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Kurt Lewin's intellectual contributions mirror his Gestalt philosophy. That is, each of his individual theoretical and experimental contributions to action research and group dynamics had value; together they formed a whole greater than the sum of the parts. Remarkably, his work from almost a century ago regarding organization development and social psychological processes continues to be relevant today. This paper begins with Lewin's lessons that I learned from his mentees. Next, several of Lewin's contributions are discussed with regard to leadership. Then, the influence of this work on current concepts of leadership assessment and development, change leadership, and team performance is presented with regard to the Leader-Follower Framework (LF2) and the "AID" approach to optimize team performance--Adaptive, Innovative, Distributed Leadership and Followership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conceptual frameworks for Leader and Leadership Education and Development guide the curriculum and assessment of students, faculty, and programs. This commentary defines leader and leadership and presents a leadership conceptual framework that includes four 'C' elements (FourCe) -- Character, Competence, Context, and Communication -- across four levels of psychosocial interaction -- Personal, Interpersonal, Team, and Organizational (PITO). This FourCe-PITO framework delineates elements of leadership, considers interactions of these elements, guides curriculum content, and is the basis for assessments. The application of this framework is discussed for all levels of education.

Sport psychology is the scientific study and application of psychological principles to enhance performance and well-being in sport, exercise, and physical activity. It has numerous applications to sports medicine, as psychological factors are associatedwith sport injury risk, recovery, successful return to play, and overall health. This article addresses how sport psychology is important to sports medicine and what applied sport psychologists do. We discuss several psychological principles and practices relevant to individual performance andwell-being, including goal setting, communication, arousal and performance, imagery/mental rehearsal, attention management, managing psychological distress, and behavioral health. We also discuss principles and practices of sport psychology relevant to team performance, including stages of team development, goal setting, communication, arousal and performance, and behavioral health. Sport psychology and applied sport psychology practitioners can be valued assets to sports medicine teams in supporting individual and team performance and injury recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eating, persistence, and cardiovascular responses were evaluated after exposure to a 25-min noise stressor with or without perceived control. Participants were healthy men (n = 29) and women (n = 34), aged 21 to 45 years. There were no group differences in cognitive task performance or blood pressure during the stressor. However, perceived control resulted in lower mean blood pressure and heart rate after cessation of the stressor for men and women. Women without perceived control displayed greater frustration levels following the stressor, and frustrated women are more bland food than did nonfrustrated women. Perceived control and frustration did not affect food consumption among men following the stressor. These findings indicate that there are health-relevant gender differences in