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Background: The impact of depth of elaboration in individual psychotherapy sessions on overall treatment effectiveness was found in the empirical literature. In the best sessions, relevant content is processed with greater depth; in contrast, in the shallower sessions, the emerging content is more superficial. Evidence suggests that achieving a high level of depth is closely related to specific therapist characteristics and relational dimensions (including clinicians' emotional responses to patients). The present study aimed to (a) compare therapist responsiveness and countertransference patterns in psychotherapy sessions with different levels of depth of elaboration; and (b) examine if the positive countertransference pattern mediated the relationship between therapist responsiveness and depth of elaboration. Methods: Eighty-four clinicians were asked to select one patient with personality disorders in their care and complete the Depth Scale of the Session Evaluation Questionnaire, the Patient's Experience of Attunement and Responsiveness Scale, and the Therapist Response Questionnaire concerning one of their sessions. Results: The results showed that sessions with higher levels of depth of elaboration were characterized by greater therapist responsiveness and more positive countertransference. Conversely, poor therapist responsiveness and hostile/angry, disengaged, and helpless/inadequate countertransference responses were found in shallower sessions. Moreover, positive countertransference mediated the relationship between therapist responsiveness and depth of elaboration. Conclusion: This study sought to shed light on the processes underlying the outcomes of psychotherapeutic sessions, highlighting the strong impact of relational factors. Advancing knowledge of these mechanisms seems crucial to identifying the active ingredients of the therapeutic process and understanding what (does not) promote successful outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Transference (meant in this context, as the patient relational patterns expressed towards the clinician) and therapeutic alliance play a crucial role in the treatment of personality pathology. To date, no empirical study examined the association between these two dimensions of the clinical relationship and patients' personality maladaptive traits in psychotherapy. Methods: A national sample of therapists (N = 100) of different theoretical orientations assessed dysfunctional personality features of a patient in their care using a comprehensive and empirically grounded dimensional diagnostic approach from the Shedler–Westen Assessment Procedure‐200 (SWAP‐200). Moreover, they filled in the Psychotherapy Relationship Questionnaire (PRQ) to identify interpersonal patterns expressed early in treatment by the patients and the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI‐T) to evaluate quality of therapeutic alliance. Results: Overall, the most severe and maladaptive dimensions of patients' personality were associated with more negative clinician–patient dynamics and poorer levels of therapeutic alliance in statistically significant and clinically relevant ways. Notably, the hostile transference was predicted by both SWAP Hostility and Psychopathy, whereas the SWAP Narcissism was the strongest predictor of the special/entitled transference. The latter was also predicted by SWAP Emotional Dysregulation; conversely, the SWAP Dysphoria was the most robust predictor of anxious/preoccupied pattern. The SWAP Schizoid Orientation and Psychopathy predicted avoidant/dismissing attachment pattern; moreover, they were strongly and negatively related to the SWAP Psychological Health that was the best predictor of positive transference and alliance. Conclusions: Findings support that therapists' careful understanding of patients' interpersonal ways during early treatment stages may meaningfully inform diagnostic and therapeutic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Therapist Response Questionnaire for Adolescents (TRQ-A), an 86-item clinician-report instrument measuring a wide range of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors expressed by therapists toward their adolescent patients. A sample of psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral clinicians (N = 192) filled in the TRQ-A and the latest version of the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure for Adolescents (SWAP-II-A) in order to assess the personality styles/disorders of a randomly selected adolescent patient in their care. Factor analysis identified six conceptually coherent and internally consistent countertransference patterns: warm/attuned, angry/criticized, disorganized/frightened, overinvolved/worried, disengaged/hopeless, and sexualized. These patterns were significantly related to patients' personality styles/disorders in a clinically meaningful and systematically predictable manner. The results support the TRQ-A's validity and internal reliability in evaluating the complex portrait of multifaceted reactions that clinicians typically experience toward adolescent patients, and its potential to improve diagnostic accuracy and guide clinicians in planning effective therapeutic interventions. The TRQ-A promises to significantly contribute to this less explored research area and encourage systematic studies of youth treatment, promoting best practice for successful therapeutic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the factor structure and the psychometric properties of the Psychotherapy Relationship Questionnaire (PRQ; Bradley, Heim, & Westen, 2005), aclinician reportinstrument that measures a wide spectrum of thoughts, feelings, motives, conflicts, and behaviors expressed by patients toward their therapists in psychotherapy. A national sample of psychiatrists and clinical psychologists (N  = 314) of different theoretical orientations completed the PRQ, as well as the Shedler–Westen Assessment Procedure–200 (SWAP–200; Westen & Shedler, 1999a, 1999b) to assess the personality of a patient in their care. Factor-analytic procedures identified 6 transference dimensions that showed excellent internal consistencies: (a) hostile, (b) positive/working alliance, (c) special/entitled, (d) anxious/preoccupied, (e) avoidant/dismissing attachment, and (f) sexualized. Factor scores were significantly related to patients’ personality characteristics and psychological functioning, regardless of the clinicians’ orientations. The findings support that the PRQ is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating the patients’ relational patterns emerging in clinical practice in a clinically coherent and psychometrically robust way. Clinicians’ careful understanding of these patterns can be very useful for making accurate diagnostic formulations, as well as for providing a roadmap for effective therapeutic intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Depressive disorders in adolescence pose unique challenges for assessment and treatment, particularly due to their high comorbidity with various personality disorders. Moreover, young depressed patients may elicit very intense and difficult-to-manage emotional responses in therapists (in this context, countertransference). This study aimed at empirically identifying specific personality disorders (or subtypes) among adolescents with depressive pathology and exploring distinct countertransference patterns emerging in their psychotherapy: 100 adolescents (58 with depressive disorders; 42 with other clinical conditions) were assessed by their respective clinicians (n=100) using the psychodiagnostic chart-adolescent of the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM) - second edition, and the therapist response questionnaire for adolescents. Results showed that depressed adolescent patients exhibited marked traits of four personality subtypes (i.e., depressive, anxious-avoidant, narcissistic, and borderline) characterized by different levels of mental functioning and personality organization. These subtypes were predictably related to specific clinicians' emotional responses, even when controlling for the intensity of depressive symptomatology. Patients with depressive or anxious-avoidant personality subtypes evoked more positive countertransference responses, whereas patients with narcissistic or borderline subtypes elicited strong and hard-to-face emotional responses in therapists. Consistent with the next edition of the PDM, the study emphasizes the importance of comprehensive psychodynamic assessment in the developmental age, which frames depressive disorders in the context of accurate emerging personality and mental functioning profiles. This approach, which also relies heavily on the clinician's subjective experience in therapy, provides crucial information on how to specifically tailor interventions that more effectively meet the needs of adolescents with these heterogeneous and complex clinical conditions.