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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: To analyse the approach to diagnose gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and the qualification criteria for anti-reflux (AR) procedures in Polish children fed via gastrostomy between 2000 and 2010. SUBJECTS/METHODS: An electronic questionnaire containing questions on the demographic and clinical data of patients with gastrostomies was distributed to six Polish centres of nutritional therapy. The portion pertaining to GER included data on clinical exponents, diagnostic procedures (pH-metry, pH-impedance, scintigraphy and upper gastrointestinal (GI) series) and AR. RESULTS: In total, 348 children (M199/F149;age at gastrostomy 5.78 ± 5.49 years) were included. Data on the diagnosis of GER and the AR criteria were available for 343 and 336 subjects, respectively. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was performed in 258/ 348 patients (74.1%), while surgery was performed in 80/348 patients (23%). The data from 10/348 (2.9%) cases were unavailable. At least one of the tests for GER was conducted in 177/343 (51.6%) of patients: pH-metry in 74/343 (21.6%), pH- impedance in 17/343 (5.0%), scintigraphy in 60/343 (17.5%) and upper GI series in 102/343 (29.7%). GER was reported in 114/343 cases (33.2%), and fundoplication was performed in 87 children (76.3% of patients with GER). The highest congruence between a positive test result and the decision to perform fundoplication was documented in cases of scintigraphy and upper GI series (P = 0.00000 and P = 0.00191, respectively). A significant increase in the prevalence of simultaneous gastrostomy and AR was observed over the decade analysed (r = 0.8, P = 0.009). This study revealed a centre-specific attitude towards the diagnosis of GER and the assessment of qualifications for fundoplication in Polish gastrostomy-fed children. CONCLUSIONS: The unified diagnostic algorithm of GER and the universal qualification criteria for AR procedures need to be defined for gastrostomy-fed children. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2013) 67, 1169-1174; doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.164; published online 25 September 2013 Keywords: fundoplication; gastrostomy; GER; neurological impairment, INTRODUCTION Gastrostomy is currently a widely applied method for providing nutritional support to children with disorders that make obtaining adequate nutrition impossible via physiological routes. (1-3) The interplay between the [...]

Published epidemiologic data on the administration rates of enteral/parenteral home nutrition is very limited. The aim of this first nationwide study was to assess the availability of pediatric home enteral nutrition (HEN) services in Poland. The questionnaire was sent to all regional centers providing pediatric HEN services in Poland (n = 14). The analysis included the number of pediatric patients who received HEN in 2010, their demographic characteristics and geographical distribution. Furthermore, the distributions of indications and methods of enteral nutrition administration were analyzed, along with the reasons of withdrawal from the HEN program. The number and fraction of children receiving HEN increased in 2010, from 433 (11.34 per 1 million inhabitants) on January 1st to 525 (13.75) on December 31st. Marked differences were observed in geographical distribution of this parameter, from zero to up to 30 pediatric patients per 1 million inhabitants. Median age of patients was 6 years (range: 9 months-18 years). In most cases, HEN was prescribed due to neurological disorders (n = 337, 64.2%), and administered by means of gastrostomy (n = 450, 85.71%). This study revealed the dynamic development of pediatric HEN services in Poland but also documented their potential regional shortages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gastrointestinal endoscopy is a procedure that carries an increased risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection to medical staff. In patients, COVID-19 is a risk factor for adverse events of medical procedures. This study analyzed the real-life risk of, and factors contributing to, infection transmission to endoscopic personnel, and possible adverse events of the endoscopy procedure and anesthesia in children with COVID-19., Methods: Nationwide retrospective analysis of medical records of children with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who underwent gastrointestinal endoscopy in Poland between February 2020 and February 2022., Results: Fifty-eight patients were included in the analysis, 35% of whom had COVID-19 symptoms at the time of endoscopy. The dominant indications for endoscopy were foreign body or corrosive substance ingestion and gastrointestinal bleeding. Nine cases of virus transmission were registered among endoscopic personnel. In all of these cases, the endoscopy team was unaware of the patient's infection (p < 0.01), although symptoms were present in 78% of the children. Lack of use of personal protective equipment was the strongest predictor of SARS-CoV-2 transmission (p < 0.01). The risk of infection was not statistically significantly dependent on the method of anesthesia, intubation or the type of endoscopy. No statistically significant correlation was found between symptomatic infection and adverse events of endoscopy or anesthesia occurrence. There was one reported anesthesia-related adverse event involving extubation difficulties due to worsening respiratory infection symptoms., Conclusions: The risk of transmitting SARS-CoV-2 to endoscopic personnel during procedures in children is low and depends on compliance with infection prevention and control measures. Performing gastrointestinal endoscopy in children with COVID-19 does not appear to be associated with an increased risk of adverse events., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder triggered by the ingestion of gluten in genetically predisposed individuals, affecting about 1% of the general population in the developed world. In 2012, the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) recommendations for CD diagnoses in children and adolescents were introduced, allowing the "no-biopsy" approach if certain criteria were met. This approach was also confirmed in the revised guidelines published in 2020. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess-over a one-year period-the clinical presentations and current status of the management of children and adolescents diagnosed with CD in Poland. Medical records of children and adolescents, newly diagnosed with CD in 2022/2023 in three medical centers in Poland, were involved. Gastroenterologists completed the specific anonymous web-based forms developed in the CD SKILLS project, including data routinely assessed at individual visits about the diagnostic approach and clinical presentation of the disease. Our study assessed 100 patients (56% girls) with an age range 1.6-18.0 years. We found that 98% of patients were serologically tested prior to a CD diagnosis and 58% of patients were diagnosed using the "no-biopsy" approach. In the analyzed group, 40% belonged to a known risk group, only 22% had annual screening before the CD diagnosis (the longest for 9 years), and 19% showed no symptoms at the time of the CD diagnosis. Our research confirmed the applicability of the "no-biopsy" approach for the diagnosis of CD in children and adolescents in Poland, and also showed changes in the clinical picture of CD. Moreover, we highlight the need to introduce broad CD serological screening in risk groups of the Polish population.

Background: Most published pediatric guidelines on food allergy highlight the importance of nutritional counseling and dietary adequacy to avoid either growth retardation or nutritional deficiencies. The aim of the study was an assessment of the nutritional status of children with IgE-mediated food allergies., Material and Method: 45 patients with newly diagnosed food allergy (FA) and 33 healthy controls were analyzed (aged 6 to 72 months, 60.2% boys). The nutritional status was assessed using anthropometric measurements (body weight and length) and serum laboratory tests. The results were analyzed with the Statistica 12 software (Tulsa, OK, USA)., Results: 82%, 40%, 8.8%, and 6.6% of the studied children demonstrated allergy to hen's egg, cow's milk, pork meat, and wheat/rye, respectively. Z-score BMI < -2SD was more often found in the FA subjects under 30 months of age than in the controls ( p = 0.04). As many as 77.8% of the FA subjects and 78.8% of the controls were of normal height (hSDS: -0.23 ± 1.74 and -0.31 ± 1.49, respectively, p = 0.8). Retinol binding protein four serum concentration was significantly lower in the FA group (17.01 ± 3.84 mg/L) than in the controls (20.47 ± 4.87 mg/L, p < 0.001). No statistically significant differences were observed between the FA group and the controls (either in the younger or the older age group) ( p > 0.05) for the serum concentrations of total protein, total cholesterol, thyroxin-binding prealbumin (TBPA), 25(OH)D, hemoglobin level or white blood cells., Conclusions: In patients under 30 months of age, one of the symptoms of food allergy may be body weight deficiency, while short stature is less common at the time of diagnosis.

Objectives: Many protocols and preparations are used for bowel cleansing before pediatric colonoscopy but few are based on scientific evidence. We evaluated efficacy, safety, tolerability, and patient preference of oral sulfate solution (OSS) at 75% of the adult dose versus polyethylene glycol (PEG)-electrolyte solution in adolescents presenting for diagnostic colonoscopy., Methods: Phase III, randomized, evaluator-blinded, non-inferiority study of OSS and PEG in adolescents aged 12-17 years. OSS and PEG were administered in 2 doses on the day before colonoscopy. Primary endpoint included proportion of patients with successful overall preparation (4-point scale). Secondary endpoints included overall and segmental bowel cleansing (Boston Bowel Preparation Scale; BBPS), completed colonoscopies, duration of examination, time to cecal intubation, proportion of nasogastric tubes (NGTs), adverse events (AEs) and acceptability., Results: Successful cleansing was achieved in 71.4% and 79.0% of patients receiving OSS and PEG, respectively [adjusted difference -7.61 (95% confidence interval, CI, -18.45 to 3.24); P = 0.0907]. Segmental BBPS score for the left and transverse colon were similar between treatment groups, but better for the right colon with PEG than OSS [2.2 (95% CI, 2.0-2.4) and 1.9 (95% CI, 1.7-2.1), respectively; P = 0.0015]. Significantly fewer OSS patients needed NGT placement to ingest the whole solution [9/125 (7.2%)] than PEG patients [36/116 (31.0%); P < 0.0001]. Treatment acceptability was significantly higher with OSS than PEG ( P < 0.0001). Duration of examination, completed colonoscopies, and time to cecal intubation were similar between preparations. Gastrointestinal AEs including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and distension were similar in both groups but more patients receiving PEG had AEs assessed as incapacitating., Conclusions: Non-inferiority of OSS to PEG was not demonstrated, but OSS was associated with a lower requirement for NGT, better acceptability, and less frequent severe AEs than with PEG., Competing Interests: P.S. is principal investigator but reports no conflicts of interest in connection with this manuscript. C.P. is principal investigator but reports no conflicts of interest in connection with this manuscript (consultant for the following companies: Takeda, AbbVie, Milupa-Nutricia). U.G-C. is principal investigator but reports no conflicts of interest in connection with this manuscript. V.P. is an employee of Ipsen Pharma. A.K. is an employee of Ipsen Consumer HealthCare. M.A.B. is a consultant for Norgine, Coloplast, Mallinckrodt, Allergan, FrieslandCampina, Danone, HIPP, and United Pharmaceuticals. The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer on behalf of European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition.)

The rising prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and food allergies and their partially overlapping mechanisms such as microbiome diversity reduction raise questions about the role of allergies in IBD. While data on their comorbidity are available, analysis of IgE-sensitization's influence on the clinical presentation of IBD is lacking and is the aim of this study. Histories of 292 children with newly diagnosed IBD (173 cases of ulcerative colitis, 119 cases of Crohn's disease) were analyzed. Disease age of onset, activity, location, behaviour, and anthropometric and laboratory parameters were tested for its dependence on the presence of chosen IgE sensitization markers. A.o. Chi2, OR and phi coefficient were assessed. In Crohn's disease (CD), elevated total IgE (tIgE) correlated with weight loss, rectal bleeding, ASCA IgG positivity (φ = 0.19 for all) and negatively correlated with complicated disease behaviour (φ = -0.19). TIgE > 5 × reference range correlated with being underweight (φ = 0.2), ASCA IgG positivity (φ = 0.3), ASCA double (IgA and IgG) positivity (φ = 0.25) and elevated total IgG (φ = 0.18). The presence of specific IgEs (sIgE) correlated with extraintestinal manifestations of IBD (φ = 0.19): Egg white sIgE correlated with upper GI involvement (L4b) (φ = 0.26), severe growth impairment (φ = 0.23) and colonic mucosal eosinophilia (φ = 0.19). In ulcerative colitis, decreased IgA correlated with egg white sIgE (φ = 0.3), as well as the presence of any (φ = 0.25) or multiple sIgEs (φ = 0.2); the latter correlated also with elevated IgG (φ = 0.22), fever (φ = 0.18), abdominal pain (φ = 0.16) and being underweight (φ = 0.15). Cow's milk sIgE correlated positively with growth impairment (φ = 0.15) and elevated IgG (φ = 0.17) and negatively with extensive colitis (φ = -0.15). Pancolitis correlated negatively with sIgE presence (φ = -0.15). In summary, single moderate and numerous weak but interesting relationships were observed.

Background: The issue of vitamin metabolism in children with cystic fibrosis screen positive, inconclusive diagnosis (CFSPID) is not well known. The aim of this study was to determine the status of vitamins A, D, E, and C in the blood of a group of children with CFSPID., Material and Methods: A total of 89 children were enrolled in the study (Me: 3.6 years, 52.8% boys), as follows: 28 with CFSPID, 31 with CF (cystic fibrosis), and 30 HC (healthy children). Their blood concentrations of vitamins A, D, E, and C, and their dietary intake of these vitamins were analysed in the study groups on the basis of a three-day food diary., Results: The patients with CFSPID had significantly higher serum vitamin D ( p = 0.01) and E ( p = 0.04) concentrations, compared to the children with CF. None of the children with CFSPID revealed vitamin A or E deficiencies. Patients with CF had been consuming significantly higher vitamin D and E amounts ( p = 0.01). The vitamin concentrations did not depend either on the pancreatic/liver function or on anthropometric parameters. In total, 32.14% of patients with CF did not cover the baseline recommended calorie intake, and 53.6% and 36% did not take the recommended vitamin E and vitamin A intake, respectively., Conclusion: Children with CF and CFSPID did not fully cover the dietary recommendations for vitamin supply, but vitamin deficiency was found only in CF.

Background: Food allergy (FA) has a broad range of symptoms, and clinical manifestations may concern several reactions from one system or organ., Aim: The aim of the study was to assess intestinal permeability (IP) based on the analysis of serum zonulin and bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) levels in children with FA, taking into account the pathomechanism of immune reaction, clinical symptoms of FA and their severity., Material and Methods: The study comprised 103 patients aged 7-60 months (median 34); 49 children with IgE-mediated allergy and 25 children with non-IgE-mediated allergy; the reference group comprised 29 children with functional gastrointestinal disorders. IP markers were determined using ELISA., Results: There was no correlation between the severity of clinical symptoms and the level of IP markers in children with FA. Zonulin and LPS levels were significantly higher in children with FA and gastrointestinal symptoms. Zonulin levels in the subgroup of children with non-IgE-mediated FA and gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly higher than in the subgroup of children with IgE-mediated FA and these symptoms. The level of LPS was significantly higher in the subgroup with IgE-mediated FA and atopic dermatitis., Conclusions: Zonulin and LPS levels were significantly higher in children with FA compared to children from the reference group. Zonulin levels were significantly higher in children with non-IgE-mediated FA than in children with IgE-mediated FA.

This was a retrospective cohort study aimed at identifying parameters measured at diagnosis of pediatric IBD to predict subsequent biologic therapy, as an equivalent to an unfavorable clinical course. Identification of predictors of poor outcomes is an important issue in current ECCO guidelines on pIBD. The study population consisted of 119 children with Crohn's disease and 112 with ulcerative colitis, diagnosed and monitored for at least 1 year from 2009-2019. The population was divided into the study groups separately: 39 children with CD and 14 with UC who received biologics before the age of 18 y compared to 80 with CD and 98 with UC who did not. The combined analysis of 53 biologic therapy recipients vs. 178 non-recipients with IBD was also conducted. Logistic regression tests (OR, RR) and sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were used. Factors significantly correlated with subsequent biologic therapy were perianal disease, complicated disease behavior, high PCDAI (CD), fatigue, hypoalbuminemia, high PUCAI (UC) and fever, fatigue, hypoalbuminemia, hypoproteinemia, and elevated CRP (IBD). Marginally significant factors were ileocecal disease, elevated serum IgA, anemia, and L4a-L4b coexistence. Apart from parameters already accepted as POPO (B2/3, perianal disease), interesting observations are the significance of IgA, L4a-L4b in CD, and hypoalbuminemia in UC.

BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the C-reactive protein-to-albumin (CRP/albumin) ratio at diagnosis of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). MATERIAL AND METHODS Serum CRP/albumin ratio was calculated for patients with Crohn's disease (CD; n=186) and ulcerative colitis (UC; n=159) aged 3-18 years. RESULTS Patients with CD differed in CRP/albumin ratio at diagnosis in groups with quiescent, mild, moderate, and severe disease (P=0.011). CRP/albumin ratio at diagnosis was significant in differentiating patients with severe CD from quiescent disease at diagnosis (area under the curve (AUC)=0.94, odds ratio (OR)=63.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 7.1-569.1, P<0.0001). CRP/albumin ratio at diagnosis could moderately differentiate penetrating from non-penetrating disease behavior in CD at diagnosis (AUC=0.73, OR=6.3, 95% CI 2.0-19.3, P<0.001). Furthermore, CRP/albumin ratio at diagnosis weakly differentiated IBD patients in need of biological treatment in a step-up procedure (AUC=0.58, OR=2.1, 95% CI 1.3-3.4, P=0.022) and in need of surgery (AUC=0.63, OR=3.1, 95% CI 1.4-7.2, P=0.006). For the IBD, CRP/albumin ratio at diagnosis was weakly correlated with age at first immunosuppressive treatment (rho=0.20, P=0.018), time from diagnosis to first biological treatment (rho=-0.37, P<0.001), days spent in hospital (rho=0.26, P=0.007), number of severe relapses (rho=0.31, P=0.001), and Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index (rho=0.38, P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS The present findings add to previous studies carried out in adult patients and show that the CRP/albumin ratio at diagnosis was not significantly associated with the course of either CD or UC in children. However, CRP/albumin ratio could differentiate patients with severe CD from those with quiescent disease.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) results from a complex interplay between the environment, gut microbiota, host genetics, and immunity. Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) regulates Th1/Th2 balance and, thus, the synthesis of cytokines and inflammation. We aimed to analyze the dependence of RUNX3 promoter 2 ( P2 ) methylation level on: age, sex, body mass index (BMI), C-reactive protein (CRP), serum albumin, disease duration, Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index (PUCAI), the Paris classification, and exposure to medications. This multicenter, cross-sectional study recruited hospitalized children with UC. Methylation of RUNX3 P2 was measured with methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes in the whole blood DNA. Sixty-four children were enrolled, with a mean age of 14.5 ± 2.8 years. Half of them were female (51.6%), and the average BMI Z-score was -0.44 ± 1.14. The mean methylation of RUNX3 P2 was 54.1 ± 13.3%. The methylation level of RUNX3 P2 did not correlate with age, sex, nutritional status, CRP, albumin, PUCAI, or the extent of colitis (Paris E1-E4). RUNX3 P2 methylation did not differ between patients recruited within two and a half months of diagnosis and children who had UC for at least a year. Current or past exposure to biologics, immunosuppressants, or steroids was not associated with RUNX3 P2 methylation. Methylation of RUNX3 promoter 2 in whole blood DNA does not seem to be associated with the characteristics of UC in children.

The role of intestinal permeability (IP) markers among children and adults with food allergies is not fully understood, and the identification of biological indicators/markers that predict growth retardation in children with allergic diseases and atopy has not been well explained. Studies have shown that patients with atopic diseases respond abnormally to food allergens. Accordingly, differences in the types of immune complexes formed in response to antigen challenges are significant, which seems to underlie the systemic signs of the food allergy. Increased intestinal permeability over the course of a food allergy allows allergens to penetrate through the intestinal barrier and stimulate the submucosal immune system. Additionally, the release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators enhances the degradation of the epithelial barrier and leads to an improper cycle, resulting in increased intestinal permeability. Several studies have also demonstrated increased permeability of the epithelial cells in those afflicted with atopic eczema and bronchial asthma. Ongoing research is aimed at finding various indicators to assess IP in patients with atopic diseases.

Recently, an increase in the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been observed among children and adolescents. Although the pathogenesis of IBD is not fully elucidated currently, actual research focuses on the occurrence of imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules and future identification of the role of cytokines in IBD therapy. The purpose of this study was to compare the concentrations of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid derivatives during both phases of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The study included 64 adolescent patients with CD ( n = 34) and UC ( n = 30) aged 13.76 ± 2.69 and 14.15 ± 3.31, respectively. Biochemical analysis was performed on a liquid chromatography apparatus. A statistically significant lower concentration of resolvin E1 (RvE1) was observed in the CD group relative to UC. In the active phase of CD, a statistically significantly higher concentration of protectin DX (PDX) was observed relative to remission CD. Comparing the active phase of both diseases, a statistically significantly higher concentration of resolvin E1 (RvE1) was observed in UC relative to CD. Comparing the remission phase of both diseases showed statistically significantly higher PDX levels in CD relative to UC. Our study adds to the knowledge on the involvement of anti-inflammatory lipid mediators in both IBD entities. In conclusion, it seems that the marker differentiating both disease entities in the active phase may be RvE1, while in the remission phase, PDX. In CD remission, the greatest involvement was observed towards PDX, whereas in UC, MaR1, RvE1 and 18RS-HEPE seem to be the most involved in remission.

Background: Crohn's disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC) are classified as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Currently, an increasing number of studies indicate that the metabolic consequences of IBD may include abnormalities in the fatty acid profile. The aim of this study was to compare fatty acid concentrations in IBD in order to identify differences between CD and UC and differences between the phases of both diseases., Methods: Sixty-three adolescent patients with CD ( n = 33) and UC ( n = 30) aged 13.66 ± 2.67 and 14.15 ± 3.31, respectively, were enrolled in the study. Analysis was performed by gas chromatography., Results: A statistically significant higher concentration of vaccenic acid was observed in the total UC group relative to total CD. In remission CD relative to active CD, a significantly higher concentration of palmitic acid was shown. Whereas in active CD, significantly higher levels of linoleic acid were observed relative to remission. The UC group had significantly higher lauric acid and gamma-linoleic acid levels in active disease relative to remission., Conclusions: The identified differences between FA levels in UC and CD could potentially be involved in the course of both diseases.

Recently, an increase in the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been observed, especially among children and adolescents. Currently, few studies focus on the differentiation of inflammation in IBD subunits, i.e., Crohn's Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC). The aim of this study was to compare the concentrations of proinflammatory mediators of arachidonic acid (ARA) and linoleic acid (LA) in patients with CD ( n = 34) and UC ( n = 30), in order to identify differences in inflammation in both diseases and within the same entity, according to disease activity. Sixty-four adolescents with a mean age of 13.76 ± 2.69 and 14.15 ± 3.31, for CD and UC, respectively, were enrolled in the study. Biochemical analysis of ARA and LA derivatives was performed using a liquid chromatography. A trend was observed in the concentration of 15S-HETE (hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids) in CD relative to UC. The active phase of both diseases showed a higher 15S-HETE concentration in active CD relative to active UC. Comparing patients with CD with active and inactive disease showed a trend of increased levels of thromboxane B2, leukotriene B4 and 9S-HODE (hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid) in the active versus the inactive disease. We also observed statistically significantly higher levels of 12S-HETE in inactive CD relative to active CD. In the UC group, on the other hand, statistically significantly higher levels of prostaglandin E2 and 16RS-HETE were observed in active UC relative to inactive UC. Moreover, significantly higher concentrations of LTX A4 5S, 6R were observed in inactive UC relative to the active phase. In conclusion, the present study indicated the activity of the 15-LOX pathway in CD. Further studies involving lipid mediators in patients with IBD may contribute to the development of new therapies for the treatment of IBD. The identification of differences in the course of inflammation may help to target therapy in CD and UC, and perhaps allow the introduction of an additional diagnostic marker between the two main IBD subtypes.

Background: Complications of cystic fibrosis-associated liver disease (CFLD) are a leading nonpulmonary cause of death. Noninvasive tests enabling early detection of liver changes, especially in children are sought. The aim of the study was to assess the scale of liver fibrosis with the use of elastography in paediatric patients with diagnosed cystic fibrosis (CF) and its comparison with other tests (APRI and Fibrotest)., Methods: We examined 41 children, in the age range 2-21 years, with diagnosed CF. The analysis a included clinical picture, laboratory parameters of liver damage, and cholestasis. Aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) and Fibrotest were done in all patients. Liver stiffness measurements were acquired using shear-wave elastography (SWE)., Results: CFLD was diagnosed in 16/41 patients (39%). Abnormal elastography was observed in 19/41 patients (46.3%), and in 5/41 (12.2%), the changes were advanced (F4). Abnormal elastography was observed in 12/16 (75%) of the patients with CFLD, and in 7/25 (28%), there were no lesions observed in the liver in the course of cystic fibrosis. In all patients with F4, we observed abnormal results of the APRI and Fibrotest. In most patients with small changes in elastography, we found normal results of the APRI and Fibrotest., Conclusion: Elastography seems to be a noninvasive examination useful in everyday clinical work in detecting early liver changes and monitoring of progression in paediatric patients with diagnosed cystic fibrosis, ahead of changes in laboratory tests. The cost-effectiveness of this test, the possibility of its repetition, and its availability are additional benefits., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Sabina Wiecek et al.)

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele group HLA-DQA1*05 predisposes to ulcerative colitis (UC) and is associated with the development of antibodies against infliximab in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, we hypothesized that the presence of HLA-DQA1*05 correlates with characteristics of pediatric IBD. Within a multi-center cohort in Poland, the phenotype at diagnosis and worst flare was established and HLA-DQA1*05 status was assessed enabling genotype-phenotype analyses. HLA-DQA1*05 was present in 221 (55.1%) out of 401 children with IBD (UC n = 188, Crohn's disease n = 213). In UC, the presence of HLA-DQA1*05 was moderately associated with a large extent of colonic inflammation at diagnosis (E4 55% more frequent in HLA-DQA1*05-positive patients, p = 0.012). PUCAI at diagnosis ( p = 0.078) and the time from UC diagnosis to the first administration of biologic treatment ( p = 0.054) did not differ depending on HLA-DQA1*05 status. The number of days of hospitalization for exacerbation was analyzed in 98 patients for whom sufficient follow-up was available and did not differ depending on HLA-DQA1*05 carriership ( p = 0.066). HLA-DQA1*05 carriers with CD were less likely to present with both stenosing and penetrating disease (B2B3, p = 0.048) and to have active disease proximal to the ligament of Treitz (L4a) at the worst flare ( p = 0.046). Future research focusing on explaining and preventing anti-TNF immunogenicity should take into account that ADA may develop not only as an isolated reaction to anti-TNF exposure but also as a consequence of intrinsic differences in the early course of UC.

Deleted in malignant brain tumours 1 protein (DMBT1) and surfactant protein D (SFTPD) are antimicrobial peptides previously linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) susceptibility. This study attempts to link the most potential IBD-associated polymorphisms in DMBT1 and SFTPD with the disease severity in children. A total of 406 IBD patients (Crohn's disease (CD) n = 214 and ulcerative colitis (UC) n = 192) were genotyped using hydrolysis probe assay. Clinical expression was described by disease activity scales, albumin and C-reactive protein levels, localisation and behaviour (Paris classification), systemic steroid, immunosuppressive, biological, and surgical treatment, number of exacerbation-caused hospitalisations, relapses and nutritional status. IBD patients with the risk genotype (AA) in DMBT1 rs2981804 had more frequent biological treatment (AA: vs. AG/GG; p = 0.012), concomitant diseases (AA vs. AG vs. GG; p = 0.015) and cutaneous manifestations (AA vs. AG/GG, p = 0.008). In UC, rs2981804 genotypes might be linked with albumin concentrations at diagnosis (AA vs. AG vs. GG; p = 0.009). In CD, DMBT1 rs2981745 was significantly associated with the number of severe relapses per year of disease ( p = 0.020) and time-to-immunosuppression ( p = 0.045). SFTPD was seemingly found to be associated with age at first immunosuppression in IBD (CC vs. CT vs. TT; p = 0.048). In conclusion, selected polymorphisms of DMBT1 and SFTPD might be associated with some disease severity measures in children with IBD. However, the magnitude of associations and their clinical relevance might be minor.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the complication rate and identify whether age, nutritional status, and history of respiratory aspiration prior to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) are risk factors for post-PEG placement complications in Polish children. In addition, the safety of two enteral feeding methods (3 h vs. 8 h) after PEG insertion in children was compared., Methods: Children with clinical indications for PEG placement were recruited from six medical centers in Poland to participate in the study. The patients were centrally randomized to receive the first bolus feed via a feeding tube at 3 h (group 1) or 8 h (group 2) after PEG placement. The preprocedural preparation, postoperative care, and resumption of feeding were performed on all of patients in accordance with the study protocol. Patients were followed for 12 mo., Results: Of the 97 randomized patients, 49 were assigned to group 1 and 48 to group 2. Full feed after PEG placement was achieved within 24 to 48 h in most cases (74% vs. 82%). There were no differences between the groups regarding the number of early mild (31.3% vs. 31.3%) and serious (2.1% vs 8.3%) complications or the duration of hospitalization after PEG placement (P > 0.05). The most common serious complication after PEG placement was accidental displacement of PEG. Most reported late complications were mild. The results of the regression analysis indicate no statistically significant effect of age, body mass index standard deviation score, white blood cell count, serum albumin level, and respiratory aspiration in the medical history on the occurrence of mild and severe complications., Conclusions: The early initiation of post-PEG feeding was not associated with an increase in the number of complications. Most complications after the PEG procedure were mild. Age, serum albumin level, white blood cells, body mass index standard deviation score, and a history of aspiration to the respiratory tract were not confirmed as a risk factor for post-PEG complications in children., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: A diet restricted in dairy products can cause calcium and vitamin D deficiency and, secondarily, lead to malnutrition and low bone mass. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence hypocalcemia and vitamin D deficiency in children with inflammatory bowel diseases and lactose intolerance (LI)., Material and Methods: A total of 107 patients were enrolled to the study (mean age 14.07 ± 3.58 years; 46.7% boys): 43 with Crohn's disease (CD), 31 with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 33 with functional abdominal pain (AP-FGID). Hydrogen breath test with lactose and laboratory tests to assess the calcium-phosphate metabolism were performed in all patients. The results of densitometry were interpreted in 37 IBD patients., Results: LI was diagnosed in 23.2% patients with CD, 22.6% with UC, and 21.2% children with AP-FGID, ( p = 0.9). Moreover, 9.5% patients with CD, in 21.4% with UC, and in 51.5% with AP-FGID had optimal concentration of 25(OH)D ( p = 0.0002). Hypocalcemia was diagnosed in 21% of patients with CD, 16.1% with UC patients, AP-FGID patients had normal calcium levels ( p = 0.02). There was no difference in concentrations of total calcium, phosphorus, and 25(OH)D between patients on low-lactose diet and normal diet ( p > 0.05). BMD Z-score ≤ -1 SD was obtained by 12 CD patients (48%), and 6 with UC (50%)., Conclusion: The use of a low-lactose diet in the course of lactose intolerance in children with inflammatory bowel diseases has no effect on the incidence of calcium-phosphate disorders and reduced bone mineral density.

Background and Objectives: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare cholestatic disease of the liver of unknown etiology, severe course and poor prognosis. PSC most often co-occurs with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), especially with ulcerative colitis (UC). The aim of the study was the analysis of the clinical course of primary sclerosing cholangitis in children, hospitalized in the Gastroenterology Unit in Katowice. Materials and Methods: The analysis included 30 patients, aged from 7 to 18 years, 21/30 boys (70%) and 9/30 girls (30%), diagnosed with PSC in the years 2009-2019. The analysis included the age at diagnosis, clinical symptoms, course of the disease, coexisting diseases, laboratory and imaging results, and complications. Results: The average age at diagnosis was 13 years. 22/30 (73.3%) patients suffered from UC, 4/30 (13.3%) were diagnosed with Crohn's disease (CD), 2/30 (6.66%) with Eosinophilic Colitis (EC). 2/30 patients (6.66%) had no clinical evidence of coexistent IBD to date. In addition, 7/30 (23.3%) had an overlap syndrome of primary sclerosing cholangitis/autoimmune hepatitis. When PSC was detected before IBD (6/30-20%), patients had complications more often compared to those diagnosed with IBD first or PSC and IBD at the same time. At the moment of diagnosis 6/30 (20%) patients presented with abdominal pain, which was the most common symptom, 3/30 (10%) jaundice, while 17/30 (56.6%) were asymptomatic but had abnormal results of the laboratory tests. Conclusions: Monitoring liver markers in IBD patients is important since most PSC cases are asymptomatic and their elevation might be the first sign of the disease. Patients diagnosed with PSC before IBD diagnosis are more likely to have a more aggressive course of the disease.

Background: It has been suggested that apolipoprotein E ( APOE) polymorphisms are associated with the risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the early age of disease onset. However, there are no reports regarding the relationship with clinical characteristics and disease severity., Aim: To summarise that APOE polymorphisms are associated with the risk of developing IBD and the early age of disease onset., Methods: In total, 406 patients aged 3-18 with IBD (192 had ulcerative colitis and 214 had Crohn's disease) were genotyped using the TaqMan hydrolysis probe assay. Clinical expression was described at diagnosis and the worst flare by disease activity scales, albumin and C-reactive protein levels, localisation and behaviour (Paris classification). Systemic steroid intake with the total number of courses, immunosuppressive, biological, and surgical treatment with the time and age of the first intervention were determined. The total number of exacerbation-caused hospitalisations, the number of days spent in hospital due to exacerbation, the number of relapses, and severe relapses were also estimated., Results: Ulcerative colitis patients with the APOEε4 allele had lower C-reactive protein values at diagnosis ( P = 0.0435) and the worst flare ( P = 0.0013) compared to patients with the APOEε2 allele and genotype APOEε3/ε3 . Crohn's disease patients with the APOEε2 allele scored lower on the Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index at diagnosis ( P = 0.0204). IBD patients with APOEε2 allele spent fewer days in the hospital due to relapse ( P = 0.0440)., Conclusion: APOE polymorphisms are associated with the risk of developing IBD and the clinical expression of IBD. However, the clinical relevance of the differences identified is rather modest., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: We have no financial relationships to disclose., (©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)