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Current trends in the energy sector are related to energy transformation, the share of renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, security and continuity of supply. As a result of the events of recent years, resilience, i.e. the ability to resist disruptions, has become more critical. The article aims to attempt to formulate the assumptions of a resilient energy system and to illustrate the approach of the example of the heating system. The proposed approach presents resilience in three dimensions: structural, diversification and redundancy. In strategic planning, when decisions with long-term effects need to be made, in-depth analyses of development scenarios are performed, reflecting forecasted trends and threats. The research part of the article presents the results of simulation scenarios for the years 2020-2050, modelled using the OSeMOSYS system. The results allowed for comparison of changes in technology, CO2 emissions, and the investment outlays of the analysed heating system. The justification for undertaking research using the modelling method is the benefits of analytical work. By nature, they are not expensive and enable the definition of a wide range of tests and interpretation of results. The proposed framework of assumptions of a resilient energy system may be helpful for analytical studies of the sector and enterprises. It was assumed that it considers three dimensions: structural – technological and organizational; diversification – which concerns the diversification of fuel supplies and technologies used; redundancy – which involves fuel and technology reserves.

This article aims to provide insights into the research conducted in 2019 when recommendations for changes in the Act on Crisis Management in Poland were formulated and to evaluate the changes introduced in the form of an amendment to the Act on Crisis Management in 2020. The research presented in the article is based on the assessment of the recommendations formulated by the authors in 2019 according to the trends in public crisis management (New Public Management, Public Governments) made in comparison to the literature in this area. The practical part of the presented research consists of comparative analysis in four categories (General, Risk, Critical Infrastructure, Other) and a discussion of the compliance of the formulated recommendations with the changes in the amended act in 2020. The research showed that the recommendations formulated in 2019 were accurate, especially in the categories of Risk and Critical Infrastructure. The recommendations in the General category relate to the concept of security at the state level, but not to this law on crisis management and thus appear to be neutral. In the theoretical context, compliance of individual recommendations with the trends in public management was indicated.

In numerous definitions of energy security, an approach, which emphasises the importance of continuity of supply dominates. It takes into account the need for diversification and signals the necessity to protect the environment and keep energy costs under control. Noticeably, energy security is not only an issue of the state in strategic dimension, but it also embraces the management issues that can be comprehensively described through a classical, multi-level management approach using: strategic and operational levels. Furthermore, security in the dimension of needs is a response to threats. Therefore, the taxonomy of threats concerning the energy sector facilities may be useful in defining energy security in terms of management. This article is an attempt to define the features of energy security as a response to threats, within strategic, operational and tactical dimensions. The proposed herein approach aims to manage energy security in the scope of a diagnosis, an assessment, and taking action, as well as monitoring the current state.

The article presents an attempt to identify and systematize methods and techniques used to solve problems in the field of organization and management and which can be adapted to support crisis management. Systematics of methods has been carried out in the scope of three processes supporting the implementation of the risk management process in crisis management, which include relations with employees, leadership and partnership.

The formula of engaging an energy service company (ESCO) in Poland is not a new form of accounting for investments in improving energy efficiency. The results of our survey confirm that many entities still lack sufficient knowledge about this subject. The research problem this paper is concerned with is the conditions of applying the ESCO formula (a model of investment financing with the participation of a specialised company) to support local government units and enterprises in energy-industry project development. For the purpose of this study, the research questions were formulated to analyse of the following issues: the reasons for interest in the ESCO formula and the sources of knowledge about this solution; activities and other factors that can increase or reduce interest in the ESCO formula; services in terms of ESCO formula implementation; the attractiveness of alternative instruments for financing energy industry projects, the benefits of using the ESCO formula and the influence of current and future target groups on ESCO formula development in Poland. This paper, therefore aims to recognise the conditions under which the ESCO formula can be applied by local government units and enterprises implementing energy industry projects in Poland. The research problem was solved using a triangulation of research methods: empirical qualitative research (desk research analysis, individual in-depth interviews, computer-assisted web interview (CAWI) survey, and focus group interviews) and one of the foresight methods (an expert panel). The research revealed that the lack of knowledge amongst local government units and enterprises with regard to the ESCO formula, although not unique to Poland, is insufficient to explain the low level of interest in this solution. One of the key conclusions is the need to educate local government units and enterprises on energy efficiency. This is vital to arouse their interest in the more complex ESCO implementation solutions that they have not yet investigated. Furthermore, by following and analysing the project implementation process in the ESCO formula, we can conclude that the risk generated is primarily on the part of the energy service company itself. For this reason, it is doubtful that energy service companies will invest the equity necessary to develop this challenging market. Based on the research conclusions, we indicate some recommendations that the government and related public institutions should consider in order to boost this market and support ESCO companies.

Systemy ratownictwa gwarantują bezpieczeństwo oraz właściwy poziom ochrony ludności. Jednym z przedsięwzięć ukierunkowanych na rozwój systemów ratownictwa jest ich ciągłe doskonalenie oraz wzbogacanie przez wykorzystanie specjalistycznych metod i narzędzi. Odpowiedni dobór nowych metod i narzędzi powinien być poprzedzony wnikliwą analizą obecnie funkcjonujących systemów w kraju i na świecie. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wybranych zagranicznych rozwiązań w zakresie ratownictwa, które zdaniem autorów warto włączyć do krajowego systemu ratownictwa. Wskazane rozwiązania są rekomendowane na podstawie analizy krajowego systemu ratownictwa i systemów działających w innych krajach.