13 results on '"Growth-differentiation factor 15"'
Search Results
2. A growth-differentiation factor 15 receptor agonist in randomized placebo-controlled trials in healthy or obese persons.
- Author
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Smith WB, Nguyen D, Clough T, Schofield J, Kagan MR, Kompa J, He Y, Maratos-Flier E, Jamontt J, Vong L, Schwartzkopf CD, Layne JD, Usera AR, O'Donnell CJ, Heldwein KA, Streeper RS, and Goldfine AB
- Abstract
Background: Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15), a divergent member of the TGF-β superfamily, signals via the hindbrain glial-derived neurotrophic factor receptor alpha-like and rearranged during transfection receptor co-receptor (GFRAL-RET) complex. In nonclinical species, GDF15 is a potent anorexigen leading to substantial weight loss. MBL949 is a half-life extended recombinant human GDF15 dimer., Methods: MBL949 was evaluated in multiple nonclinical species and then in humans in two randomized and placebo-controlled clinical trials. In the Phase 1 first-in-human, single ascending dose trial MBL949 or placebo was injected subcutaneously to overweight and obese healthy volunteers (n=65) at doses ranging from 0.03 to 20 mg. In Phase 2, MBL949 or placebo was administered subcutaneously every other week for a total of 8 doses to obese participants (n=126) in five different dose regimens predicted to be efficacious based on data from the Phase 1 trial., Results: In nonclinical species, MBL949 was generally safe and effective with reduced food intake and body weight in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys. Weight loss was primarily from reduced fat, and metabolic endpoints improved. A single ascending dose study in overweight or obese healthy adults demonstrated mean terminal half-life of 18-22 days, and evidence of weight loss at the higher doses. In the Phase 2, weight loss was minimal following biweekly dosing of MBL949 for 14 weeks. MBL949 was safe and generally tolerated in humans over the dose range tested, adverse events of the gastrointestinal system were the most frequent observed., Conclusion: The prolonged half-life of MBL949 supports biweekly dosing in patients. MBL949 had an acceptable safety profile. The robust weight loss observed in nonclinical species did not translate to weight loss efficacy in humans., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05199090., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com. See the journal About page for additional terms.)
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- 2024
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3. Genetically proxied growth‐differentiation factor 15 levels and body mass index.
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Karhunen, Ville, Larsson, Susanna C., and Gill, Dipender
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TYPE 2 diabetes , *WEIGHT loss , *DRUG target , *GENETIC variation , *BODY mass index , *METFORMIN , *APPETITE loss , *CONTRAST effect - Abstract
Growth‐differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is an inflammatory cytokine involved in energy homeostasis that is being pursued as a drug target for obesity. Its circulating levels are acutely increased by the type 2 diabetes medication metformin, resulting in reduced appetite and weight loss. We identified a genetic variant at the GDF15 gene to proxy a small, lifelong increase in circulating GDF15 levels, and leveraged it in colocalization and Mendelian randomization analyses to investigate the effects of chronically elevated GDF15 levels on body mass index (BMI) and type 2 diabetes liability. The results provide human genetic evidence supporting that chronically elevated GDF15 levels increase BMI. There was no genetic evidence to support bi‐directional effects, or that chronically elevated GDF15 levels directly affect liability to type 2 diabetes. Our results contrast the BMI‐lowering effects of an acute increase in GDF15 levels observed after metformin use. These findings have direct implications for informing pharmacological strategies aimed at targeting GDF15 levels for weight loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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4. Connection of GDF-15 with success of an immune checkpoint blockade therapy: a pilot study with progressed solid tumors
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Dombrowski, Dorothea
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Immun-Checkpoint ,Growth-differentiation Factor 15 ,GDF 15 ,ddc:610 ,610 Medizin und Gesundheit - Abstract
Kurzzusammenfassung: Dank der Einführung von Immuncheckpointinhibitoren hat sich die Therapie fortgeschrittener onkologischer Erkrankungen in den letzten Jahren dramatisch verändert. Trotz außergewöhnlicher Erfolge profitieren viele Patienten jedoch weder akut noch langfristig von einer Behandlung, tragen aber alle ihre Risiken. Ein besseres Verständnis davon, bei welchen Patienten diese Therapieform wirkt, sowie prädiktive Marker werden daher dringend benötigt. Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15) ist Teil der Transforming Growth Factor-β Superfamilie, weist in pathologischen Situationen wie Entzündungen und insbesondere bei Krebs sehr hohe Spiegel auf und besitzt in verschiedenen, auch onkologischen Erkrankungen einen starken prognostischen Wert. Möglicherweise könnte GDF-15 durch seine immunmodulierenden Eigenschaften dazu beitragen, dass Krebszellen im Körper nicht angegriffen werden, und die Wirksamkeit einer Immuncheckpointblockade (ICB) dadurch vermindern. Ziel der vorliegenden Pilotstudie war es zu untersuchen, ob ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem GDF-15-Spiegel und dem Erfolg einer ICB besteht. Hierfür wurden 37 Patienten verschiedener onkologischer Entitäten vor Beginn einer ICB auf ihre GDF-15-Spiegel untersucht, sowie nach zwölf bzw. bei Progressive Disease zum Teil auch nach vier Wochen Therapie. Die Bewertung des Therapieergebnisses erfolgte anhand der RECIST sowie der klinischen Präsentation. Ein Therapieerfolg wurde ab Erreichen einer Stable Disease klassifiziert. Die Rekrutierungszeit betrug 23 Monate ab Januar 2017. Die Untersuchungen zeigten vor Therapiebeginn einer ICB einen geringen Unterschied der GDF-15-Spiegel zwischen Patienten mit Therapieerfolg und Therapieversagen (Median des Therapieerfolgs: 0,63 ng/ml versus Median des Therapieversagens: 0,92 ng/ml). Dieser Unterschied war statistisch nicht signifikant. Dagegen zeigte sich ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen einem Anstieg des GDF-15-Spiegels unter Therapie und dem Therapieversagen einer ICB. Bei Therapieerfolg sank oder stagnierte der GDF-15-Spiegel im Median um - 0,01 ng/ml. Dagegen stieg er bei Therapieversagen im Median um + 0,7 ng/ml an (p < 0,01 r = 0,43). Auch die Höhe des GDF-15-Spiegels unter Therapie zeigte einen signifikanten Zusammenhang mit dem Therapieergebnis. Der GDF-15-Spiegel unter Therapie lag im Median bei Patienten mit Therapieerfolg bei 0,72 ng/ml, dagegen bei Patienten mit Therapieversagen bei 1,85 ng/ml (p < 0,01 r = 0,47). Ob der GDF-15-Spiegel vor Therapiebeginn die Wirksamkeit einer ICB vorhersagen kann, bleibt unklar, da in dieser Studie nur eine Tendenz aufgezeigt werden konnte, die in Folgestudien mit größeren Kohorten in den verschiedenen Entitäten untersucht werden sollte. Unsere Daten zeigen jedoch einen Zusammenhang zwischen einem steigenden bzw. erhöhten GDF-15-Spiegel unter Therapie mit dem Therapieergebnis einer ICB. Dieser Zusammenhang fügt sich gut in das Bild gegenwärtiger Diskussionen über immunmodulierende Eigenschaften von GDF-15 und seiner Rolle bei der Tumorprogression. Zugleich bestärkt das Studienergebnis die Annahme, in GDF-15 auch ein vielversprechendes Angriffsziel therapeutischer Ansätze gefunden zu haben., Thanks to the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors, therapy of progressed oncological diseases has changed dramatically in recent years. However, many patients benefit neither acutely nor in the long term from the treatment but bear all its risks. A better understanding of which patients profit from this therapy as well as predictive markers are therefore urgently needed. Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15) is part of the Transforming Growth Factor-β superfamily. It shows raised levels in pathological situations such as inflammation and reaches especially in cancer remarkably high levels. It has a strong prognostic value in various, also oncological diseases. Possibly, GDF-15 helps cancer cells not to be attacked by the immune system and could thereby reduce the effectiveness of an immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). The aim of the presented pilot study was investigating whether there is a connection between the GDF-15 level and the success of an ICB. For this purpose, the GDF-15 level of 37 patients of different oncological entities were examined before the start of an ICB, as well as after twelve weeks of therapy, or in the case of progressive disease, after four weeks of therapy. The evaluation of the therapy results was based on RECIST and the clinical presentation. The time of recruitment was 23 months since January 2017. For the GDF-15 level before start of an ICB therapy, the investigations showed a small difference between patients with therapy success and therapy failure (median when success of the therapy: 0.63 ng/ml versus median when treatment failure: 0.92 ng/ml). But this difference was not statistically significant. In contrast, during therapy there was a significant connection between an increase in the GDF-15 level and therapy failure of the ICB. In case of successful therapy, the GDF-15 level fell or stagnated with a median of -0.01 ng/ml. In contrast, the GDF-15 level rose with a median of +0.7 ng/ml in case of therapy failure (p
- Published
- 2022
5. Candidate biomarkers in heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction.
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Sinning, Christoph, Zengin, Elvin, Zeller, Tanja, Schnabel, Renate B., Blankenberg, Stefan, and Westermann, Dirk
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BIOMARKERS , *HEART failure , *EJECTION (Psychology) , *MEDLINE , *ELECTRONIC health records , *HEALTH outcome assessment - Abstract
Context: Patients presenting with heart failure symptoms are categorized into heart failure (HF) with reduced and preserved ejection fraction. Objective: Aim is to investigate the additional use of candidate biomarkers to characterize patients with either sub-type of HF. Methods: Literature search was conducted in the electronic databases MEDLINE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception through November 2014. Results: The results of 47 diseased and general population cohorts were included. Conclusion: Current studies could outline the additional use of candidate biomarkers especially GDF-15, MR-proADM and high-sensitive determined troponin, although major outcome studies are still missing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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6. Genetically proxied growth-differentiation factor 15 levels and body mass index
- Author
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Ville Karhunen, Susanna C. Larsson, and Dipender Gill
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Medicin och hälsovetenskap ,body mass index ,Type 2 diabetes ,growth‐differentiation factor 15 ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Energy homeostasis ,colocalization ,Body Mass Index ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Weight loss ,Internal medicine ,Weight Loss ,Mendelian randomization ,medicine ,Humans ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Obesity ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Pharmacology ,business.industry ,medicine.disease ,Metformin ,Endocrinology ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,GDF15 ,type 2 diabetes ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Body mass index ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Growth-differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is an inflammatory cytokine involved in energy homeostasis that is being pursued as a drug target for obesity. Its circulating levels are acutely increased by the type 2 diabetes medication metformin, resulting in reduced appetite and weight loss. We identified a genetic variant at the GDF15 gene to proxy a small, lifelong increase in circulating GDF15 levels, and leveraged it in colocalization and Mendelian randomization analyses to investigate the effects of chronically elevated GDF15 levels on body mass index (BMI) and type 2 diabetes liability. The results provide human genetic evidence supporting that chronically elevated GDF15 levels increase BMI. There was no genetic evidence to support bi-directional effects, or that chronically elevated GDF15 levels directly affect liability to type 2 diabetes. Our results contrast the BMI-lowering effects of an acute increase in GDF15 levels observed after metformin use. These findings have direct implications for informing pharmacological strategies aimed at targeting GDF15 levels for weight loss.
- Published
- 2021
7. Growth-differentiation factor 15 and osteoprotegerin in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: a biomarker substudy of the IABP-SHOCK II-trial.
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Fuernau, Georg, Poenisch, Christian, Eitel, Ingo, de Waha, Suzanne, Desch, Steffen, Schuler, Gerhard, Adams, Volker, Werdan, Karl, Zeymer, Uwe, and Thiele, Holger
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MYOCARDIAL infarction , *MYOSTATIN , *OSTEOPROTEGERIN , *CARDIOGENIC shock , *BIOMARKERS , *CLINICAL trials , *INTRA-aortic balloon counterpulsation - Abstract
Aims This study investigates the role of osteoprotegerin ( OPG) and growth-differentiation factor 15 ( GDF-15) as predictors of outcome in cardiogenic shock ( CS) complicating acute myocardial infarction. The novel biomarkers OPG and GDF-15 have shown prognostic impact in various cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction. In acute myocardial infarction complicated by CS, the diagnostic and prognostic impact of these biomarkers has not been investigated yet. OPG and GDF-15 may have additional prognostic impact on early prognosis assessment, being potentially useful for decision-making in CS. Methods and results In the randomized Intra-aortic Balloon Pump in cardiogenic Shock II ( IABP-SHOCK II)-trial, 600 patients with CS complicating acute myocardial infarction undergoing early revascularization were assigned to therapy with or without IABP. Within a pre-defined substudy, blood samples were collected from 190 patients during PCI. GDF-15 and OPG serum levels were measured with standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Patients with GDF-15 and OPG levels greater than the median showed higher rates of death at 30 days by χ2 testing ( OPG, 51% vs. 32%, P = 0.01; GDF-15, 52% vs. 31%, P = 0.005) and log rank testing [ GDF-15, hazard ratio ( HR) 1.88, 95% confidence interval ( CI) 1.21-2.94; P = 0.005; OPG, HR 1.74, 95% CI 1.11-2.71; P = 0.01]. Both markers were significantly predictive of 30-day mortality in univariable logistic regression analysis. In a multivariable logistic stepwise regression model, GDF-15, TIMI (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) flow grade <3 after PCI, age, LVEF, and serum lactate remained significant predictors of 30-day mortality. Conclusion GDF-15 on admission is a significant independent predictor of short-term mortality in infarct-related CS. Trail registration: NCT00491036 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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8. Growth-differentiation factor 15 for long-term prognostication in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: An Invasive versus Conservative Treatment in Unstable coronary Syndromes (ICTUS) substudy.
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Damman, Peter, Kempf, Tibor, Windhausen, Fons, van Straalen, Jan P., Guba-Quint, Anja, Fischer, Johan, Tijssen, Jan G.P., Wollert, Kai C., de Winter, Robbert J., and Hirsch, Alexander
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MYOSTATIN , *ACUTE coronary syndrome , *MYOCARDIAL infarction , *TROPONIN , *HEALTH outcome assessment , *COMPARATIVE studies , *PATIENTS , *PROGNOSIS - Abstract
Abstract: Background: No five-year long-term follow-up data is available regarding the prognostic value of GDF-15. Our aim is to evaluate the long-term prognostic value of admission growth-differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) regarding death or myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). Methods: This is a subanalysis from the ICTUS (Invasive versus Conservative Treatment in Unstable coronary Syndromes) trial, including troponin positive NSTE-ACS patients. The main outcome for the current analysis was 5-year death or spontaneous MI. GDF-15 samples were available in 1151 patients. The prognostic value of GDF-15, categorized into <1200ng/L, 1200–1800ng/L and >1800ng/L, was assessed in unadjusted and adjusted Cox regression models. Adjustments were made for identified univariable risk factors. The additional discriminative and reclassification value of GDF-15 beyond the independent risk factors was assessed by the category-free net reclassification improvement (1/2 NRI(>0)) and the integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) Results: Compared to GDF-15<1200ng/L, a GDF-15>1800ng/L was associated with an increased hazard ratio for death or spontaneous MI, mainly driven by mortality. GDF-15 levels were predictive after adjustments for other identified predictors. Additional discriminative value was shown with the IDI, not with the NRI. Conclusion: In patients presenting with NSTE-ACS and elevated troponin T, GDF-15 provides prognostic information in addition to identified predictors for mortality and spontaneous MI and can be used to identify patients at high risk during long-term follow-up. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2014
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9. Growth Differentiation Factor-15 as a Potent Predictor of Long-Term Mortality among Subjects with Osteoarthritis
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Arnold, Natalie, Rehm, Martin, Büchele, Gisela, Peter, Raphael Simon, Brenner, Rolf Erwin, Günther, Klaus-Peter, Brenner, Hermann, Koenig, Wolfgang, and Rothenbacher, Dietrich
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Total mortality ,Growth-differentiation Factor 15 ,lcsh:R ,Prognose ,lcsh:Medicine ,Biomarker ,Prognosis ,Article ,Sterblichkeit ,growth differentiation factor-15 ,osteoarthritis ,Cardiovascular diseases ,Osteoarthritis ,ddc:610 ,prognosis ,Mortality ,Arthrosis deformans ,Kardiovaskuläre Krankheit ,Kardiovaskul��re Krankheit ,total mortality ,DDC 610 / Medicine & health ,Biomarkers - Abstract
Background: Subjects with osteoarthritis (OA) are at increased risk for cardiovascular (CV) and all-cause mortality. Whether biomarkers improve outcome prediction in these patients remains to be elucidated. We investigated the association between growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), a novel stress-responsive cytokine, and long-term all-cause mortality among OA patients. Methods: Within the Ulm Osteoarthritis Study, GDF-15 has been measured in the serum of 636 subjects, who underwent hip or knee arthroplasty between 1995 and 1996 (median age 65 years). Results: During a median follow-up of 19.7 years, a total of 402 deaths occurred. GDF-15 was inversely associated with walking distance. Compared to the bottom quartile (Q), subjects within the top quartile of GDF-15 demonstrated a 2.69-fold increased risk of dying (hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) 2.69 (1.82&ndash, 3.96) adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, localization of OA, diabetes, maximum walking distance, total cholesterol, and cystatin C. Further adjustment for NT-proBNP, troponin I, and hs-C-reactive protein did not change the results appreciably (HR (95%CI) 1.56 (1.07&ndash, 2.28), 1.75 (1.21&ndash, 2.55), 2.32 (1.55&ndash, 3.47) for Q2, Q3, and Q4 respectively, p for trend <, 0.001). Conclusions: In subjects with OA, GDF-15 represents a potent predictor of decreased survival over >, 20 years, independently of conventional CV risk factors, renal, cardiac, and inflammatory biomarkers as well as walking disability, previously associated with increased mortality and lower extremity OA.
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- 2020
10. Фактор роста и дифференциации 15 — биомаркер неблагоприятного прогноза при сердечной недостаточности
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Berezin, A. E., Petyunina, O. V., and Kopytsya, M. P.
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heart failure ,cardiovascular disease ,biomarkers ,growth‑differentiation factor 15 ,prognosis ,clinical outcomes ,predictive value ,сердечная недостаточность ,сердечно‑сосудистые заболевания ,биомаркеры ,фактор роста и дифференциации 15 ,прогноз ,клинические исходы ,предикторное значение ,серцева недостатність ,серцево‑судинні захворювання ,біомаркери ,фактор росту і диференціювання 15 ,клінічні наслідки ,предикторна цінність - Abstract
Серцева недостатність (СН) — поширена причина передчасної смерті пацієнтів із доведеними серцево‑судинними захворюваннями (ССЗ). Відомо, що біологічні маркери, насамперед натрійуретичні пептиди, галектин‑3, розчинний ST2 та кардіоспецифічні тропоніни, дають змогу спрогнозувати несприятливі кардіальні події, зокрема СН, як у загальній популяції, так і у пацієнтів із ССЗ. Проведені останнім часом клінічні дослідження довели, що біомаркери відрізняються за здатністю визначати ризик виникнення ССЗ та смерті. Остання залежить від низки чинників, зокрема від віку, статі, коморбідності, режиму медикаментозної терапії, фенотипу СН. Із згаданих біомаркерів лише натрійуретичні пептиди і ST2 використовують для біомаркер‑керованої терапії СН, а їх послідовне серійне вимірювання не посилює прогностичний ефект при тривалому спостереженні, особливо у пацієнтів зі збереженою фракцією викиду (ФВ) лівого шлуночка (ЛШ). Фактор росту і диференціювання 15 (ФРД‑15) належить до суперсімейства факторів росту β та регулює функцію мітохондрій широкого спектру клітин, залучених у запалення, оксидативний стрес, апоптоз, імунні реакції, фіброз, репарацію та малігнізацію, що дає змогу використовувати його для стратифікації ризику в хворих із ССЗ, зокрема із СН. ФРД‑15 синтезується та вивільняється внаслідок адаптації до стресу, його рівень у плазмі крові прямо пропорційно корелює з тяжкістю СН, піковою концентрацією N‑термінального фрагмента мозкового натрійуретичного пептиду, рівнем смертності від усіх причин. Припускають, що додавання ФРД‑15 до мультимаркерного пула (високочутливий С‑реактивний протеїн та розчинний ST2 з галектином‑3/ N‑термінальним фрагментом мозкового натрійуретичного пептиду або без нього) може сприяти прогнозу СН та полегшити диференціацію СН зі збереженою ФВ ЛШ від СН зі зниженою/помірно зниженою ФВ ЛШ., Сердечная недостаточность (СН) — состояние, которое приводит к преждевременной смерти пациентов с доказанными сердечно‑сосудистыми заболеваниями (ССЗ). Известно, что биологические маркеры, прежде всего натрийуретические пептиды, галектин‑3, растворимый ST2 и кардиоспецифические тропонины, позволяют спрогнозировать неблагоприятные кардиальные события, в частности СН, как в общей популяции, так и у пациентов с ССЗ. Проведенные в последнее время клинические исследования доказали, что биомаркеры отличаются по способности определять риск возникновения ССЗ и смерти. Последняя зависит от ряда факторов, в частности, от возраста, пола, коморбидности, режима медикаментозной терапии, фенотипа СН. Из упомянутых биомаркеров только натрийуретический пептиды и ST2 используют для биомаркер‑управляемой терапии СН, а их последовательные серийные измерения не усиливают прогностический эффект при длительном наблюдении, особенно у пациентов с сохраненной фракцией выброса (ФВ) левого желудочка (ЛЖ). Фактор роста и дифференциации 15 (ФРД‑15) относится к суперсемейству факторов роста β и регулирует функцию митохондрий широкого спектра клеток, вовлеченных в воспаление, оксидативный стресс, апоптоз, иммунные реакции, фиброз, репарацию и малигнизацию, что позволяет использовать его для стратификации риска у больных с ССЗ, в частности с СН. ФРД‑15 синтезируется и высвобождается в результате адаптации к стрессу. Его уровень в плазме крови прямо пропорционально коррелирует с тяжестью СН, пиковой концентрацией N‑терминального фрагмента мозгового натрийуретического пептида, уровнем смертности от всех причин. Предполагают, что добавление ФРД‑15 к мультимаркерному пулу (высокочувствительный С‑реактивный протеин и растворимый ST2 с галактином‑3/N‑терминальным фрагментом мозгового натрийуретического пептида или без него) может способствовать прогнозированию СН и облегчить дифференциацию СН с сохраненной ФВ ЛЖ от СН со сниженной/умеренно сниженной ФВ ЛЖ., Heart failure (HF) is a major factor contributing to premature death in patients with established cardiovascular (CV) disease. There is a large body of evidence that biological markers, primarily natriuretic peptides, galectin‑3, soluble ST2 and cardiac troponins, allow predicting poor clinical outcomes, particularly, heart failure (HF), in general population as well as in individuals with suspected or established CV diseases. Recent clinical trials have shown that abilities of these biomarkers are different regarding identification of morbidity and mortality risks, the latter depending on numerous factors, i.e. age, sex, comorbidities, treatment regime and phenotypes of HF. Of the biomarkers mentioned, only natriuretic peptides and ST2 are used for biomarker‑controlled therapy for heart failure, and their serial measurements do not enhance the prognostic effect in long‑term follow‑up, especially in patients with preserved left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LV). Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF‑15) belongs to the superfamily of growth factors β and regulates the function of mitochondria of a wide range of cells involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, immune responses, fibrosis, repair and malignancy, which allows using it for risk stratification in patients with CVD, in particular with HF. GDF‑15 is synthesized and released as a result of adaptation to stress. Its plasma level correlates directly with the severity of HF, the peak concentration of the N‑terminal fragment of the brain natriuretic peptide, the mortality rate from all causes. It has been suggested that adding GDF‑15 to the multimarker pool (highly sensitive C‑reactive protein and soluble ST2 with a galactin‑3/N‑terminal fragment of the brain natriuretic peptide or without it) can help predict HF and facilitate the differentiation of HF with preserved LV EF from HF with reduced/moderately reduced LV EF.
- Published
- 2019
11. Increased plasma levels of NT-proBNP, Troponin T and GDF-15 are driven by persistent AF and associated comorbidities: Data from the AF-RISK study.
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Meems LMG, Artola Arita V, Velt M, Dudink EAMP, Crijns HJGM, Van Gelder IC, and Rienstra M
- Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a progressive disease, and early recognition and management may reflect an important strategy to reduce its disease burden. In this study, we evaluated plasma levels of three biomarkers - N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP), Troponin-T, and growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) - in patients with paroxysmal AF (pAF) (≤7 days of continuous AF, n = 323) and persistent AF ((AF duration > 7 days and < 1 year, n = 84) using patients from AF RISK study (NCT01510210). In this AF-RISK sub-study, patients with persistent AF experienced more symptoms (higher European Heart Rhythm Association class (p < 0.001)), had a higher comorbidity burden (p < 0.001), and had more unfavorable echocardiographic parameters (p < 0.001). All three biomarker levels were significantly higher in patients with persistent AF as compared to those with pAF (p < 0.001). Multivariate linear regression analyses showed that age (beta-coefficient for NTproBNP: 0.21; GDF-15: 0.41; Troponin-T: 0.23) and CHA
2 DS2 -VASc (beta-coefficient for NTproBNP: 0.20; GDF-15: 0.25; Troponin-T: 0.27) were determinants of all three biomarkers, and that persistent AF determined NTproBNP (beta-coefficient: 0.34), but not Troponin-T and GDF-15. More detailed analysis of CHA2 DS2 -VASc score showed that for all three biomarkers age, coronary artery disease and heart failure were determinants of plasma biomarkers levels, whereas sex determined NTproBNP and Troponin T, and hypertension determined NTproBNP and GDF15. Overall, this study therefore suggests that in AF, Troponin T and GDF15, and especially NTproBNP could be used to detect those patients with more persistent form of AF that may warrant more aggressive treatment of AF and concomitant comorbidities. Future studies, however, are essential to evaluate if more aggressive AF treatment and risk factor management will reduce disease progression and holds a novel therapeutic intervention to reduce the burden of AF., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Author(s).)- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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12. Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to GDF-15 for potential use in cancer therapy
- Author
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Junker, Markus
- Subjects
ddc:570 ,embryonic structures ,Growth-differentiation Factor 15 ,%22">Krebs ,Therapie ,Monoklonaler Antikörper - Abstract
Background GDF-15 is a divergent member of the TGF-superfamily, which was first described as macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1), revealing an immune modulatory function. GDF-15 is a soluble protein which is, under physiological conditions, highly expressed in the placenta and found in elevated levels in blood sera of pregnant women. Apart from the placenta, GDF-15 is expressed in healthy tissue, albeit to a lower extent and overexpressed in many solid tumors. A variety of different functions are attributed to GDF-15 in healthy as well as diseased humans. On the one hand, GDF-15 is required for successful pregnancy and low GDF-15 serum levels during pregnancy correlate with fetal abortion. On the other hand, overexpression of GDF-15, which can be observed in several malignancies is correlated with a poor prognosis. Furthermore, tumor derived GDF-15 leads to cancer associated anorexia-cachexia syndrome in mice. The aim of my PhD thesis was to further investigate the role of GDF-15 as an immune modulatory factor in cancer, in particular, by inhibiting the target molecule in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, the main focus was placed on the generation and characterization of monoclonal GDF-15 specific blocking antibodies, which were tested in vitro and in vivo, which represents a substantial part of my work. Results Here, GDF-15 was shown to be highly expressed in human gynecological cancer and brain tumors. We could then demonstrate that GDF-15 modulates effector immune cells in vitro. GDF-15 mediated a slight downregulation of the activating NKG2D receptor on NK and CD8+ T cells, which is crucial for proper anti-tumoral immune responses. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that GDF-15 reduces the adhesion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells on endothelial cells in vitro. A negatively affected trans-endothelial migration of leukocytes into inflamed tissue could explain the low T cell infiltration in GDF-15 expressing tumors, which were observed in vivo, where mice bearing (shRNA mediated) GDF-15 deficient glioma cells revealed enhanced immune cell infiltrates in the tumor microenvironment, compared with the GDF-15 expressing control group. Those animals further exhibited a decreased tumor growth and prolonged survival. GDF-15 is a soluble protein, secreted by more than 50 % of solid tumors and associated with grade of malignancy. Therefore a neutralizing monoclonal antibody to GDF-15 was assumed to be an auspicious therapeutically anti-cancer tool. Such an antibody was thus generated in GDF-15 knock out mice against human GFD-15. Amongst many clones, the GDF-15 antibody clone B1-23 was found to be applicable in Western Blot as well as in ELISA techniques, detecting a three-dimensional epitope of the mature GDF-15 dimer with high affinity and specificity. To enable the humanization for a later administration in humans, the variable regions of antibody B1-23 were identified by a special PCR method using degenerate primers and cloned into a sequencing vector. The sequence obtained thereby enabled the generation of chimeric and humanized B1-23 variants. After further comprehensive characterization, the original mouse antibody B1-23 as well as the chimeric antibody (ChimB1-23) and the humanized B1-23 antibody (H1L5) were applied in a melanoma xenograft study in vivo. None of the antibodies could significantly inhibit tumor growth. .However of utmost importance, body weight loss mediated by tumor derived GDF-15 could be significantly prevented upon administration of all three GDF-15 specific antibodies, which confirmed the antagonizing functionality of the immunoglobulin. Conclusion GDF-15 is a promising cancer target, involved in tumor progression and cancer related cachexia. A monoclonal GDF-15 antibody was generated, which served on one hand as a tool for molecular biological applications (Western Blot, ELISA, etc.) and on the other hand was applied as an antagonizing antibody in vitro and in vivo. Even though tumor growth inhibition by GDF-15 depletion in T cell deficient athymic mice failed using B1-23, the same antibody and derivates thereof (chimeric and humanized) impressively prevented tumor associated cachexia in UACC-257 melanoma bearing nude mice. The missing anti-tumor effect in our own melanoma model in nude mice can only partially be explained by the missing secondary immunity, in particular cytotoxic T cells, in the athymic animals, since in a similar melanoma model, performed by an external company, a tumor reduction in immunocompromised animals was observed, when B1-23 was administered. These findings support the idea that T cells are substantial for an effective tumor immunity and are in line with the results of the syngeneic, T cell comprising, mouse glioma model, where silencing of tumor expressed GDF-15 led to an enhanced intratumoral T cell infiltration and a prolonged survival. Taken together our data allow for the conclusion that tumor associated cachexia can be combatted with the GDF-15 antibody B1-23. Further, B1-23 might elicit direct anti-tumor effects in immune competent models, which contain T cells, rather than in an athymic, T cell deficient nude mouse model., Hintergrund GDF-15 ist ein divergentes Mitglied der TGF-Superfamilie, welches zuerst als „macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1“ (MIC-1) mit immunmodulatorischen Eigenschaften beschrieben wurde. GDF-15 ist ein lösliches Protein, das unter physiologischen Bedingungen hauptsächlich in der Plazenta exprimiert wird und welches im Serum von Schwangeren in erhöhten Konzentrationen nachgewiesen werden kann. Mit Ausnahme der Plazenta wird GDF-15 in verschiedenen gesunden Geweben gefunden, hier jedoch in deutlich niedrigeren Konzentrationen, und ist in vielen soliden Tumoren überexprimiert. GDF-15 werden sowohl bei gesunden, als auch bei kranken Menschen, unterschiedlichste Funktionen zugeschrieben. Zum einen ist GDF-15 für eine erfolgreiche Schwangerschaft notwendig. Niedrige GDF-15 Spiegel im Serum während der Schwangerschaft korrelieren mit dem Verlust des Fötus. Zum anderen korreliert die Überexpression von GDF-15, welche bei unterschiedlichen Malignitäten beobachtet werden kann, mit einer schlechten Prognose. Darüber hinaus verursacht das von Tumorzellen sezernierte GDF-15 das sogenannte „Anorexie-Kachexie Syndrom“ in Mäusen. Das Ziel meiner Arbeit war es, die immunmodulatorische Funktion von GDF-15 im Tumorkontext zu untersuchen, insbesondere durch eine Hemmung des Zielmoleküls in vitro und in vivo. Aus diesem Grund wurde der Schwerpunkt auf die Generierung und Charakterisierung monoklonaler, GDF-15 spezifischer, blockierender Antikörper gelegt. Diese wurden sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo getestet, was einen großen Teil dieser Arbeit darstellt. Ergebnisse Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass GDF-15 in humanen gynäkologischen Tumoren wie auch in Hirntumoren überexprimiert ist. Weiterhin ließ sich zeigen, dass GDF-15 Effektorzellen des Immunsystems in vitro moduliert. Dabei verursacht GDF-15 eine moderate Herunterregulation des aktivierenden Killing Rezeptors NKG2D auf NK und CD8+ T Zellen, welcher eine hohe Bedeutung für eine effektive anti-tumorale Immunantwort hat. Darüber hinaus konnten wir zeigen, dass GDF-15 die Adhäsion von CD4+ und CD8+ T Zellen auf Endothelzellen in vitro herabsetzt. Eine daraus resultierende Reduktion der trans-endothelialen Migration von Leukozyten in entzündetes Gewebe erklärt möglicherweise die niedrige T Zell Infiltration in GDF-15 exprimierenden Tumoren, welche in vivo beobachtet werden konnten. Mäuse, denen (auf shRNA basierende) GDF-15-defiziente Gliomzellen appliziert wurden, zeigten im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe, welche GDF-15-exprimierenden Gliomzellen erhalten hatte, ein verlängertes Überleben, vermindertes Tumorwachstum und eine erhöhte Immunzellinfiltration in das Tumormikromillieu. GDF-15 ist ein lösliches Protein, das von mehr als 50 % aller soliden Tumore sezerniert wird und mit dem Grad der Malignität korreliert. Daher wurde postuliert, dass ein neutralisierender monoklonaler Antikörper gegen GDF-15 eine effektive neue Antikrebstherapie ermöglichen sollte. Solch ein Antikörper wurde entsprechend in GDF-15-defizienten Mäusen generiert. Unter verschiedenen Klonen wurde der Antikörper Klon B1-23 identifiziert, welcher sowohl im Western Blot als auch im ELISA anwendbar ist. Dieser Klon detektiert ein drei-dimensionales Epitop des maturen GDF-15 Dimers mit hoher Affinität und Spezifität. Um den Antikörper für eine spätere Anwendung im Menschen humanisieren zu können, wurden die variablen Regionen des Klons B1-23 durch eine spezielle PCR Methode unter Verwendung degenerierter Primer und nachfolgender Klonierung in einen Sequenzierungsvektor identifiziert. Die hierdurch gewonnenen Sequenzen ermöglichten die Generierung von chimären und humanisierten Varianten von B1-23. Nach anschließender intensiver Charakterisierung konnte sowohl der ursprüngliche Maus-Antikörper B1-23 als auch der chimäre B1-23 Antikörper (ChimB1-23) und der humanisierte B1-23 Antikörper (H1L5) in einer Melanom Xenograft Studie in vivo getestet werden. Zwar ließ sich mit keinem der Antikörper eine signifikante Hemmung des Tumorwachstums beobachten. Als herausragendes Ergebnis zeigte sich allerdings, dass der durch GDF-15 induzierte Gewichtsverlust signifikant durch die Verabreichung der GDF-15 spezifischen Antikörper verhindert werden konnte, was die antagonisierende Funktionalität des entwickelten Immunglobulins bestätigte. Schlussfolgerung GDF-15 ist ein vielversprechendes Zielmolekül bei Krebserkrankungen, welches bei der Tumorprogression und Tumor-assoziierter Kachexie beteiligt ist. Es konnte ein monoklonaler Anti-GDF-15 Antikörper generiert werden, welcher zum einen molekularbiologisch zum Einsatz kam (z.B. Western Blot, ELISA, etc.) und zum anderen als antagonisierender Antikörper sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo Anwendung fand. Auch wenn B1-23 scheinbar keine Tumorwachstumshemmung durch die Depletion von GDF-15 in T Zell defizienten athymischen Mäusen zeigte, konnte derselbe Antikörper wie auch die abgeleiteten Varianten (chimärisiert und humanisiert) eindrücklich die Tumor assoziierte Kachexie im UACC-257 Melanom Modell verhindern. Der ausgebliebene antitumorale Effekt in unserem Melanom Modell in Nacktmäusen lässt sich nur zum Teil durch eine fehlende sekundäre Immunkomponente, insbesondere das Fehlen zytotoxischer T Zellen, erklären, da es in einem ähnlichen Xenograft Melanom Modell, welches in Auftragsforschung (CRO) durchgeführt wurde, zu einer Reduktion des Tumorwachstums durch die Applikation von B1-23 kam. Diese Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass T Zellen unerlässlich für eine effektive antitumorale Antwort sind, eine Annahme, die durch die Ergebnisse des syngenen Gliom Maus-Modells unterstützt wird, in welchem es durch das Ausschalten von Tumor produziertem GDF-15 zu einer erhöhten intratumoralen T Zell Infiltration und einem längeren Überleben kam. Zusammengenommen erlauben uns diese Daten den Schluss, dass eine tumorbedingte Kachexie durch den GDF-15-Antikörper B1-23 bekämpft werden kann. Allerdings sind direkte B1-23 vermittelte antitumorale Effekte eher in immunkompetenten Modellen mit T Zellen als in einem athymischen, T Zell defizienten Nacktmaus-Modell zu erwarten.
- Published
- 2015
13. Growth-differentiation factor 15, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, structural and functional changes of the heart in patients with heart failure and normal ejection fraction after myocardial infarction on the background of arterial hypertension
- Author
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Syvolap, V. D. and Zemlianyi, Ya. V.
- Subjects
серцева недостатність ,animal structures ,N-кінцевий фрагмент мозкового натрійуретичного пептиду ,heart failure ,сердечная недостаточность ,N-конечный фрагмент мозгового натрийуретического пептида ,ростовой фактор дифференцировки 15 ,growth-differentiation factor 15 ,инфаркт миокарда ,N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide ,myocardial infarction ,embryonic structures ,cardiovascular system ,cardiovascular diseases ,інфаркт міокарда ,ростовий фактор диференціювання 15 - Abstract
Levels of GDF-15, NTproBNP, structural and functional changes of the heart were assessed in 69 patients with postinfarction cardiosclerosis and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (EF>45 %). We found out that patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction after myocardial infarction on the background of arterial hypertension have increased levels of GDF 15 and NTproBNP. These biomarkers were correlated with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and left atrial volume index., У 69 больных с постинфарктным кардиосклерозом и сохраненной фракцией выброса левого желудочка (ФВ>45 %) были исследованы уровни GDF-15, NTproBNP и структурно-функциональные изменения сердца. Выявлено, что у больных сердечной недостаточностью с сохраненной фракцией выброса, перенесших инфаркт миокарда на фоне артериальной гипертензии, наблюдается повышение уровней GDF 15 и NTproBNP. Обнаружена корреляция этих биомаркеров с показателями диастолической дисфункции левого желудочка и индексом объема левого предсердия., У 69 хворих на серцеву недостатність з постінфарктним кардіосклерозом та збереженою фракцією викиду лівого шлуночка (ФВ>45 %) були досліджені рівні ростового фактору диференціювання 15 (GDF-15), N-кінцевого фрагменту мозкового натрійуретичного пептиду (NTproBNP) та структурно-функціональні зміни серця. Виявлено, що у хворих на серцеву недостатність зі збереженою фракцією викиду, які перенесли інфаркт міокарда на тлі артеріальної гіпертензії, спостерігається підвищення рівнів GDF 15 та NTproBNP. Виявлена кореляція цих біомаркерів із показниками діастолічної дисфункції лівого шлуночка та індексом об'єму лівого передсердя.
- Published
- 2014
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