: A total of 2 773 subjects were investigated. The average score of health literacy was (90.72±12.90) points, accounting for 78.89% of the full score, and the dimension of seeking social support had the lowest score. The average score of overall rating of patient experience was (3.71±0.74) points, and the scores of each dimension of patient experience were between 3.56 and 3.80. The model fit indices of structural equation model for overall rating of patient experience among the outpatients were χ 2 /d f =9.29 ( χ 2 =4 107.27, d f =442), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)=0.055 (< 0.06), comparative fit index (CFI)=0.926 (>0.90), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI)=0.918 (>0.90), standardized root mean square residual (SRMR)=0.061 (< 0.08), the model was acceptable. The variance in patient experience explained by the model was 0.108. The structural equation model analysis results showed that the overall rating of outpatient experience was directly affected by health literacy ( β =0.263, P < 0.001), also indirectly affected by health literacy ( β =0.012, P < 0.001). In other words, the overall rating increased by 0.275 units for each standard deviation increase of health literacy. Self-evaluated health status mediated the relationship between health literacy and the overall rating of outpatient experience. In terms of diffe-rent dimensions of patient experience, the standardized path coefficient of the total effect of health literacy on patient experience was as follows: Information guidance 0.337, humanistic care 0.319, communication with doctors 0.294, service efficiency 0.240, and hospital environment 0.173., Conclusion: The patients with higher level of health literacy were more likely to have a better outpatient experience in China, and the information guidance experience and humanistic care experience were most affected by health literacy. And the communication and information utilization ability had the greatest influence on patient experience.

The synthesis and isolation of alkynyl/chloride-protected gold nanoclusters is described. Silica gel column chromatography is effective in isolating gold nanoclusters from the as-synthesized cluster mixture to give the clusters Na[Au 25 L 18 ] (Au 25 ), [HNEt 3 ] 3 [Au 67 L 32 Cl 4 ] (Au 67 ), [HNEt 3 ] 4 [Au 106 L 40 Cl 12 ] (Au 106 ), L=3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-phenylacetylide. Au 67 and Au 106 are new clusters; the structures were determined by X-ray single-crystal diffraction. Au 67 contains a distorted Au 18 Marks decahedron shelled by an irregular Au 32 and further protected with two V-shaped Au 2 L 3 , 13 linear AuL 2 staples and 4 chlorides. Au 67 is the first structurally determined 34e superatomic gold nanocluster. Au 106 is composed of 106 Au atoms co-protected by alkynyls and chlorides. It has a Au 79 kernel, like in Au 102 (p-MBA) 44 . The surface structure of Au 106 includes 20 linear Au-alkynyl staples, 5 Cl-Au-Cl and 2 Cl-Au motifs. These three gold nanoclusters show size-dependent electrochemical properties., (© 2020 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Gold nanoclusters with surface open sites are crucial for practical applications in catalysis. We have developed a surface geometric mismatch strategy by using mixed ligands of different type of hindrance. When bulky phosphine Ph 3 P and planar dipyridyl amine (Hdpa) are simultaneously used, steric repulsion between the ligands will reduce the ligand coverage of gold clusters. A well-defined access granted gold nanocluster [Au 23 (Ph 3 P) 10 (dpa) 2 Cl](SO 3 CF 3 ) 2 (Au 23 , dpa=dipyridylamido) has been successfully synthesized. Single crystal structural determination reveals that Au 23 has eight uncoordinated gold atoms in the shape of a distorted bicapped triangular prism. The accessibility of the exposed Au atoms has been confirmed quantitatively by luminescent titration with 2-naphthalenethiol. This cluster has excellent performance toward selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde and demonstrates excellent stability due to the protection of negatively charged multidentate ligand dpa., (© 2020 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)