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Objective·To evaluate the quality of clinical practice guidelines of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) published worldwide.Methods·The guidelines of OSA were retrieved in PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data, SinoMed, MedSci, The Cochrane Library, and the websites such as Medlive, U. S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), New Zealand Guidelines Group (NZGG), Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN), and Guidelines International Network (GIN) from establishment to December 2022. Two reviewers screened the literature and extracted the main information independently, using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation Ⅱ (AGREE Ⅱ) and Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare (RIGHT) to evaluate the quality of the included OSA guidelines. Subgroup analysis was performed according to the publication regions of guidelines. The inter-evaluator consistency test was also performed and the results were expressed as the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). All the included guidelines were read entirely and the clinical questions they raised were summarized.Results·A total of 35 OSA guidelines were included. The ICC value of 0.975 showed a good inter-evaluator agreement. The results of AGREE Ⅱ showed that the average score of all guidelines was (63.60±16.45)%, with a minimum of 23.40% and a maximum of 91.67%. In the six domains, the scores of "Rigor of development" [(56.07±25.89)%] and "Applicability" [(53.57±15.52)%] were relative low. The average reporting rate of RIGHT of all the included guidelines was (67.84±20.03)%, with a minimum of 14.29% and a maximum of 94.29%, and the three domains with the lowest reporting rates were "Review and quality assurance" [(31.40±45.51)%], "Funding and conflict of interest declaration and management" [(56.43±33.95)%] and "Other aspects" [(56.19±36.85)%]. Subgroup analysis showed that guidelines in Asian had a lower score in "Rigor of development" and a lower overall score of AGREE Ⅱ than the guidelines in America and Europe (both P

With the gradual increase in the degree of factory production of edible fungi, automated control of the growth environment of edible fungi is particularly important. This paper utilizes the advantages of electrical automation technology to monitor the growth environment of edible fungi and regulate the environmental parameters of edible fungi factory production. Combined with the working principle of automation control systems, the fuzzy PID control algorithm is used to optimize the automatic control of edible mushroom factory production. By controlling and regulating the temperature and humidity of the growth environment of edible fungi, you can differentiate the automatic growth environment of edible fungi. Using fuzzy PID control technology to regulate the environmental conditions required for the growth and development process of PU Mushroom 1, we compared the seasonal mushroom production of PU Mushroom 1 with the mushroom production after applying the control system of the edible fungus growth environment. We compared the growth of the control area and the application area in terms of the rate of infection by stray bacteria at the mycelium stage of the almond abalone mushroom. The indoor temperature profile of the edible mushroom production environment controlled by fuzzy PID changed gradually, and the difference in temperature between day and night was reduced by 4.41°C compared to that outside. Regulating the opening of the greenhouse roller shutter prevented the indoor humidity from rising rapidly with the increase of outdoor moisture, which played a good role in humidity reduction. After applying the edible mushroom growth environment control system, the average yield of fresh mushrooms was 322.377g/bag, which was 33.7% higher than that of seasonal mushroom production. It shows that the application of automatic control technology for edible mushroom factory production can accurately assess and regulate the temperature, humidity, and other environmental conditions during the growth and development of edible mushrooms, which can promote the production capacity of edible mushrooms.

Due to highly customized feature, once the program of FPGA system is fixed, it is extremely difficult to keep maintenance. The system uses MicroBlaze processor to implement TCP/IP protocol stack, realizes the real-time online update of modules in FPGA system by upgrading files through Internet, and completes remote command injection and data upload for remote debugging. Based on ethernet mode, the system can be separated from the traditional debugging method, realize remote equipment debugging without manual participation on the equipment site, and reduce maintenance costs. The system has the characteristics of reliability, fast configuration, and no need to restart using this method, and can also be used in other directions such as cloud computing and real-time simulation.

In board and chip interconnection, SRIO(Serail RapidIO) has higher bandwidth and reliability than other protocol. In this paper, the HELLO format of the MSG (message) interface is used to multi-interface design method at the sending end, and the Round-Robin processing mechanism is used internally to realize the competition processing of the multi-channel interface sharing one SRIO interface when sending data at the same time. It supports the arbitrary expansion of the number of interfaces and the clock domain. After testing and verification, the system can realize the data sending and receiving of 64 channels under different clocks at most, and the delay between the single channel and the packet can be as low as 4μs. It has good application value in the direction of SRIO transmission application.

In order to realize tunable multichannel high sensitivity refractive index sensing, a square resonator connected with a Rectangular Groove (RG) is proposed to couple with the highly compact Metal-Dielectric-Metal (MDM) waveguide containing double metal baffles. The transmission spectrums of the proposed waveguide structure have been calculated by the finite element method, which exhibits four sharp, asymmetric transmittance peaks and the magnetic field patterns. Based on the coupling interference between the broadband reflection mode generated by the double baffles and the narrow resonance modes occurred in the composite cavity, the generation mechanism of quadruple Fano resonance is explained. Moreover, the structural parameters of the square cavity and the rectangular groove are changed to study the tunability of the wavelengths of the quadruple transmittance peaks. When the composite cavity is filled with different dielectric media, the calculated sensitivity corresponding to four transmittance peaks are 960, 1 120, 1 320 and 1 560 nm/RIU, respectively. It provides an effective theoretical reference for the design of multi-channel and high sensitivity refractive index sensor.

Axial diffraction-limited multiple foci are a kind of investigated focal field for trapping multiple nano-particles. We first experimentally generated diffraction-limited axial double foci by optimization-free binary planar lens and theoretically demonstrated it, which can be applied in multi-particle trapping. The proposed binary planar lens was analytically designed. The BPL has a numerical aperture of 0.9 and a focal length of 150 μm. The focal field of the binary planar lens, which is composed of diffraction-limited axial double foci, was first experimentally validated. The measured maximum lateral full widths at half maximum of the two generated focal spots were diffraction-limited and consistent with the theoretical. The axial double foci formed two stable optical traps that can trap two Rayleigh dielectric particles simultaneously. The radial, azimuthal and axial optical forces of the double optical traps are in good uniformity, which are 0.98, 0.99 and 0.96, respectively.

With the rapid development of the neurospine subspecialty in China, the graduate training issues involved in the sub-specialty are becoming increasingly prominent. We should not only focus on improving the clinical capacity of neurospine graduates, but also pay attention to the capacity building of clinical research, so as to support trainees'professional development as potential talents of neurosurgery. This article reviewed the types of papers commonly used in clinical practice, in order to cultivate high-level clinicians who can independently complete scientific research and promote the rapid development of neurospine.

To meet the radar data requirements of target detection technology research and address the lack of publicly available sea-detecting radar data, a data-sharing program for sea-detecting radar is proposed herein. The aim of the proposed data-sharing program is to conduct sea detection experiments using an X-band solidstate phase-coherent radar and other multi-type radars to obtain the target and sea clutter data under different sea conditions, resolutions, and grazing angles. Moreover, the marine meteorological and hydrological data, target position, and track data are simultaneously obtained using the proposed data-sharing program to help achieve the standardized management of radar-measured data. The proposed data-sharing program aims to promote the open sharing of data sets, serve as the basis for research on sea clutter characteristics, and facilitate the research on sea clutter suppression and target detection technology.

The fully mechanized excavation working face is the accident-prone area,such as the roof collapse and the rib spailling.With the increase of coal mining depth,the problem becomes more obvious,which seriously threatens the personal safety of coal miners.Advance support is one of the effective ways to prevent accidents and ensure safety.Based on the self-designed robotized self-moving support-anchor combined unit,the advance support scheme of the fully mechanized roadway was proposed,and the structure and working principle of the support robot were introduced.The concept of optimum support opportunity was proposed.Taking the geological conditions of Qishan mine as an example,the mechanical coupling model of surrounding rock-advance support was established,and the deformation of roadway surrounding rock and the stress of support at different support opportunities were numerically analyzed.The results show that the bearing capacity of surrounding rock is strong with 10~15 mm roof subsidence of the roadway,and the maximum roof subsidence reach the lowest of 29.64 mm when it balances,the pressure on the top of advance support reach the lowest of approximately 0.13 MPa,which is good for the design of advance support and safe of the fully mechanized face and is the optimum support opportunity.Finally,this paper summarizes the determination method of the optimal support opportunity of the fully mechanized roadway,which provides ideas for using the surrounding rock self-bearing capacity of roadway,reducing the surrounding rock deformation of roadway,reducing the support cost of roadway,and improving the supporting efficiency and safety of roadway.

In complex marine environments, sea clutter greatly affects the detection performance of maritime targets. Because the influencing factors of sea clutter are numerous and the mechanism is complex, there are great difficulties in feature description and sea clutter suppression, and it is necessary to carry out long-term, systematic, continuous, and in-depth research. Carrying out sea clutter measurement experiments and obtaining measurement data under the influence of different parameters is an important prerequisite for supporting this research. This paper mainly focuses on the sea clutter measurements that have been carried out. First, typical experiments in various countries such as Canada, South Africa, Australia, the United States, Spain, and Germany are categorized and summarized from the aspects of shore-based experiment and airborne experiment. Then, sea clutter measurement experiments with wave tank conducted by the United States and Japan are reviewed, and domestic sea clutter measurement experiments as well as the construction of the maritime target detection experimental center in Yantai are briefly introduced. Finally, the future research directions that should be emphasized are projected: more systematic and continuous sea clutter measurement experiments need to be conducted; experiment and data analysis under explicit task background need to be strengthened; and sea clutter and target datasets that meet the requirement of intelligent radar applications need to be urgently constructed.

The fate of developing T cells is determined by the strength of T cell receptor (TCR) signal they receive in the thymus. This process is finely regulated through the tuning of positive and negative regulators in thymocytes. The Family with sequence similarity 49 member B (Fam49b) protein is a newly discovered negative regulator of TCR signaling that has been shown to suppress Rac-1 activity in vitro in cultured T cell lines. However, the contribution of Fam49b to the thymic development of T cells is unknown. To investigate this important issue, we generated a novel mouse line deficient in Fam49b (Fam49b-KO). We observed that Fam49b-KO double positive (DP) thymocytes underwent excessive negative selection, whereas the positive selection stage was unaffected. Fam49b deficiency impaired the survival of single positive thymocytes and peripheral T cells. This altered development process resulted in significant reductions in CD4 and CD8 single-positive thymocytes as well as peripheral T cells. Interestingly, a large proportion of the TCRγδ+ and CD8αα+TCRαβ+ gut intraepithelial T lymphocytes were absent in Fam49b-KO mice. Our results demonstrate that Fam49b dampens thymocytes TCR signaling in order to escape negative selection during development, uncovering the function of Fam49b as a critical regulator of the selection process to ensure normal thymocyte development and peripheral T cells survival.

Carcinoma expleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) is a malignant carcinoma arising from a primary or recurrent benign pleomorphic adenoma. The lesion is recognized to be an aggressive malignancy with high recurrence rates and a high metastatic rate. CXPA is commonly seen in the sixth or seventh decade of life and shows a predilection for females. It accounts for approximately 3–5% of all salivary neoplasms and 12% of all salivary gland malignancies. Histologically, CXPA is characterized by the presence of both epithelial and mesenchymal components. We present an unusual case of a submandibular gland CXPA that clinically mimicked a benign tumour. The case offers an interesting perspective on the management challenges and associated prognostic significance after a follow-up evaluation of 6 years.

In this paper, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are used to detect and classify micro-Doppler effects of maritime targets by using generalized learning ability for high-dimensional features. Based on the micro-motion model of maritime targets, two-dimensional time-frequency maps of four types of micro-motion signals are constructed in the measured sea clutter background. These maps were used as training and test datasets. Furthermore, three types of CNN models, i.e., LeNet, AlexNet, and GoogleNet, are used in binary detection and multiple micro-motion classifications. The effects of signal-to-noise ratio on detection and classification performance are also studied. Compared with the traditional support vector machine method, the proposed method can learn the micro-motion features intelligently, and has performed better in detection and classification. Thus, this study can provide a new technical approach for radar target detection and recognition under a cluttered background.

To meet the urgent demand of low-observable moving target detection in complex environments, a novel method of Frequency Diverse Array (FDA) radar signal processing method based on Space-Rang-Doppler Focusing (SRDF) is proposed in this paper. The current development status of the FDA radar, the design of the array structure, beamforming, and joint estimation of distance and angle are systematically reviewed. The extra degrees of freedom provided by FDA radar are fully utilizsed, which include the Degrees Of Freedom (DOFs) of the transmitted waveform, the location of array elements, correlation of beam azimuth and distance, and the long dwell time, which are also the DOFs in joint spatial (angle), distance, and frequency (Doppler) dimensions. Simulation results show that the proposed method has the potential of improving target detection and parameter estimation for weak moving targets in complex environments and has broad application prospects in clutter and interference suppression, moving target refinement, etc..

Considering an inverse Gamma prior distribution model for texture, the adaptive detection problems for both first order Gaussian and second order Gaussian subspace targets are researched in a compound Gaussian sea clutter. Test statistics are derived on the basis of the two-step generalized likelihood ratio test. From these tests, new adaptive detectors are proposed by substituting the covariance matrix with estimation results from the Sample Covariance Matrix (SCM), normalized SCM, and fixed point estimator. The proposed detectors consider the prior distribution model for sea clutter during the design stage, and they model parameters that match the working environment during the detection stage. Analysis and validation results indicate that the detection performance of the proposed detectors out performs existing AMF (Adaptive Matched Filter, AMF) and ANMF (Adaptive Normalized Matched Filter, ANMF) detectors.

To address difficulties in radar signal processing, the effective and efficient detection of lowobservable moving targets in complex environments is an ongoing research hotspot. On the one hand, a signal may be extremely weak due to strong clutter and the complex motion of a target, making it hard to separate them in the time and frequency domains. On the other hand, complex coherent integration methods and the heavy computational burden of long-time integration represent challenges for improving radar detection performance with limited resources. High-resolution sparse representation can separate clutter from a moving target with respect to signal sparsity, and can be regarded as an extension of traditional transform-based moving target detection methods. This method has promising application prospects due to the advantages of its high time-frequency resolution, anti-noise property, robustness, and suitability for the analysis of multi-signals. In this paper, we systematically review conventional radar moving target detection methods. Then, we summarize their applications, including sparse representation in clutter property analysis, suppression, moving target detection, signature extraction, and time-frequency analysis. Next, we consider future developments. Finally, we provide some results based on real datasets and existing research.

Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are characterized by an unusual phenotype and developmental pathway, yet their specific ligands and functions remain largely unknown. Here by analysis of QFL T cells, a population of CD8+ T cells critical for monitoring the MHC I antigen processing pathway, we established that unconventional Qa-1b-restricted CD8+ T cells are abundant in intestinal epithelium. We found that QFL T cells showed a Qa-1b-dependent unconventional phenotype in the spleen and small intestine of naïve wild-type mice. The splenic QFL T cells showed innate-like functionality exemplified by rapid response to cytokines or antigens, while the gut population was refractory to stimuli. Microbiota was required for the maintenance, but not the initial gut homing of QFL T cells. Moreover, monocolonization with Pediococcus pentosaceus, which expresses a peptide that cross-activated QFL T cells, was sufficient to maintain QFL T cells in the intestine. Thus, microbiota is critical for shaping the Qa-1b-restricted IEL landscape.

Sea clutter is one of the main limiting factors influencing the target detection performance of nautical radars. The physical mechanism of sea clutter is complex with an abundance of influencing factors, and the non-Gaussian as well as non-stationarity behavior is significant. Thus, research into sea clutter property cognition is complicated and has to be systematic. Based on research that concentrates on experimental data, this paper reviews and summarizes the research developments in sea clutter property cognition. It concentrates on the properties that are of most interest for target detection algorithms: amplitude distribution, spectra, correlation, and non-stationarity and nonlinearity. The main research results are also concluded. Based on this, four aspects of problems that need further exploration are highlighted and include the following: further analysis of sea clutter influencing factors; the game problem between sea clutter precision modeling and the requirements of detection algorithms; and the property cognition between radar target and sea clutter.

As one of the most useful phenomena for separating sea clutter and marine targets, micro-Doppler (m-D) describes the refined motion characteristics of a marine target and helps to improve the abilities of radar detection and recognition. In this study, based on maritime radar, the signal model of a target with micromotion in sea clutter is described. Initially, the definitions of micromotion and m-D are briefly reviewed with a description of their details, and a classification of rigid marine targets that exhibit micromotion is introduced. Then, according to the duration of the observation time, we establish two types of signal models, i.e., in one range unit and across range unit. According to the type of motion, we establish separate signal models for non-uniform translational motion and rotational motion. Finally, the properties of micromotion are analyzed using real radar data, and the effectiveness of the established models is verified.

In order to research the ridge-buckle control method in the coiling process of steel strips with local high points,elastoplastic stress and ridge-buckle models are established by using the theory of three-dimensional elastoplastic deformation and introducing a plastic flow factor. Then a stress distribution model of ridge-buckle strips and an online setting model of buckling critical coiling tension are derived from the hypothesis of stress functions,the S. Timoshenko principle of least work,and the theory of Galerkin virtual displacement. Simulation results show that the uneven distribution of strip tension and axial compressive stress caused by radial accumulation of local high points is the main cause of strip ridge-buckles. The ridge-buckle quantity increases when the local high point's height,coiling diameter and coiling tension increase; the ridge-buckle of a thin strip is more obvious than that of a thick one.The critical coiling tension decreases with the increase of strip thickness,the local high point's height and coiling radius.

In the field of adaptive radar detection, an effective strategy to improve the detection performance is to exploit the structural information of the covariance matrix, especially in the case of insufficient reference cells. Thus, in this study, the problem of detecting multidimensional subspace signals is discussed by considering the persymmetric structure of the clutter covariance matrix, which implies that the covariance matrix is persymmetric about its cross diagonal. Persymmetric adaptive detectors are derived on the basis of the one-step principle as well as the two-step Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) in homogeneous and partially homogeneous clutter. The proposed detectors consider the structural information of the covariance matrix at the design stage. Simulation results suggest performance improvement compared with existing detectors when reference cells are insufficient. Moreover, the detection performance is assessed with respect to the effects of the covariance matrix, signal subspace dimension, and mismatched performance of signal subspace as well as signal fluctuations.

To deal with the problem of false alarm in the ship detection, a method base on proportion of spiral scattering in the peak zone is proposed. By comparing the proportion of spiral scattering in the peak zone, which is available from Krogager decomposition, the ships and interfering targets are identified and analyzed. The effectiveness of this method is justified with C-band full-polarization data from RADARSAT-2. The result show that this method can discriminate ships from interfering targets such as island, water-break, nautical platforms and bridges, thus reducing the false alarm rate of ship targets detection in SAR images.

In case of high-resolution, low grazing angle, high sea state, and horizontal transmitting, horizontal receiving polarization, the radar returns are strengthened, resulting in sea spikes. The sea spikes have the characteristics of high amplitudes, nonstationary, and non-Gaussian, which have a strong impact on the radar detection of weak marine moving targets. This study proposes a method for sea clutter suppression. Firstly, based on the sea spikes identification and selection method, the amplitude, temporal correlation, Doppler spectrum, and fractional power spectrum properties of sea spikes are analyzed. Secondly, the data to be detected are chosen by selecting the background clutter with minimum mean power, which can also eliminate the sea spikes. Correspondingly, sea clutter is suppressed with improved Signal-to-Clutter Ratio (SCR). Finally, the results of experiment with real radar data verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Aiming to remove the false alarm caused by azimuth ambiguity in SAR imagery during the process of ship target detection, a method based on the improved H/α/Wishart unsupervised classification is proposed. First, the scattering echo peak zone of target is extracted and the H/α classification results are treated as the initial cluster centers. Second, the ship target and azimuth ambiguity are identified by comparing and analyzing the structure of each region. It is showed by experiment that the method can detect ships based on the azimuth ambiguity; thus the false alarm rate in SAR-based ship detection is reduced.