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The seed priming method like hydropriming rejuvenate the seed and fulfil the need of seed germination and establishment. In cereals like wheat which is the staple food of global population often encounter stress during seedling establishment stage. To avoid this, the present experiment aims to explore the effect of different pre-sowing techniques on germination, growth characteristics, and yield and quality traits of wheat variety (HD-2967). The field trial was laid in Randomised block design during Rabi season 2022-2023 under three replications at Agricultural research Farm of Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun and Lab studies was conducted in Agronomy lab, Department of Agronomy, School of Agricultural Sciences, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun. The seeds of wheat variety HD 2967 were primed with seven different treatments including varied time and different concentrations of GA3 and organopriming. The results of investigation revealed that hydropriming for 12h significantly improved the growth and yield characteristics. All pre-sowing techniques enhances the seeds quality and yield as it increases the enzyme activity such as amylase, protease and lipase that have great role in development and growth of an embryo. So, hydropriming can be the cheapest source of priming for a farmer which is easy to perform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physiological role of foliar application of thiamine (B1) on active chemical compounds percentages of Petunia flowers (petunia hybrida L.): From October 23, 2022, to June 4, 2023, the study was done in the Lath house of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape design at the University of Kirkuk/Agricultural Research and Experimentation Station/Al-Sayadah. The aim was to find out the Physiological role of the growth regulator thiamine was sprayed at( 0, 150, and 300 )mg. L-1 In terms of the percentages of effective chemical compounds in petunia flowers, the factorial experiment was designed according to R.C.B.D. Using organic solvents, the soxolite method was used to extract the effective chemical compounds from the flowers. A rotary evaporator was used under vacuum pressure to evaporate the solvent and obtain the essential oils. Then the gas chromatography-mass spectrometer device is used to detect the basic chemical components and estimate their percentage in plant flowers. The results for extracting and finding chemical compounds showed that the amounts of common substances in plant flower samples changed depending on the treatments. For example, 300 mg of thiamine was sprayed on the flowers. L-1 gave the best results in terms of the percentages of active chemicals in the plant flowers compared to the control treatment flowers.The study further suggests that thiamine treatments significantly impact the biosynthetic pathways of essential oils and active compounds, positively altering their abundance in petunia flowers. Consequently, the exploration of growth regulator manipulation could potentially lead to the development of novel horticultural strategies, aiding in the sustainable production of high-quality floral products.

This study aims to influence the administration of Aloe vera Plant Growth Regulators (PGR) on scions on the success of grafting of Honey Mango seedlings with concentrations of 2, 4, and 6 grams. The parameters observed were: Plant height was measured using a ruler by measuring from the ground surface to the tip of the highest stem. Stem diameter was measured at a height of 1 cm above the ground surface using a digital caliper. The number of leaves counted were leaves that were fully open. The calculation of the number of leaves was carried out since two weeks after planting. Stem diameter measurements were carried out since two weeks after planting and then measured once a week for seven weeks. To see the factors that affect the Treatment (M0, M1, M2, and M3) on Plant Height, Stem Diameter and Number of Leaves, multiple linear regression was used. In addition to the PGR factor, factors such as weather, nutrients and soil type greatly affect plant growth (Saputro et al., 2017; Sipayung et al., 2024). It can be seen that the M3 treatment (6 grams of PGR) had a greater effect (50.7%) compared to the M0, M1, and M2 treatments. This indicates that the more plant growth regulators given to the plants, the greater the R square value. This is in accordance with the research of Prabawa et al., (2020) which stated that soaking natural plant growth regulators had a significant effect on the viability and vigor of expired pagoda mustard seeds, and the treatment of coconut water with a concentration of 50% (Z2) gave the best effect.

This study was conducted to attempt adaptation to combined drought and salt stresses (DS) (PEG- 6000 + NaCl) in date palm cv. Barhee implanted in vitro, keeping in mind the detrimental influence of DS. In vitro experimentation was executed on P. dactylifera L. to examine the efficacy of the application of triacontanol (TRIA), on growth attributes, and some biochemical constituents under DS. The optimal treatment was 10 µg l–1 TRIA. Such treatment under DS improved the callus growth and increased its weight to 215.0 mg. This treatment also showed the highest response rate and the number of shoots per jar (72.23% and 10.30 shoots, respectively) under DS stress. TRIA enhanced DS tolerance by increasing the contents of osmoregulatory substances such as proline, total soluble carbohydrates, and total soluble proteins, were obtained by adding 20 and 10 mg l–1 TRIA. This treatment was also more effective under DS in increasing Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+, as well as Fe2+, and chlorophyll pigment. These results also indicate that using 10 µg l–1 TRIA as a supplement under DS can increase SOD, APX, and PAL activity, to 31.68, 3.377 unit g–1 min–1, and 33.78%, respectively. Data analysis also indicated that the application of 10 µg l–1 TRIA countered the DS-induced harmful effects by reducing the content of malondialdehyd (MDA) and H2O2 in stressed tissues to 1.06, and 1.278 μMg of fresh weight (FW). Our work could reveal detailed changes in the quantity and number of protein bands by SDS-PAGE. New protein bands appeared in both stressed with TRIA-treated plants. The result of the present study will be useful for rapid clonal propagation of date palm which can be used to enhance the tolerance of plants to drought and salt stress.

Arundo donax (family: Poaceae) is a perennial rhizomatous plant with considerable economic and ecological benefits. The plant is characterized by its fast growth, high yield, wide adaptability, and strong disease resistance. However, widespread cultivation is difficult because A. donax can only be asexually propagated. This study tested the efficacy of an aqua-based culture method with short duration and high rooting rate. The aqua-based culture protocol involved treating cane fragments with the commercial broad-spectrum rooting powder ABT-1 (No. 1 of the ABT series) at 100 mg/L for 24 h, followed by culturing in tap water for 19 days. We found that plant materials sampled from September to February of the following year were more suitable for aqua-based culturing than materials sampled from other months. Nodes on different parts of the cane did not vary significantly in the ability to form seedlings. The rooting percentage reached >95% after only 20 days, while the sprouting percentage was >93%. The seedlings obtained were strong, with high survival rates during cultivation and acclimation. No strict requirements for the growing media were necessary to achieve these results. In conclusion, this study provides an empirical foundation for a technique that could facilitate the factory production of high-quality A. donax seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gotu kola (Centella asiatica L.) is one of the valuable medicinal plants, whose biodiversity is facing the risk of extinction in the world due to the limitation of distribution areas and the reduction of surface waters. In order to investigate somatic embryogenesis in gotu kola, an experiment was carried out in 2018 in the tissue culture laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture of Gilan University. Leaves were used as explants and MS medium as basal medium. The effect of different concentrations of plant growth regulators (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in five concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg/L in combination with benzyl adenine (BAP) in four concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/L) were tested to determine the appropriate culture medium for inducing gotu kola embryogenic callus. For the induction of somatic embryos the good status obtained calli were transferred to different concentration of 2,4-D including 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg/L. In the next step the derived somatic embryos were subjected to 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/L of BAP for germination. The results showed that the treatment with 2 mg/L of 2,4-D had the highest percentage of callus formation (96.61%), fresh weight (3.96 g/cm2 of leaf) and average callus diameter (3.56 cm) in dark conditions. Also, the treatment of 0.1 mg/L of 2,4-D had the highest average number of embryos formed in different stages of spherical, heart, and torpedo shaped, and the treatment of 0.1 mg/L of 2,4-D had the highest percentage of embryogenesis (55.27%), which was not significantly different from the treatment of 0.2 mg/L of 2,4-D. The results showed that the treatment of 1 mg/liter of BAP had the highest percentage (56.8%) of embryo germination and also the highest average number (12.4) of produced seedlings. In general, the use of 2,4-D to create embryogenic calli and BAP to germinate the formed embryos was satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Paclobutrazol is a growth regulator used to control growth and reduce the frequency of mowing in all types of turfgrass plants. This material also affects the height and quality of different types of turfgrass. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to compare the growth behavior of two types of turfgrass subjected to paclobutrazol treatment and also to evaluate the possibility of using paclobutrazol to reduce the growth of turfgrass in areas with the same climate of Tabriz. Materials and Methods To determine the effect of paclobutrazol on height, and visual properties of turfgrass such as density, clippings fresh weight, leaf chlorophyll index, length and width of leaf blade, two grass plants Poa pratensis and Festuca arundinacea were treated with paclobutrazol in different concentrations. Grass plants were tested with concentrations of zero (control), 15, 30 and 45 mg/L-1 paclotrazol as foliar spray in 4 replicates of each treatment. This research was carried out in as a split plot experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design, so that the type of grass as the main factor in 2 levels and paclobutrazol as a secondary factor were considered in all the evaluated traits in both plant species. Results and Discussion The results of this research showed that paclobutrazol significantly affects the height of P. pratensis and F. aranudinaceae turfgrass plants. This effect was in the form of a significant reduction in the height of plants and controlling their growth. By increasing the concentration of paclobutrazol from zero to 45 mg/L, the height of the plants decreased. In both mentioned types of turfgrass, the most effective concentration was 45 mg/L. By increasing the concentration of paclobutrazol, the density of P. pratensis and F. aranudinaceae turfgrass plants has increased. The increase in density after paclobutrazol treatment was more evident in F. aranudinaceae. In general, the fescue turfgrass plant has stronger foliage, deep and strong roots, and lower density. The only exception was the increase in the chlorophyll index of fescue leaves (10 days after treatment) and P. pratensis (20 days after treatment) and in both of them under the concentration of 30 mg/L of paclobutrazol. Following paclobutrazol treatment and increasing its concentration, the length and width of the leaf blade as well as the clippings fresh weight of turfgrass plants were decreased. The reduction in the length and width of the leaf blade was similar in both plants, and the most effective concentration of paclobutrazol was 30 mg/L. However, the optimal effect of paclobutrazol was observed up to 30 days after the treatment. In the fourth measurement (40 days after the treatment), the effect of paclobutrazol decreased and there was no significant difference in the length and width of the leaves of the treated plants and the control plants. Conclusion In general, with the treatment of different concentrations of paclobutrazol, the number of aerial branches produced in F. aranudinaceae was more than that of P. pratensis. Since paclobutrazol is a growth inhibitor and by preventing the synthesis of gibberellin hormone, it prevents plants from elongation, this substance can be used to control the growth of turfgrass plants. This growth control reduces the number of mowing times, reduces fertilizer consumption, increases the efficiency of water use, and ultimately saves the cost of maintaining turfgrass plants. Since paclobutrazol accumulates in the roots and eventually causes the formation of new branches, it can be concluded that the effect of paclobutrazol on the density of F. aranudinaceae is greater than that of P. pratensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a growth regulator that widely used in horticulture and in the tomato seedling growth to compact the shoots, increase the stem diameter and, root biomass, allowing more tolerance of the seedlings against adverse weather conditions. The objective of this work was to evaluate the rates of paclobutrazol (0, 4, 7, 10 and 13 mg L-1) applied 15 days after sowing by foliar spray on the growth, chemical composition and xylem vessel number of tomato seedlings cultivated in two periods. The PBZ regardless of the application rate reduced the height of tomato seedlings in both growth periods. The basal stem diameter and leaf area were increased with 13 mg L-1 of PBZ. The lignin percentage also increased with 10 and 13 mg L-1 of PBZ as compared to control for both periods. The number of xylem vessel was not affected by PBZ application on the seedlings in the first period. PBZ application at rates of 7 and 10 mg L-1 increased the xylem vessel number in the second period. In general, the application of 13 mg L-1 of PBZ generated seedling more robust to overcome climate adversities.

A field experiment was carried out during the spring and fall seasons of 2021 at Al-Hamidiya Research Station of the College of Agriculture, With the aim of studying the effect of soaking seeds with Atonik growth regulator and seeding dates on growth characteristics and plant nutrients content for three varieties of sorghum. A randomized complete block design with split-split plot arrangement was used with three replications. The main plot included seeding dates for both spring and fall seasons, while the sub-plot included the concentrations of the growth regulator (Atonk) which are 0-, 2.5- and 5-ml L -1, while the three varieties (Inqath, Lelu and Giza 113) were allocated to the sub-sub plots. The results showed the superiority of the cultivar Inqath in most of the studied traits such as leaf area, plant content of chlorophyll and plant content of potassium, phosphorous and nitrogen (4406, 3888 cm2 and 58.36 59.17 spad) for both seasons, respectively. Whereas, Giza 113 cultivar outperformed in terms of plant height for both seasons. The plants which seeds soaked at a concentration of 5 ml L-1 also outperformed in all studied traits seeding date had a significant effects for both seasons. The interaction between the studied factors had a significant effect for most of the traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robusta coffee production can be sucessed by using high-quality seedlings that have good growth performance. One of several keys to success in seedling production is the choosing best planting medium and providing exogenous growth regulators. These include using cocopeat planting media and giving coconut water. This research aims to determine whether using cocopeat planting media and providing coconut water can increase the growth of robusta coffee seedlings. The experiment used a randomized complete group design with six treatments and four replications; each experimental unit consisted of three robusta coffee seedlings. The six tested treatments were control (topsoil 100%); cocopeat 50% + topsoil 50%; cocopeat 100%; topsoil 100% + coconut water 200 mL; cocopeat 50% + topsoil 50% + coconut water 200 mL; and cocopeat 100% + coconut water 200 mL. This study indicated that cocopeat and coconut water could increase the growth of robusta coffee seedlings. The composition of cocopeat 100% and the combination of topsoil 50% + cocopeat 50% had an improvement effect on the growth of robusta coffee seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barangan banana (Musa acuminata L.) is one of the superior types of banana in the West Tanjung Jabung district, Jambi Province - Indonesia. Barangan bananas are very popular with the public and have high economic value. The problem faced in conventional cultivation and development of Barangan bananas is that it is difficult to obtain quality banana seeds in large and uniform quantities, so to overcome this we need alternative technology for propagating banana seeds through modern techniques such as plant tissue culture techniques. The advantage of this technique is that it is able to produce plant seeds en masse uniformly and in a relatively short time. In addition, the resulting progeny is also conditioned to be free from pests and diseases, especially diseases caused by bacteria and fungi.

Red seaweeds contain compounds such as agar and hormones that have many uses in industry. This research was done to determine biomass and extract two hormones and agar from Gracilaria corticata algae. Methods Sampling was done from December 2014 to November 2015 in Bushehr port, one month apart. Biomass and environmental parameters were measured and algae harvested in the selected transect. After the extraction steps, hormones are separated by the HPLC method and identified by standard injection. The highest amount of agar occurred in July with 63.3%, Zeatin in September with 21.9% and indole butyric acid with 19.21% in January. The highest fresh weight of this algae was measured in March at 423.33 grams per square meter. The results of the ANOVA and Chi-squared statistical tests showed a significant difference in 6 months of sampling in all samples (P<0.05). The amount of agar showed a significant correlation with the biomass. Also, among environmental factors, agar was correlated with salinity and temperature. Butyric indole of acid in January caused the growth of alga, but Zeatin did not show a significant effect on the growth of this species. In general, in order to extract these materials, harvesting can be done in the months that have the highest amount. Considering the exorbitant price of these hormones and the need to use them in algae extracts and algae liquid fertilizer, this research is a starting point for extracting all kinds of hormones from these algae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was the evaluation of survival and productivity indicators in different species/hybrids of Eucalyptus in the adult stage, as well as the vegetative rescue of adult trees and cuttings, testing for species/hybrids, concentration of growth regulator and substrates in rooting. In the evaluation of species/hybrids, height (m), diameter at breast height (DBH, cm) and individual volume (m3 per individual) were measured, and survival was evaluated. In the vegetative rescue treatment, the number of shoots produced at 90, 120 and 210 days was evaluated. In the cutting experiments, the species that produced rescue shoots were tested, in addition to indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) doses (0, 1 500, 3 000 and 4 500 mg L−1) and four substrates for rooting cuttings. The experiments of IBA doses and substrates were carried out using Eucalyptus saligna plants. In the cutting experiments, after 120 days of cultivation, the following variables were evaluated: callus formation (%), survival (%), rooting (%), number and length of roots. The best results regarding survival and quantitative variables of the species/hybrids were obtained for E. dunnii, E. dunnii × E. grandis and E. pellita. In the vegetative rescue, E. dunnii × E. grandis and E. pellita had the highest formation of shoots and the girdling vegetative rescue method had the best results in terms of generated shoots. E. saligna had better results regarding the variables related to the rooting of cuttings. The substrate S3 and the use of 1 500 mg L−1 of IBA provided the highest survival rate and better variables related to the rooting of the cuttings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutrition background and optimization of the nutritional regime play an important role in the accumulation of above-ground mass and the corresponding leaf apparatus, the functioning of which depends on the yield level, already from the initial stages of sunflower growth. Therefore, it is important to study the patterns of growth and development of plants, to develop the most optimal agrotechnological conditions for increasing crop productivity. The aim of the research was to investigate changes in the parameters of leaf surface area, net photosynthetic productivity and yield of sunflower depending on additional nutrition. The research was conducted in 2021-2023 in the fields of the Oil Crops Institute of the National Academy of Sciences. Sowing sunflower hybrids Serpanok, Marshal, Agent and the Camelot variety was carried out in the first decade of May with a row width of 70 cm with a sowing rate of 50,000 similar seeds per hectare. Options application mineral fertilizers: 1. Without fertilizers (control); 2. N30P40; 3. N40P60; 4. N60P90; 5. N60P60K60. Options for using growth regulators: 1. Without application (control); 2. Fulvigrin Stimul (1.5 l/ha) in the phase of 3-4 and 6-8 pairs of leaves; 3. Fulvital Plus (0.45 l/ha) in the phase of 3-4 and 6-8 pairs of leaves; 4. Fulvigrin Stimul (1.5 l/ha) in the phase of 3-4 and 6-8 pairs of leaves + Ceron (1.0 l/ha) in the phase of 8 - 10 pairs of leaves; 5. Fulvital Plus (0.45 l/ha) in the phase of 3-4 and 6-8 pairs of leaves + Ceron (1.0 l/ha) in the phase of 8-10 pairs of leaves. The establishment of the experiment and accounting, measurements, and accompanying observations were carried out according to the method of field experiments on the study of agrotechnical methods of sunflower cultivation and the method of conducting a field experiment. Based on the results of our research is established change indicators square leafy surface and clean productivity photosynthesis of sunflower hybrids and cultivars. In an average of three years, in the cultivation of sunflower against the background of the introduction of mineral fertilizers in combination with foliar fertilization of crops with growth regulators contributed to an increase in the leaf surface area of one plant from: 42.5-44.4 dm² in the Serpanok hybrid; 47.6-49.2 dm² in the Marshall hybrid; 40.3-41.6 dm² in the Agent hybrid; 44.9-46.7 dm² in the Camelot variety on a background without fertilizers to: 47.5-48.3 dm² in the Serpanok hybrid; 53.7-54.3 dm² in the Marshall hybrid; 45.2-46.2 dm² in the Agent hybrid; 51.3-52.7 dm² in the Camelot variety on the background of N30P40; 48.2-49.5 dm² in the Serpanok hybrid; 55.1-56.0 dm² in the Marshall hybrid; 46.5-47.0 dm² in the Agent hybrid; 53.1-53.7 dm² in the Camelot variety on the N40P60 background; 49.5-49.9 dm² in the Serpanok hybrid; 56.6-57.6 dm² in the Marshall hybrid; 48.0-48.6 dm² in the Agent hybrid; 53.7-54.9 dm² in the Camelot variety on the N60P90 background. The largest indicators of the leaf surface area of one sunflower plant were recorded against the background of N60P60K60. Taking into account the density of sunflower plants, the leaf surface area per hectare also increased under the influence of mineral fertilizers and growth regulators. In relation to the control (without fertilizers), its indicators increased by: 1.8-2.2 thousand m² in the hybrid Haze; 2.4-2.8 thousand m² in the hybrid Marshal; 2.1-2.3 thousand m² in the Agent hybrid; 2.2-2.6 thousand m² in the Camelot variety for application of fertilizers in a dose of N30P40; 2.0-2.7 thousand m² in the Serpanok hybrid; 3.2-3.6 thousand m² in the Marshall hybrid; 2.4-2.9 thousand m² in the Agent hybrid; 2.8-3.2 thousand m² in the Camelot variety for application of fertilizers in a dose of N40P60; 2.4-3.2 thousand m² in the Serpanok hybrid; 3.9-4.2 thousand m² in the Marshall hybrid; 3.3-3.6 thousand m² in the Agent hybrid; 3.1-3.6 thousand m² in the Camelot variety for application of fertilizers in a dose of N60P90; 3.2-3.7 thousand m² in the Serpanok hybrid; 4.2-4.9 thousand m² in the Marshall hybrid; 3.8-4.2 thousand m² in the Agent hybrid; 3.6-4.1 thousand m² in the Camelot variety for application of fertilizers in the dose of N60P60K60. The highest values of the indicators of the leaf surface area per hectare were noted against the background of the application of N60P60K60. Under the influence of growth regulators, the indicators of the leaf surface area increased by: 0.1-0.9 thousand m² in the Serpanok hybrid; 0.1-0.6 thousand m² in the Marshall hybrid; 0.1-0.5 thousand m² in the Agent hybrid; 0.1-0.6 thousand m² in the Camelot variety. The net photosynthetic productivity (NPP) of sunflower plants changed both under the influence of mineral fertilizers and growth regulators. In relation to controls - without fertilizers and growth regulators, its indicators increased by: 0.07-0.25 and 0.02-0.07 g/m² x day in the Serpanok hybrid; 0.08-0.26 and 0.03-0.08 g/m² x day in the Marshall hybrid; 0.09-0.30 and 0.04-0.09 g/m² x day in the Agent hybrid; 0.06-0.27 and 0.04-0.10 g/m² x day in the Camelot variety. The highest values of PPF indicators were provided by the cultivation of hybrids and varieties of sunflower against the background of the application of complete mineral fertilizer. Treatment of sunflower crops with mixtures of Fulvigrin Stimul in the phase of 3-4 and 6-8 pairs of leaves + Ceron in the phase of 8-10 pairs of leaves and Fulvital Plus in the phase of 3-4 and 6-8 pairs of leaves + Ceron in the phase of 8-10 pairs of leaves was the most effective. Among the studied hybrids and varieties, the Marshall hybrid had the highest PMF values of 6.02-6.34 g/m². When analyzing data on sunflower yield, it was established that, on average, over three years, the increase in yield from the use of mineral fertilizers was equal to: 0.28-0.54 t/ha in the Serpanok hybrid; 0.22-0.48 t/ha in the Marshall hybrid; 0.23-0.50 t/ha in the Agent hybrid; 0.18-0.41 t/ha in the Camelot variety. Under the influence of growth regulators, the yield increased by: 0.07-0.28 t/ha in the Serpanok hybrid; 0.06-0.25 t/ha in the Marshall hybrid; 0.08-0.28 t/ha in the Agent hybrid; 0.04-0.24 t/ha in the Camelot variety. The average yield in the control (without crop treatment) was equal to 3.15 t/ha. When crops were treated with different mixtures of growth regulators, it increased to 3.27-3.34 t/ha. The reaction of hybrids and sunflower varieties to the application of growth regulators was almost the same. A higher level of yield of sunflower hybrids Serpanok (3.66-3.69 t/ha) and Marshal (3.33-3.36 t/ha) was ensured by cultivation against the background of application of mineral fertilizers in doses of N40P60, N60P90 and N60P60K60, and the Agent hybrid (3.56-3.59 t/ha) and the Camelot variety (3.08-3.11 t/ha) against the background of mineral fertilizers in doses of N60P90 and N60P60K60 with spraying of crops with mixtures of growth regulators Fulvigrin Stimul in the phase of 3-4 and 6-8 pairs of leaves + Ceron in the phase of 8-10 pairs of leaves and Fulvital Plus in the phase of 3-4 and 6-8 pairs of leaves + Ceron in phase 8-10 pairs of leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Food security concerns have necessitated the increase in agricultural production due to the everincreasing world population, projected to exceed 9.6 billion people by 2050. It has been reported that various physicochemical contents of plants are increased by the solution of plant smoke. The biologically active compounds of smoke are soluble in water and in very low concentrations, they cause significant physiological responses in plants. These compounds can be used in the form of aqueous extract under the name of water smoke, by designing a device based on previous research in this field. Through various studies, it has been reported that the smoke enhancing activity is due to the presence of karrikin compounds (KARs). Materials and methods This research was carried out in a factorial experiment in base of randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications in the research farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, in the crop years 2019-2020 and 2020-2021. The factors included irrigated wheat cultivars (Mihan and Sirvan) and foliar application with a concentration of one liter per hectare in the phenological growth stages of wheat at eleven levels including no application (control), application in the stages of double ridge, second node detectable, ear emergence, anthesis, double ridge + second node detectable, double ridge + ear emergence, double ridge + anthesis, second node detectable + ear emergence, second node detectable + anthesis, ear emergence + anthesis. The studied traits in this research include seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, seed per spike, 1000-seed weight, seed filling duration and seed filling speed. Result and discussion The results of this study showed that the maximum seed filling speed in foliar application at the stage of second node detectable was average (1.38 mg. day-1 ) in both Mihan and Sirvan cultivars, and the maximum weight of 1000-seed weight (48.93 g) in Mihan cultivar in foliar application at the stage of ear emergence was obtained, also foliar application in the stage of double ridge + second node detectable had the highest harvest index with average (45.79%) and seed filling duration with average (48.51 days) All of which were in the Mihan cultivar. Foliar application in the stages of double ridge + second node detectable and anthesis caused the highest seed yield with average (6.02 t. ha-1 ). The maximum number of seeds per spike with average (55.83) and biological yield with average (15.61 t. ha-1 ) was related to foliar application at the stage of double ridge + ear emergence in Mihan cultivar. Conclusion Smoke water has the necessary potential to increase the quantity of wheat. If the results of this research are confirmed in other researches, it can be recommended to use water smoke as a practical and low-cost technology, especially for poor farmers in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant growth regulator known to take part in defense responses against different types of stresses, including salt stress. In this study, the role of foliar applied SA in improving the growth of berseem variety 'Anmol' under salt stress was examined. Plants were sown in plastic pots in the sand. Plants were treated with different concentrations of salinity (0, 60 mM and 120 mM NaCl) and salicylic acid (0, 100 mg L-1 and 150 mg L-1) was applied as a foliar spray. Salinity stress significantly reduced root and shoot fresh and dry weight, root and shoot length, photosynthetic pigments including Chl. a, b, a/b, total soluble proteins, total amino acids and uptake of K+ and Ca2+ ions in root and shoot tissues. Exogenous application of salicylic acid improved growth traits including shoot length, shoot fresh weight, root length, root fresh and weight, shoot dry weight, pigments contents (Chl. a, a/b and carotenoids). Total soluble protein and amino acid contents, activities of antioxidants peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were also enhanced by the foliar spray of SA under saline and non-saline conditions. SA played a crucial role in lowering Na+ and Cl- ions content in shoot and root tissues while enhancing the uptake of K+ and Ca2+ ions. The study revealed that 100 mg L-1 SA treatment significantly influenced several plant parameters, including shoot length (8 cm), root length 6.7 cm, chlorophyll (1.2 mg/g FW), total soluble proteins (0.8 mg/g FW) and total amino acids (2.5 mg/g FW), SOD (1.22 U/mg protein), CAT (1.75 U/mg FW), potassium ions (29 mg/g DW), and calcium ions (43 mg/g DW) during salinity stress. Therefore, field use of SA (100 mg L-1) is recommended to enhance the growth of berseem and other fodder crops in saline soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the effect of different doses and times of application of the growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl on the productive performance of white oat cultivars. The experiment was carried out in Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil, in the 2019 and 2020 seasons using the white oat cultivars IPR Artemis and URS Corona. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications arranged in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme, conducted separately for each cultivar, with four doses of trinexapac-ethyl (0, 50, 100, and 150 g ha-1) and three times of application (T1, first node noticeable; T2, first node visible and second node noticeable; and T3, second node visible and third node noticeable). The following agronomic characters were evaluated: plant height, panicle length, panicles per square meter, spikelets per panicle, grains per spikelet, grains per panicle, thousand grain weight,lodging percentage, and grain yield. Application of trinexapac-ethyl at doses of 100 or 150 g ha-1 at T2 or T3 reduced panicle length, spikelets per panicle, and grains per panicle in IPR Artemis and URS Corona. However, it also reduced plant height and increased panicles per square meter and yield in both cultivars. These same doses and times of application resulted in a significant reduction in lodging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melatonin has been widely used to modulate the deleterious effects of drought stress on plant growth and productivity. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effects of foliar melatonin treatment on photosynthetic and water content, antioxidant potential, and fatty acid composition of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) under irrigation regimes. Melatonin was sprayed on leaves at 100, 200, and 300 µM in trees which exposed to drought at 100, 75, 50, and 25% of soil field capacity (FC). The results showed that although 70% FC had no significant difference with the control, irrigation regimes at 50 and 25% FC remarkably reduced plant growth and fruit yield. Under non-melatonin application, the drought at 25% FC lowered chlorophyll content (35%), relative water content (22%), fruit weight (12%), fruit yield (44%), ascorbic acid (AsA, 33%), and monounsaturated fatty acids (15%). However, this drought level enhanced total soluble solids (TSS, 33%), titration acidity (TA, 10%), TSS/TA (22%), saturated fatty acids (17%), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (52%). Melatonin especially 200 µM improved plant yield and fruit quality by modulating drought stress. Trees exposed to drought at 50–75% FC with foliar-applied melatonin at 200 µM yielded the maximum AsA and phenolic contents. The main fatty acid component was oleic acid (55.18–68.05%), which decreased by drought but increased by melatonin. For the sustainable management of scarce water resources in sweet cherry orchards, exogenous melatonin at 200 µM can be suggested as a helpful method to modulate drought stress. The research could help farmers cultivate fruits in areas with limited water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arundo donax (family: Poaceae) is a perennial rhizomatous plant with considerable economic and ecological benefits. The plant is characterized by its fast growth, high yield, wide adaptability, and strong disease resistance. However, widespread cultivation is difficult because A. donax can only be asexually propagated. This study tested the efficacy of an aqua-based culture method with short duration and high rooting rate. The aqua-based culture protocol involved treating cane fragments with the commercial broad-spectrum rooting powder ABT-1 (No. 1 of the ABT series) at 100 mg/L for 24 h, followed by culturing in tap water for 19 days. We found that plant materials sampled from September to February of the following year were more suitable for aqua-based culturing than materials sampled from other months. Nodes on different parts of the cane did not vary significantly in the ability to form seedlings. The rooting percentage reached >95% after only 20 days, while the sprouting percentage was >93%. The seedlings obtained were strong, with high survival rates during cultivation and acclimation. No strict requirements for the growing media were necessary to achieve these results. In conclusion, this study provides an empirical foundation for a technique that could facilitate the factory production of high-quality A. donax seedlings.

There has been a growing interest in growing sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. (Moenh) as a bioenergy crop, as it can be used to produce biofuels (ethyl alcohol) and solid fuels (pellets and briquettes from the above-ground mass). Sorghum grain is characterised by a high starch content of up to 80%. The research topic is relevant but poorly understood. The research aims to study the effect of growth regulators on the growth and development of sorghum in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The following research methods were used: field, measuring and weighing, mathematical and statistical. The study presents the results of research for 2016-2019, where the influence of elements of cultivation technology on the peculiarities of the formation of biometric parameters was studied. plant growth regulator had an impact on field germination, vegetation period, biometric indicators of plant growth, and leaf area. The closeness of the correlations of the studied indicators was established, and a correlation-regression analysis of the data was carried out, which showed a strong correlation between the growing season and plant height, where the coefficient was R=0.9264, and the coefficient of determination R2 =0.9864. There was also a strong relationship between stem diameter and plant height, where the correlation coefficient was R=0.9767 and the coefficient of determination was R2 =0.954. The conducted studies confirm the feasibility of using a growth regulator that improves plant development and will contribute to increasing the yield and quality of grain and biomass of sorghum. The obtained results of the research give grounds to believe that growth regulators contribute to the production of environmentally friendly products and are components of environmentally friendly and energysaving cultivation technology

Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant growth regulator known to take part in defense responses against different types of stresses, including salt stress. In this study, the role of foliar applied SA in improving the growth of berseem variety ‘Anmol’ under salt stress was examined. Plants were sown in plastic pots in the sand. Plants were treated with different concentrations of salinity (0, 60 mM and 120 mM NaCl) and salicylic acid (0, 100 mg L-1 and 150 mg L-1) was applied as a foliar spray. Salinity stress significantly reduced root and shoot fresh and dry weight, root and shoot length, photosynthetic pigments including Chl. a, b, a/b, total soluble proteins, total amino acids and uptake of K+ and Ca2+ ions in root and shoot tissues. Exogenous application of salicylic acid improved growth traits including shoot length, shoot fresh weight, root length, root fresh and weight, shoot dry weight, pigments contents (Chl. a, a/b and carotenoids). Total soluble protein and amino acid contents, activities of antioxidants peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were also enhanced by the foliar spray of SA under saline and non-saline conditions. SA played a crucial role in lowering Na+ and Cl− ions content in shoot and root tissues while enhancing the uptake of K+ and Ca2+ ions. The study revealed that 100 mg L-1 SA treatment significantly influenced several plant parameters, including shoot length (8 cm), root length 6.7 cm, chlorophyll (1.2 mg/g FW), total soluble proteins (0.8 mg/g FW) and total amino acids (2.5 mg/g FW), SOD (1.22 U/mg protein), CAT (1.75 U/mg FW), potassium ions (29 mg/g DW), and calcium ions (43 mg/g DW) during salinity stress. Therefore, field use of SA (100 mg L-1) is recommended to enhance the growth of berseem and other fodder crops in saline soils.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess the effect of different doses and times of application of the growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl on the productive performance of white oat cultivars. The experiment was carried out in Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil, in the 2019 and 2020 seasons using the white oat cultivars IPR Artemis and URS Corona. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications arranged in a 4 × 3 factorial scheme, conducted separately for each cultivar, with four doses of trinexapac-ethyl (0, 50, 100, and 150 g ha-1) and three times of application (T1, first node noticeable; T2, first node visible and second node noticeable; and T3, second node visible and third node noticeable). The following agronomic characters were evaluated: plant height, panicle length, panicles per square meter, spikelets per panicle, grains per spikelet, grains per panicle, thousand grain weight,lodging percentage, and grain yield. Application of trinexapac-ethyl at doses of 100 or 150 g ha-1 at T2 or T3 reduced panicle length, spikelets per panicle, and grains per panicle in IPR Artemis and URS Corona. However, it also reduced plant height and increased panicles per square meter and yield in both cultivars. These same doses and times of application resulted in a significant reduction in lodging.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performance, growth regulating factors, and liver morphology of chicks hatched from egg-laying breeding hens dietary supplemented with additives (β-carotene). Hy-line breeding hens were allocated into three groups with three replicates/group. The dietary treatments were as follows: basal diet as a control (Con), basal diet supplemented with 120 (βc-L) or 240 (βc-H) mg/kg of β-carotene diet. After 6 weeks, the eggs were collected and incubated. The hatched chicks were fed the same diet. The results showed that chicks in the βc-L group increased in body weight at 21 days (p < 0.01). At 42 days, chicks in the βc-H group showed a significant increase in tibia length (p < 0.05). The liver index increased in the βc-L and βc-H groups at 7 days (p < 0.05). Serum HGF (7, 14, 21, and 42 days) and leptin (14 days) were significantly increased in the group supplemented with βc. Hepatic GHR (14 days), IGF-1R (14 days), and LEPR (21 days) mRNA expression were significantly increased. In addition, there was an increase in PCNA-positive cells in the liver of chicks in the βc group. In conclusion, the addition of β-carotene to the diet of laying breeder hens was more advantageous in terms of growth performance and liver development of the offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent physiology studies, the number of chemical-based agents applied to allow the recovery of plants under different stress conditions has greatly increased, and melatonin is one significant novel one among these agents. Extremely high and low precipitation regimes are two of the most important factors limiting agricultural production and resulting in drought and flooding stresses. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of melatonin on the physiological responses of early-growth stage seedlings to flooding stress. In this context, cabbage seedlings were subjected to excess water followed by measurement of the essential parameters, such as photosynthesis, antioxidant enzymes, chlorophyll fluorescence, and certain agronomic features. The results indicated that underground fresh mass (UFM) and dry mass (UDM), leaf area (LA), chlorophyll (Chl b) content, carotenoid (CT) content, relative water content (RWC), and protein (PT) content in cabbage seedlings were increased, while the levels of chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and superoxyde dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and catalase (CAT) levels were stable in flooding-stressed cabbage seedlings treated with 150 µM melatonin. Proline content was significantly reduced in the 150 µM melatonin treatment group. The photosynthetic parameters of cabbage seedlings under the flooding stress condition were not much affected by changes in the stoichiometry of the Chla and Chlb ratio. Consequently, improvements were observed at varying rates, and the effects of flooding stress were alleviated in the melatonin-treated cabbage seedlings. It was, accordingly, inferred that treatment with 150 mM melatonin exerted substantial effects in terms of suppressing the detrimental effects of flooding stress in cabbage seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is one of the most important factors in reducing plant yield, and understand the ways to deal with drought stress is very important. This experiment was performed to study the effect of foliar application of organic growth stimulants (Hamoon Green ®) on some physiological traits, yield, and oil content of Goldasht safflower cultivar under different levels of drought stress in the form of split plots in a randomized complete block design in the Research Farm No.1 of Zabol University located in Jazinak, Sistan Dam, in Zabol with three replications. The main factor of drought stress at 3 levels included full irrigation, irrigation up to the main stem flowering stage, and irrigation up to full flowering stage. The secondary factor was plant growth regulator at four levels including control, 8, 10, and 12 liters per hectare. Measured characteristics included plant height, number of leaves, number of heads per plant, 1000-seed weight, petal weight, stem diameter, seed protein percentage, grain yield, seed oil percentage, proline, catalase and peroxidase. The interaction of growth stimulant levels and drought stress was significant only on plant height, stem diameter, oil percentage, and proline concentration. The maximum plant height (64 cm) and percentage of oil (32.7%) were obtained from non-stress and foliar application of 12 liters of growth stimulant; the highest proline concentration was recorded under foliar application of 12 liters growth regulator the flowering stage of the main stem (0.38%); the maximum stem grain yield (1127.08 kg ha-1) was recorded with the plants sprayed with 12 liters of growth stimulant. In general, foliar application of growth stimulants moderated the negative effects of drought stress on some traits of safflower plant and improved grain yield by 36.6%. Also, irrigation up to the flowering stage of the main stem can lead to the yield similar to full irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] This study was conducted to increase the reproduction coefficient of Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) to keep the character of optimal benign. [Methods] The young leaves of medicinal Japanese honeysuckle were selected as explants, and MS was used as the basic culture medium. Suitable culture concentrations and conditions were screened through different concentration gradients of growth regulators and cytokinin. [Results] As the concentration of 6-BA in the culture medium increased, the browning rate increased, and the browning phenomenon occurred earlier. On the contrary, a lower concentration of6-BA was suitable for the differentiation and growth of young leaves, and the browning response was slow. However, if the cultivation time was too long and the materials were not transferred in a timely manner, browning would also occur. The optimal combination of levels was obtained through a 3 X 3 orthogonal experiment (three parallel groups for each of 6-BA and NAA). The culture conditions included a constant temperature of 26 O and light intensity of 1 200 lx. The optimal medium for inducing callus proliferation was MS P 6-BA 0. 5 mg/L P NAA 0. 5 mg/L; and the optimal medium for inducing bud differentiation was MS P 6-BA 1. 0 mg/L P NAA 0.1 mg/L. [Conclusions] This study provides a theoretical basis for accelerating the development of the honeysuckle industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Cabernet Sauvignon' is a commonly produced and consumed variety of grapes in Brazil, although late sprouting and flowering negatively affect wine production, hindering the production of elegant and balanced wines, especially in high-altitude regions of Santa Catarina. Therefore, this study sought to evaluate the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) on reducing and eliminating 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grape berry seeds and evaluate the physicochemical parameters of the wine produced in Serra Catarinense. The experiments were conducted in a commercial vineyard. The treatments were 0.0, 40.0, and 80.0 mg L-1 of GA3 in the 2019/20 season and 0.0, 20.0, and 40.0 mg L-1 of GA3 in the 2020/21 season. The applications were performed in full bloom. The characteristics evaluated were cluster weight, berry diameter, berry mass, number of seeds per berry, seed mass, peel:pulp ratio, cluster length, cluster compaction index, rachis mass, and berries per cluster. In both harvests, the zero dose of GA3 was related to greater cluster compaction, berry and cluster mass, and seeds per berry. In the 2019/20 harvest, 80 mg L-1 of GA3 was correlated to must total soluble sugar, wine acidity, must acidity, color parameter at 520 nm, and color intensity. In the last harvest, the color parameters were more correlated with the highest GA3 dose, showing that this growth regulator increased free anthocyanins and total polyphenols. Moreover, 20-80 mg L-1 of GA3 reduced the number and size of seeds but increased the tannin content in one harvest. Bunch compaction, cluster weight, diameter, and berry weight were reduced using GA3. Lastly, 20 and 40 mg L-1 of GA3 increased the total polyphenols and monomeric anthocyanins in the wine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important factors in reducing vigor of seed is the occurrence of water stress during seed development on mother plant. Also, the use of growth regulators in environmental stresses leads to the production of seeds with better germination ability. In order to study the effect of methyl jasmonate on germination indices and vigor of two bread wheat cultivars under different irrigation regimes, an experiment was conducted as a split factorial in a RCBD design in two growing seasons (2015 and 2017). In this experiment, different irrigation regimes including normal irrigation (control), irrigation cut off from bolting stage and irrigation cut off from the grain milking stage were investigated as the main factor, and two wheat cultivars Sirvan and Pishtaz and 0, 50, 100, and 150 μm of methyl as sub plots. The results showed that in both cultivars, germination indices decreased by stress, but application of 100 μM methyl jasmonate increased the germination percentage, germination rate, length and weight vigor, gluten and seed starch content in both years compared to the control. On average, at different levels of irrigation cut off and full irrigation, Sirvan cultivar showed higher germination percentage and rate than Pishtaz cultivar. Also, irrigation cut off from bolting stage had the greatest negative effect on the seed formed in the mother plant in different wheat cultivars. Overall, the results showed that among the treatments, the best methyl jasmonate application with a concentration of 100 mM was able to moderate the effects of drought stress and improve germination and qualitative traits of seed under stress and nonstress conditions and Sirvan had higher seed quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted to determine to the effects of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) doses and propagation season on rooting rates and some root parameters of Rhododendron species, R. ponticum L., R. luteum Sweet, R. ungernii Trautv, and R. caucasicum Pallas. Air layering technique and IBA doses (0, 500 ppm, and 1,500 ppm) were applied to each Rhododendron species in their natural habitat in autumn and spring. In the present investigation, dry root weight (mg), root length (cm), root volume (cm3), and root diameter (mm) were investigated as root quality parameters. The highest rooting efficiency (100%) was obtained from R. caucasicum and R. ungernii species. The rooting efficiencies of R. ponticum (between 6.67% to 66.67%) and R. luteum (between 0% to 53.33%) species were lower than the other two species. The heaviest dry root (266.10 mg), the largest root volume (1.49 cm3), and the thickest root diameter (0.05 cm) were obtained in autumn and 1,500 ppm IBA dose from R. caucasicum species. The longest roots, 349.21 cm, were formed in the R. ungernii species in the spring, during the air layering, in which 500 ppm IBA dose was applied.

ABSTRACT The growth and yield performance of white oat cultivars may vary in response to doses of trinexapac-ethyl (TE) growth regulator. The objective of the work was to evaluate the lodging and productive performance of white oat cultivars under different doses of trinexapac-ethyl growth regulator. The experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design with four replications, in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, with four doses of trinexapac-ethyl (0, 50, 100 and 150 g ha-1) applied in the phenological stage between the 1st visible stalk node and the 2nd perceptible node in two white oat cultivars (URS Altiva and URS Corona). The following were evaluated: plant height, panicle length, panicles per m2, spikelets per panicle, grains per spikelet, number of grains per panicle, thousand grain weight, plant lodging and grain yield. The application of trinexapac-ethyl at doses 100 and 150 g ha-1 reduces plant height and panicle components: length, number of spikelets and grains per panicle of the two cultivars. TE doses above 100 g ha-1 provide a significant reduction in lodging with an increase in the number of panicles per m2 and in grain yield for the two white oat cultivars.

‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ is a commonly produced and consumed variety of grapes in Brazil, although late sprouting and flowering negatively affect wine production, hindering the production of elegant and balanced wines, especially in high-altitude regions of Santa Catarina. Therefore, this study sought to evaluate the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) on reducing and eliminating ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grape berry seeds and evaluate the physicochemical parameters of the wine produced in Serra Catarinense. The experiments were conducted in a commercial vineyard. The treatments were 0.0, 40.0, and 80.0 mg L-1 of GA3 in the 2019/20 season and 0.0, 20.0, and 40.0 mg L-1 of GA3 in the 2020/21 season. The applications were performed in full bloom. The characteristics evaluated were cluster weight, berry diameter, berry mass, number of seeds per berry, seed mass, peel:pulp ratio, cluster length, cluster compaction index, rachis mass, and berries per cluster. In both harvests, the zero dose of GA3 was related to greater cluster compaction, berry and cluster mass, and seeds per berry. In the 2019/20 harvest, 80 mg L-1 of GA3 was correlated to must total soluble sugar, wine acidity, must acidity, color parameter at 520 nm, and color intensity. In the last harvest, the color parameters were more correlated with the highest GA3 dose, showing that this growth regulator increased free anthocyanins and total polyphenols. Moreover, 20–80 mg L-1 of GA3 reduced the number and size of seeds but increased the tannin content in one harvest. Bunch compaction, cluster weight, diameter, and berry weight were reduced using GA3. Lastly, 20 and 40 mg L-1 of GA3 increased the total polyphenols and monomeric anthocyanins in the wine.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive brain tumor with a poor prognosis. The growth of GBM cells depends on the core transcriptional apparatus, thus rendering RNA polymerase (RNA pol) complex as a candidate therapeutic target. The RNA pol II subunit B (POLR2B) gene encodes the second largest subunit of the RNA pol II (RPB2); however, its genomic status and function in GBM remain unclear. Certain GBM data sets in cBioPortal were used for investigating the genomic status and expression of POLR2B in GBM. The function of RPB2 was analyzed following knockdown of POLR2B expression by shRNA in GBM cells. The cell counting kit-8 assay and PI staining were used for cell proliferation and cell cycle analysis. A xenograft mouse model was established to analyze the function of RPB2 in vivo. RNA sequencing was performed to analyze the RPB2-regulated genes. GO and GSEA analyses were applied to investigate the RPB2-regulated gene function and associated pathways. In the present study, the genomic alteration and overexpression of the POLR2B gene was described in glioblastoma. The data indicated that knockdown of POLR2B expression suppressed tumor cell growth of glioblastoma in vitro and in vivo. The analysis further demonstrated the identification of the RPB2-regulated gene sets and highlighted the DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 gene as the downstream target of the POLR2B gene. The present study provides evidence indicating that RPB2 functions as a growth regulator in glioblastoma and could be used as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of this disease. • POLR2B gene is rarely mutated but amplified in a subset of glioblastoma patients which results in the overexpression of RPB2. • Knockdown of POLR2B gene inhibit cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in glioblastoma cell lines. • DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 gene (DDIT4) was found to be a downstream target of POLR2B gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of different varieties, substrates, cuttings and growth regulators on the rooting rate and rooting quality of Passiflora were studied by using ‘Zixiang No.1' and ' Huangjinguo' as materials, sandy loam, garden soil, nutrient soils and water as cutting substrates, the upper, middle and lower segments of the current year's stems as cuttings, IBA and rooting powder as growth regulators. The results showed that the rooting rate of ‘Zixiang No.1'and‘Huangjinguo' was very high, however, the root growth of Zixiang No.1' was obviously better than that of Huangjinguo' and its survival rate was also higher. The rooting rate was the highest when the garden soils were used as cutting substrates, reaching 86.7%, yet the growth of roots was the best when the sandy loam was used as substrates. The rooting rate and root growth of the middle segment cuttings were better than that of upper and lower segment cuttings. The root growth was the best when the cuttings were soaked in 10 mg/L IBA for 55 min and treated with rooting powder for 35 min, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the elements of cultivation technology on the productivity of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) as a feedstock for further processing is gaining relevance. The study was conducted in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine at the Bila Tserkva Experimental Breeding Station of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beets in the years 2016-2019. The studied factors were seed and sowings treatment with a growth regulator containing a complex of water-soluble fulvic acids, enzymes, vitamins, and phytohormones. The highest yield of grain (7.1 t/ha), biomass (35.9 t/ha), bioethanol (2.37 t/ha), solid biofuel (11.14 t/ha), and estimated energy output (240.65 GJ/ha) from biomass were obtained in the treatment where both seeds and sowings were treated with a growth regulator. A close relationship between yield and energy performance is found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytosulfokine (PSK) is a disulfated pentapeptide that acts as a growth regulator to control plant growth and development as well as adaptability to biotic and abiotic stress. In the last three decades, PSK has drawn increasing attention due to its various functions. Preproproteins that have been tyrosine sulfonylated and then cleaved by specific enzymes contribute to mature PSK. To transfer a signal from the apoplast to the inner cells, the PSK peptide must bind to the PSK receptors (PSKR1 and PSKR2) at the cell surface. The precise mechanism of PSK signal transduction is still unknown, given that PSKR combines receptor and kinase activity with a capacity to bind calmodulin (CaM). The binding of PSK and PSKR stimulates an abundance of cGMP downstream from PSKR, further activating a cation-translocating unit composed of cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 17 (CNGC17), H+-ATPases AHA1 and AHA2, and BRI-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1). Recently, it has been revealed that posttranslational ubiquitination is closely related to the control of PSK and PSKR binding. To date, the majority of studies related to PSK have used Arabidopsis. Given that rapeseed and Arabidopsis share a close genetic relationship, the relevant knowledge obtained from Arabidopsis can be further applied to rapeseed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a globally important leguminous fodder crop because of its high production and nutritional value. The investigation was conducted to determine an effect of 3-Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) and Gibberellic acid (GA3) on the alfalfa BC3 hybrid at the breeding room of the institute of grassland science, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Province, China. Plant height, stem diameter, leaves number per plant, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, fresh shoot weight, and dry shoot weight were measured. The study used four different IAA and GA3 concentrations (0, 50, 75, and 100 mg L-1) with three replications in a completely randomized design. The results revealed that the use of IAA and GA3 was significantly effective in the growth of the alfalfa BC3 hybrid at the two cutting times. The use of 25 mg L-1 IAA concentration was significantly improved the plant height, leaf width, and leaf area. Exogenous GA3 application significantly enhanced stem diameter, leaf length, leaf area, fresh shoot weight, and dry shoot weight, except for leaf width, which showed a non-significant difference but was higher than that in the control group. Thus, the application of GA3 (i.e., GA3 at 75 mg L-1) can be suggested for a higher yield of the alfalfa BC3 hybrid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted to determine to the effects of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) doses and propagation season on rooting rates and some root parameters of Rhododendron species, R. ponticum L., R. luteum Sweet, R. ungernii Trautv, and R. caucasicum Pallas. Air layering technique and IBA doses (0, 500 ppm, and 1,500 ppm) were applied to each Rhododendron species in their natural habitat in autumn and spring. In the present investigation, dry root weight (mg), root length (cm), root volume (cm³), and root diameter (mm) were investigated as root quality parameters. The highest rooting efficiency (100%) was obtained from R. caucasicum and R. ungernii species. The rooting efficiencies of R. ponticum (between 6.67% to 66.67%) and R. luteum (between 0% to 53.33%) species were lower than the other two species. The heaviest dry root (266.10 mg), the largest root volume (1.49 cm³), and the thickest root diameter (0.05 cm) were obtained in autumn and 1,500 ppm IBA dose from R. caucasicum species. The longest roots, 349.21 cm, were formed in the R. ungernii species in the spring, during the air layering, in which 500 ppm IBA dose was applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In order to improve the resistance of apples to stresses (abiotic stresses) during hot and dry summers to enhance their productivity and marketability, Anna apple trees were treated with aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), 1-methlcyclopropene (1-MCP), and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), alone, or in combination, in two successive seasons. All treatments significantly increased the yield per tree, the average fruit volume, fruit diameter, and fruit weight compared to the control (growing under hot and dry summers without any treatments). All treatments significantly reduced the apple size, total soluble solid (TSS) content, anthocyanin content, carotenoid content, total sugar solids, and sugar percentage, and they led to fruit softening, loss of fruit weight, firmness, breakdown percentage, as well as a decreased polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity at one-week post-harvest (except for 20-ppm NAA) in comparison with the control. Trees treated with 320-ppm 1-MCP + 250-ppm AVG exhibited maximum yield per tree, fruit firmness, and no-reducing sugars or starch. On the other hand, the 20-ppm NAA produced the maximum TSS content, total sugars, with a reduced sugar percentage, carotenoid and anthocyanin fruit content, and (TSS)/acidity ratio. The application of 320-ppm 1-MCP + 250-ppm AVG effectively delayed the harvest for 14 days compared to the control. Our results show that the sprays of NAA and inhibitors of ethylene had a significant effect on the productivity and marketability of Anna apples under abiotic stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salicylic acid (SA) has been known to induce drought tolerance in many plant species. In this study, we investigated the potential of exogenous application of SA to enhance drought tolerance in immature tea plants under glasshouse conditions at the Tea Research Institute in Talawakelle, Sri Lanka. One-year-old potted tea cultivars known for drought tolerance were used in the study. The plants were subjected to a drying cycle while being foliar sprayed with different concentrations of SA along with well-watered (WW), water-spray (WS) and nospray (NS) treatments. Data were collected at 18 hours, 14 days after spraying (DAS), 21 DAS, and during the recovery after re-watering at 21 DAS. Based on the results obtained from the glasshouse study, the effective concentration of 150 mg L-1 SA was selected for further testing under field conditions in Talawakelle using threeyear-old tea plants. The field experiment followed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three blocks. When the plants reached a moderate moisture stress level, they were foliar-sprayed with 150 mg L-1 SA, WS and NS treatments were included as controls. Data were collected at 7 DAS, 14 DAS, 21 DAS, and during the recovery phase after rain. The results showed that drought stress led to a decline in gas exchange parameters, relative water content, and an increase in the accumulation of osmolytes. However, the exogenous application of 150 mg L-1 SA significantly improved physiological processes such as gas exchange, osmolyte accumulation, and antioxidant activity, thus effectively enhancing drought tolerance in immature tea plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytohormones have been acknowledged as an eco-friendly and alternative source for plant growth promotion and abiotic stress tolerance. Heavy metal stress has attained considerable attention worldwide because of its serious effects. Globally, it is a major cause of crop yield loss. Soybean is an important legume crop that continuously faces environmental stress, such as heavy metal stress. The application of plant growth regulators, such as phytohormones, enhances plant tolerance toward heavy metals. Phytohormones augment the interaction with plants. They improve plant productivity under stress due to the potential of phytostabilization. They are capable of enhancing metal stress tolerance by reducing oxidation stress. In the present review, an attempt has been made to summarize the role of phytohormones in metal chelation in a model plant, soybean. The results suggest that among the phytohormones, ABA, JA, SA ET, GA, and IAA are synergistic with metal chelation, whereas cytokinins are antagonistic. The application of phytohormones and corresponding microbes enhances the production of glutathione (GSH), which enhances metal tolerance by metal sequestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the phenological stages and yield of wheat cultivars in response to the change of planting date and application of paclobutrazol, a field experiment was conducted in two years, 2020-2021 and 2021-2022, in Izeh city located in the northeast of Khuzestan, Southwest Iran. The experiment had three replications in a split factorial randomized complete block design. The main factor included planting date (November 16, December 11, and January 5) and the sub factors in the factorial form included cultivars (Karim, Mehrgan, and Chamran2) and the application of paclobutrazol (0, 60, 120 mg/L). In both years, the highest seeds/m2 (18847) belonged to Chmaran2 genotype when sown on 16 November and received 60 mg/L paclobutrazol. When the genotypes were sown in the delayed planting date of January 5, application of 60 and 120 mg/L paclobutrazol led to an increase in seed yield compared to the 0 paclobutrazol. With the application of 60 mg/L paclobutrazol, the seed yield of Chamran2 genotype was higher on the planting dates of November 16 (6941 kg/ha) and December 11 (6779 kg/ha), compared to other paclobutrazol levels. Chamran2 and Karim genotypes indicated the greatest and smallest number of days and growing degree days, respectively, in different stages of growth and development. However, these genotypes did not show significant difference in terms of biological yield, grain yield, and harvest index. When plants were sown on January 5, the length of the plant growth period from the planting to physiological maturity was reduced by 34 days compared to when sown on November 16. Overall, the effect of paclobutrazol on seed yield was positive, and the consumption of 120 mg/L paclobutrazol moderated the negative effects of the delayed planting of the examined wheat genotypes.