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This is a reflection on Price's Litte science, Big Science, in celebration of the 60th anniversary of its publication.

In this study, the writer presents a set of the most important changes in the world from his view point, and the resulting problems or challenges. These changes are represented in the renewal of knowledge structures as a result of the rapid growth of knowledge, progress in technology and information systems, and the shift in the philosophy of science from science to science; To science for quality of life, and the shift from armed conflict in settling disputes, to peaceful negotiation and dialogue, and a broadening the view of the human environment from the local to the global. The writer deals with each of these changes by clarifying what is meant by it, and commenting on each change with his vision of the role that the university should play to confront it and solve the resulting problems. The writer concludes his study with a call to dialogue with those who agree with his vision or disagree with it.

The article considers the history of legal science as a moment of evolution of legal thinking, expressing the basic laws of the latter. According to the author, the most important of the laws that determine the dynamics of scientific knowledge in diachronous retrospective is a phased movement from figuratively associative (pre-predicative) legal thinking to conceptual thinking, which in its development also goes through a series of successive stages. As a result, the main trend in the history of legal science consists in the growth of knowledge, which manifests itself in the transition from a description of atomic legal facts to the identification of patterns that claim to be valid. This, in turn, predetermines the transformation of legal reality constructed by scientific knowledge.

PurposeIn scholarly publications, citations play an essential epistemic role in creating and disseminating knowledge. Conversely, the use of problematic citations impedes the growth of knowledge, contaminates the knowledge base and disserves science. This study investigates the presence of problematic citations in the works of business ethics scholars.Design/methodology/approachThe authors investigated two types of problematic citations: inaccurate citations and plagiarized citations. For this, 1,200 randomly selected citations from three leading business ethics journals were assessed based on: (1) referenced journal errors, (2) article title errors and (3) author name errors. Other papers that replicated the same title errors were identified.FindingsOf the citations in the examined business ethics journals, 21.42% have at least one error. Of particular concern are the citation errors in article titles, where 3.75% of examined citations have minor errors and another 3.75% display major errors – 7.5% in total. Two-thirds of minor and major title errors were repeatedly replicated in previous and ensuing publications, which confirms the presence of citation plagiarism. An average article published in a business ethics journal contains at least three plagiarized citations. Even though business ethics fares well compared to other disciplines, a situation where every fifth citation is problematic is unacceptable.Practical implicationsBusiness ethics scholars are not immune to the use of problematic citations, and it is unlikely that attempting to improve researchers' awareness of the unethicality of this behavior will bring a desirable outcome.Originality/valueIdentifying that problematic citations exist in the business ethics literature is novel because it is expected that these researchers would not condone this practice. PurposeIn scholarly publications, citations play an essential epistemic role in creating and disseminating knowledge. Conversely, the use of problematic citations impedes the growth of knowledge, contaminates the knowledge base and disserves science. This study investigates the presence of problematic citations in the works of business ethics scholars.Design/methodology/approachThe authors investigated two types of problematic citations: inaccurate citations and plagiarized citations. For this, 1,200 randomly selected citations from three leading business ethics journals were assessed based on: (1) referenced journal errors, (2) article title errors and (3) author name errors. Other papers that replicated the same title errors were identified.FindingsOf the citations in the examined business ethics journals, 21.42% have at least one error. Of particular concern are the citation errors in article titles, where 3.75% of examined citations have minor errors and another 3.75% display major errors – 7.5% in total. Two-thirds of minor and major title errors were repeatedly replicated in previous and ensuing publications, which confirms the presence of citation plagiarism. An average article published in a business ethics journal contains at least three plagiarized citations. Even though business ethics fares well compared to other disciplines, a situation where every fifth citation is problematic is unacceptable.Practical implicationsBusiness ethics scholars are not immune to the use of problematic citations, and it is unlikely that attempting to improve researchers' awareness of the unethicality of this behavior will bring a desirable outcome.Originality/valueIdentifying that problematic citations exist in the business ethics literature is novel because it is expected that these researchers would not condone this practice.

A collective understanding that traces a debate between ‘what is science?’ and ‘what is a science about?’ has an extraction to the notion of scientific knowledge. The debate undertakes the pursuit of science that hardly extravagance the dogma of pseudo-science. Scientific conjectures invoke science as an intellectual activity poured by experiences and repetition of the objects that look independent of any idealist views (believes in the consensus of mind-dependence reality). The realistic machinery employs in an empiricist exposition of the objective phenomenon by synchronizing the general method to make observational predictions that cover all the phenomena of the particular entity without any exception. The formation of science encloses several epistemological purviews and a succession of conjectures cum refutation that a newer theorem could reinstate. My attempt is to advocate a holistic plea of scientific conjectures that outruns the restricted regulation of experience or testable hypothesis to render the validity of a chain of logical reasoning (deductive or inductive) of basic scientific statements. The milieu of scientific intensification integrates speculation that loads efficiency towards a new experimental dimension where the reality is not itself objective or observers relative; in fact the observed phenomenon divulges in the constructive progression of preferred methods of falsifiability and uncertainty.

Over the last three decades, the rise and growth of knowledge-based economies have become central to the economic development of global and local economies. However, the 2008 crisis and the subsequ...

В статье рассматриваются различные аспекты творческого вклада в исследование феномена исторической памяти Центра интеллектуальной истории Института всеобщей истории РАН, сетевой лаборатории «Исследования исторической памяти и интеллектуальной культуры» и их руководителя, доктора исторических наук, члена-корреспондента РАН Лорины Петровны Репиной. Важным этапом научной деятельности Центра стала публикация коллективной монографии «Прошлое для настоящего: История-память и нарративы национальной идентичности» (2020), вышедшей в серии «Образы истории» московского издательства «Аквилон». Работа над этой книгой объединила представителей разных научных и учебных организаций страны. Тезис «прошлое для настоящего» в книге развернут в научный манифест, смысл которого определяется нераздельностью истории и памяти, признанием важной роли историографических традиций и школ в формировании национальной идентичности. Внимательное прочтение книги позволяет говорить о том, что современные гуманитарные науки переживают по-настоящему «меморальный бум», однако лишь немногие исследования в области Memory Studies действительно способствуют приращению знания и совершенствованию методологического инструментария науки. Именно такой, одной из немногих книг, представляется коллективная монография под редакцией Л.П. Репиной. Поэтому богатый исторический и историографический материал, идеи, положения и выводы, содержащиеся в книге, будут интересны не только специалистам, но и широкому кругу читателей, пытающихся разобраться в набирающем популярность дискурсе памяти.

This article brought out to discusses the mechanism of online learning. It explores the functional perspective towards building smart ethics of knowledge management in the field of teaching and learning through the e-resources. It emphasizes how the digital Libraries and virtual Museums can support human beings for growth of knowledge on the basis of their content feeding. This article also explores the scope of learning prospects in a rapidly transforming society and culture. Keywords: Virtual Museum, e-Library, e-Books, Online Learning, Information System.

Michel Foucault (1926-84) was a philosopher, social scientist and historian of ideas. He died as professor of the History of Systems of thought at the college De France in Paris. He has exerted an enormous influence on many branches of thoughts in the later twentieth century, including what is broadly known as ‘Cultural Studies’. The paper aims to highlight that he has a seminal impact on the New Historicism that was initiated by Stephen Greenblatt, as well as on queer theory. The central theme of most of Foucault’s works is “the methods with which modern civilization creates and controls human subjects through institutions such as hospitals, prisons, education, and knowledge. The corollary to these investigations was Foucault’s examination of power, its execution and distribution” (Habib, 766). His works offer a characterization of the growth of knowledge in the modern western world as manifested in the emergence of disciplines such as linguistics, economies and biology.

This article examines the connections among heuristics, the epistemological and ontological presuppositions that underlie theorizing, and substantive explanations in sociology. It develops and contrasts three heuristics: “doing as knowing” (DK), “categorizing as knowing” (CK), and “praxis as knowing” (PK). These are each composed of four dimensions: the theory of knowledge, the theory of reality, the theory of the growth of knowledge, and the theory of knowledge producers. The article then shows the importance of heuristics for empirical work by demonstrating how they shape explanations in the sociological subfield of the historical sociology of knowledge. The essay draws two main conclusions: it argues that PK offers a more useful basis for developing explanations in sociology than either of the two alternatives (DK and CK) that currently shape substantive work; furthermore, it claims that the exposition of heuristic assumptions is an important task for sociology.

The significance of the concept of noonomy developed in the works of Professor S. D. Bodrunov, including his monograph “Noonomy”, is wider than just a hypothesis that paints a picture of promising shifts in the socio-economic structure of society. Since this concept is based on the study of a number of real trends in the development of material production and human knowledge – both technological and socio-economic, to the extent it creates theoretical and methodological prerequisites for the study of the further evolution of human civilization.Highlighting the patterns of this evolution is the growth of knowledge intensity of production, increase of knowledge capacity of product, the trend to the predominance of the weight of knowledge on material costs in the cost structure of production, the displacement of people from the immediate process of production – the concept of noonomy allows you to see a number of intermediate steps leading, ultimately, to the formation of a non-economic society and non-economic way of productive activity. One of these steps is the formation of a new industrial society of the second generation (NIO.2).Those deep technological shifts that lead to the formation of NIO.2, carry with them not only new opportunities for human development and meeting its needs, but also the growing risks of technogenic pressure on nature, and reckless interference in the nature of man himself. Economic rationality turns into inflating simulative needs in the pursuit of sales expansion and profit, leading to an increasing absorption of resources. There is a movement to the civilizational crisis, to the point of bifurcation, beyond which the resolution of these problems should be achieved by changing the criteria base of economic activity by moving away from economic rationality, and a corresponding change in the social structure.The identification of these distant strategic development prospects in S. D. Bodrunov's works allows us to take an appropriate look at the immediate pragmatic goals. In particular, the solution of the problem of reindustrialization of Russia appears, from this point of view, not only as a tactical necessity, but also as a necessary prerequisite for entering the strategic highway of development.

The recent explosive growth of knowledge graphs (KGs) has enhanced a wide range of Web applications. Among others, the established task of relationship search benefits from KGs since complex relationships that were hidden and distributed in multiple webpages are now explicitly available as subgraphs of an integrated KG. However, new challenges arose as to the efficiency of search over large KGs. In this article, we introduce our recent studies on relationship search, including search algorithms based on novel index structures, methods for relationship clustering to support result exploration, and query relaxation techniques to provide alternative results for failed searches. We also present emerging applications and discuss future research directions.

Scientific progress has been understood as synonymous with the growth of knowledge and the advancement of humanity. In this brief survey, this concept is problematized both in rhetorical terms and within the neoliberal framework. Despite the sustained marketing of the scientific community and its funding agencies, the dangers associated with progress are explained and highlighted.

Advances in computing power have accelerated the growth of knowledge and created opportunities. However, the resulting tidal wave of information presents challenges, including vast quantity with va...

Attempts to apply the mathematical tools of dynamical systems theory to cognition in a systematic way has been well under way since the early 90s and has been recognised as a “third contender” to computationalist and connectionist approaches (Eliasmith in Philos Psychol 9(4):441–463, 1996). Nevertheless, it was also realised that such an application will not lead to a solid paradigm as straightforwardly as was initially hoped (Eliasmith 1996; van Leeuwen in Minds Mach 15:271–333, 2005). In this paper I explicate a method for assessing such proposals by drawing upon Lakatos’s (in: Lakatos, Musgrave (eds) Criticism and the growth of knowledge, Cambridge University Press, London, pp 91–195, 1970) methodology of scientific research programs (hereafter: “MSRP”). MSRP focuses on the heuristics of a particular field and gauges the model/theory building stratagems by reference to theoretical and empirical progress, on the one hand, and the continuity and the autonomy of the way the field’s heuristic generates its series of models/theories, on the other. The requirement of continuity and autonomy afford distinct senses of ad hoc-ness, which serve as an effective tool to detect various subtleties which may otherwise be missed: the present approach identifies shortcomings missed by Chemero’s (Radical embodied cognitive science, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 2009) radical embodied cognitive science and falsifies Chemero’s claim that the methodological powers of his model-based account is on a par with computationalism. In general, I claim that MSRP is relevant to current methodological issues in cognitive science and can supplement debates regarding “local” assessments of methodologies, such as that between mechanical versus covering-law explanations. MSRP must at least be viewed as a necessary constraint for any methodological considerations in cognitive science.

Ethical growth means the change in how children reason in ethics, their attitude toward law-breaking and, their behavior in dealing with ethical issues. In this article, Kohlberg, Piaget and, Gilligan's views on moral development are mentioned, and their purpose is to compare and critique the views of the scholars mentioned above, together with Muslim scholars on moral development. Although Kohlberg believes that there is no prophecy about the relationship between age and moral development, in his studies ethical growth can be seen as a stage and limited to the age, in his opinion, each individual is at a particular stage in its own, and some His ethical judgments relate to the next stage and the pre-existing stage. Although Kohlberg has been a follower of Piaget in explaining moral development, there are significant differences with his view as Kohlberg extends moral development to the age of twelve. Gilligan's gender criticism of Kohlberg's theory considers the moral ends of his theory masculine. It does not pay attention to eternal moral fundamentals, moral motivation and feeling, good faith and culture, and objective moral behavior and reactions. The results of the verses and narrations indicate that in Islam too, human beings go through stages with their specific characteristics and must take into account their specific stage and conditions but do not specify a specific age range for their moral behavior and judgments, Rather, he views moral development as equivalent to the growth of knowledge and understanding of individuals.

The growth of knowledge required for the management of software projects is directly related to the growth of systems’ complexity and integration efforts. In this sense, Systems Engineering and Project Management teams must strengthen their relationships toward being involved in large-scale projects. This relationship is even more challenging in System of Systems Engineering, in which different constituent systems for achieving a common goal. The management of system of systems is an open research area with several gaps, especially those related to authority, responsibility, and scale. This article investigates approaches for an improved management of system of systems and constituent systems. A systematic review was conducted for the understanding of the current gaps related to managerial concepts in the system of systems context, as well as problems, challenges, and benefits. Open research issues have been delineated and a set of appropriate definitions related to both management and governance has been established. The systematic review returned 3495 studies that mostly describe “best practices” for the management, and 31 were selected for data extraction. Our aim is to open new perspectives of research, toward contributing to the management of system of systems.

It will be argued that the dominant form of current academic science is based on ideas and concepts about science and research that date back to philosophy and sociology that was developed since the 1930s. It will be discussed how this philosophy and sociology of science has informed the ideas, myths and ideology about science held by the scientific community and still determines the popular view of science. It is even more amazing when we realize that these ideas are philosophically and sociologically untenable and since the 1970s were declared obsolete by major scholars in these same disciplines. To demonstrate this, I delve deep to discuss the distinct stages that scholars in philosophy, sociology and history of science since 1945 to 2000 have gone through to leave the analytical-positivistic philosophy behind. I will be focusing on developments of their thinking about major topics such as: how scientific knowledge is produced, the scientific method; the status of scientific knowledge and the development of our ideas about ‘truth’ and the relation of our claims to reality. It will appear that the positivistic ideas about science producing absolute truth, about ‘the unique scientific method’, its formal logical approach and its timeless foundation as a guarantee for our value-free, objective knowledge were not untenable. This is to show how thoroughly the myth has been demystified in philosophy and sociology of science. You think after these fifty pages I am kicking a dead horse? Not at all! This scientific demystification has unfortunately still not reached active scientists. In fact, the popular image of science and research is still largely based on a that Legend. This is not without consequence as will be shown in Chap. 3. These images of science have shaped and in fact distorted the organisational structures of academia and the interaction between its institutes and disciplines. It also affects the relationship of science with its stakeholders in society, its funders, the many publics private and public, and policy makers in government. In short, it determines to a large degree the growth of knowledge with major effects on society.

This article challenges the assumption that journals and peer review are essential for developing,evaluating and disseminating scientific and other academic knowledge. It suggests a more flexible ecosystem, and examines some of the possibilities this might facilitate. The market for academic outputs should be opened up by encouraging the separation of the dissemination service from the evaluation service. Publishing research in subject-specific journals encourages compartmentalising research into rigid categories. The dissemination of knowledge would be better served by an open access, web-based repository system encompassing all disciplines. There would then be a role for organisations to assess the items in this repository to help users find relevant, high-quality work. There could be a variety of such organisations which could enable reviews from peers to be supplemented with evaluation by non-peers from a variety of different perspectives: user reviews, statistical reviews, reviews from the perspective of different disciplines, and so on. This should reduce the inevitably conservative influence of relying on two or three peers, and make the evaluation system more critical, multi-dimensional and responsive to the requirements of different audience groups, changing circumstances, and new ideas. Non-peer review might make it easier to challenge dominant paradigms, and expanding the potential audience beyond a narrow group of peers might encourage the criterion of simplicity to be taken more seriously - which is essential if human knowledge is to continue to progress. Keywords: Academic journals, Growth of knowledge, Non-peer review, Paradigm change, Peer review,Scholarly communication, Science communication, Simplicity., 25 pages. This is a very substantial revision of the original version posted in 2013. I have also changed the title

With the rapid development of science and technology and the explosive growth of knowledge, cross-disciplinary majors have become a common choice in colleges and universities. In cross-disciplinary majors, the teaching content is rich, the demand changes rapidly, and the foundation of existing teachers is limited. These characteristics make the professional teaching arrangement of cross-disciplinary face great challenges. Based on the above problems and challenges, combined with deep learning, the paper proposes the automatic construction of knowledge point system (knowledge graph). It matches the existing teacher and assists scholars and teaching managers to develop teaching arrangement methods for cross-disciplinary professional courses.

Normal science involves persistent collective application of an agreed research agenda. Anomaly can threaten normal science, but so too can “undue persistence” in that agenda by a normal science peer group. We consider how “undue persistence” might be a collective effect of the common incentive structure that individual members of the peer group typically face in relation to their careers. To understand how “undue persistence” might be ameliorated, we consider the affordances of a peer’s membership of a departmental collegium, organized on a different basis than the specialist peer group and hence able to supply the individual scholar with kinds of information and critical comment that may occasion off-agenda contributions to the specialty. The idea of brokerage is borrowed from the sociology of innovation to see how a scholar’s departmental colleagues might be able to broker new ways of thinking that can assist in the avoidance of “undue persistence”.

The paper deals with theoretical foundations of transformation processes in the regional innovation policy of the Central and Eastern European countries (CEE). The paper’s aim is to analyze the main principles of the transformational processes in the regional innovation policy of the CEE countries, as well as to substantiate the theoretical basis for the innovation development’s modern stage. Today, mechanisms for the formation and implementation of regional innovation policy cannot be carried out only on the basis of market self-regulation. The development and implementation of regional innovation policy is now an important task for its socio-economic development. Therefore, the main objective of today is the problem of finding effective tools for the development of an innovative economy at the regional level. Thus, the relevance of the research topic is no doubt. The special emphasis in the paper is on the analysis of neo-Schumpeterian approach as a theoretical basis for the regional innovation policy’s formation and implementation in CEE countries. The introduction of this approach is the paper’s scientific novelty. The paper uses general scientific and specific scientific methods , namely analysis’ and synthesis’ methods, statistical analysis, logical and empirical cognition, and applied a systematic approach in the presentation of the material, which made it possible to solve the paper’s tasks. Conclusions. Analyzing all of the above, the CEE’s economies at different development’s stages differ in their ability to use and create knowledge. The neo-Schumpeterian approach is suitable for most transition economies. In extreme cases, simply adopting an innovative policy for developed countries and transferring them to countries with economies in transition may be a more restraining factor than activity as a catalyst for the growth of knowledge. Similarly, greater attention should be paid to improving the formation of human capital in universities, which focuses heavily on academic patenting rather than education and training of future entrepreneurs and labor force.

The open access movement has called attention to ways in which financial barriers to participation in scholarly discourse inhibit the growth of knowledge and perpetuate global inequities. The majority of the focus, however, has lain upon two kinds of direct financial barrier: subscription fees and article processing charges. This article proposes that the use of English as the lingua franca of modern scholarly communication constitutes a ‘hidden paywall’ that counterproductively inhibits the participation of scholars from many parts of the world and particularly from the global south. After a brief review of the costs of this ‘hidden paywall’ and of the tradition of ‘great power’ linguae francae in which English now stands, this article suggests that 19th and 20th century proposals for the use of a constructed auxiliary language as an aid to global scholarship now deserve to be revisited, with contemporary developments in publishing technology and machine translation rendering them feasible alternatives to the status quo in ways that they were not when first introduced.

In the last decade, the Internet has become a crucial part of human life. Everyday usage of the Internet has enabled rapid development of social engineering. The weakest link in this chain are naive users with their risky online behavior who are unaware of Internet security risks. As knowledge, awareness and behavior depend on human characteristics, such as maturity, age and education, the main goal of this study was to investigate trendlines of user risky behavior and security awareness through the lifespan. Results have shown the growth of online risky behavior through the lifespan and the growth of knowledge and security awareness in middle adulthood. In general, we can conclude that people who are more knowledgeable about and more aware of potential security risks are at the same time more prone to risky behavior when using information systems.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to sensitize researchers to qualitative citation patterns that characterize original research, contribute toward the growth of knowledge and, ultimately, promote scientific progress.Design/methodology/approachThis study describes how ideas are intertextually inserted into citing works to create new concepts and theories, thereby contributing to the growth of knowledge. By combining existing perspectives and dimensions of citations with Foucauldian theory, this study develops a typology of qualitative citation patterns for the growth of knowledge and uses examples from two classic works to illustrate how these citation patterns can be identified and applied.FindingsA clearer understanding of the motivations behind citations becomes possible by focusing on the qualitative patterns of citations rather than on their quantitative features. The proposed typology includes the following patterns: original, conceptual, organic, juxtapositional, peripheral, persuasive, acknowledgment, perfunctory, inconsistent and plagiaristic.Originality/valueIn contrast to quantitative evaluations of the role and value of citations, this study focuses on the qualitative characteristics of citations, in the form of specific patterns of citations that engender original and novel research and those that may not. By integrating Foucauldian analysis of discourse with existing theories of citations, this study offers a more nuanced and refined typology of citations that can be used by researchers to gain a deeper semantic understanding of citations.

In my paper I focus on the growth of knowledge in finance from an heuristic viewpoint and I propose the analysis of two different knowledge-advancing strategies usually adopted at the frontier of knowledge, i.e. problem-solving and model-building. I show how these two strategies, even though both effective in the short-run, nonetheless provide descriptions of the target object and which are different in their descriptive and knowledge-advancing depth. In order to do so, I propose a case study borrowed from the modelling activities in the Libor market.

As Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação (TIC’s) já são parte integrante do cotidiano da sociedade contemporânea e a popularização da internet as tornou necessárias na medida em que faz surgir diferentes formas de comunicação, relacionamentos e construção do conhecimento, em uma linguagem nova e exclusiva. Em contrapartida a Escola, pouco tem acompanhado este processo e insiste em oferecer uma didática conservadora e conteudista. Este conflito cultural, segundo pesquisas, forma a principal razão da evasão escolar. Para promover uma nova linguagem didática que transforme as TIC’s em Tecnologias Educacionais que possa favorecer o processo de ensino-aprendizagem é que voltamos nosso olhar para o professor, que em sua maioria são imigrantes digitais e que precisam tanto ser iniciados na formação básica para o uso das TIC’s, bem como serem nutridos de conhecimento pedagógico e cultural que sejam suficientes para diminuir o espaço existente entre sua formação inicial e a realidade da cultura digital que se impõem na sala de aula. Este trabalho propõe um plano de Formação Continuada para Professores Imigrantes Digitais, maior parte dos regentes, a fim de produzirem um novo posicionamento didático que favoreça melhores resultados em aprendizagem e possam dar conta das demandas modernas do aluno, da sociedade, do mundo globalizado, assim como das profissões, doenças e questões que ainda surgirão mediante este crescimento vertiginoso do conhecimento e das TIC’s.

Our image of the infant as an organism interacting with the environment has changed dramatically in the past 40 years. A new surge of infancy research began in the 1960s and continues unabated today. The view of the infant has been transformed from that of a primarily reflexive organism to a highly competent being, exquisitely sensitive to sensory and perceptual information. Controversy still swirls around the issue of when infants acquire specific knowledge about objects and events. New work is reviewed on how infants and toddlers use knowledge to guide their behavior in challenging situations. Despite the tremendous growth of knowledge about infant development over the past 40 years, it seems that we are on the threshold of even more exciting discoveries.

The development of an academic discipline is that of the growth of knowledge. The richness, hierarchy, and renewal rate of a discipline’s knowledge determine its social value and academic status. Maintaining continuous knowledge growth is not only the need for the construction of each discipline but the need for social development. Compared with most disciplines of the social sciences, the knowledge of pedagogy is relatively poor and grows slowly. Accelerating the rate of knowledge growth is an urgent task in the construction of pedagogy. The key lies in focusing on scientific problems, strengthening empirical research, and providing a scientific basis for pedagogy to play an important role in revealing educational laws, guiding educational practice, supporting scientific decision-making and improving the level of education.

Scientific progress has many facets and can be conceptualized in different ways, for example in terms of problem-solving, of truthlikeness or of growth of knowledge. The main claim of the paper is that the most important prerequisite of scientific progress is the institutionalization of competition and criticism. An institutional framework appropriately channeling competition and criticism is the crucial factor determining the direction and rate of scientific progress, independently on how one might wish to conceptualize scientific progress itself. The main intention is to narrow the divide between traditional philosophy of science and the sociological, economic and political view of science that emphasizes the private interests motivating scientists and the subsequent contingent nature of the enterprise. The aim is to show that although science is a social enterprise taking place in historical time and thus is of a contingent nature, it can and in fact does lead to genuine scientific progress—contrary to the claims of certain sociologists of science and other relativists who standardly stress its social nature, but deny its progressive character. I will first deal with the factual issue by way of introducing the main concepts and mechanisms of modern institutional theory and by applying them to the analysis of the cultural phenomenon that we call modern science. I will then turn to the normative issue: what is the appropriate content of the institutional framework, for scientific progress to emerge and be sustained at which level should it be set and by whom? Addressing this problematic is equivalent to conducting a constitutional debate leading to a Constitution of Science. © The Author(s) 2020.

The 21st century is a century of the knowledge society. The latter is characterized by the sharing of knowledge to all citizens with the aim to enhance the human condition. Three main directions in this process can be identified. The first one is the importance of education and culture as key factors necessary to empower the members of the society. The second one is the use of knowledge to drive the economy at different levels and dimensions. The third one is the use of knowledge to secure efficient governance. In this context, the key question is what are the implications of efficient knowledge sharing for the governance of smart cities? In this context, the key question is how a shared knowledge could be linked with general purposes of a governance with respect to the SDGs in the EU Agenda. In this continuous growth of knowledge process, the stakeholders’ logics to produce strategic choices remain strictly depending on three basic principles, i.e., equity, efficiency, and sustainability, controlled through indicators. This chapter investigates the ways and methods of collecting and utilizing chunks of knowledge as they stem from physical laws, written law, best practices, or from data analytics. In this process the stakeholders’ logic, based on three basic principles equity, efficiency, and sustainability through indicators, has to be maintained. Applications in urban planning are presented to show how knowledge can be encoded and shared to improve the efficiency of governance in smart cities.

The ecological risk sociology developed by Ulrich and Elizabeth Beck share with process sociology common commitments to understanding the means of orientation. There has been little engagement between process sociology and the risk scholarship of the Becks. This is attributable to their perceived use of reductive concepts such as modernity/modernisation associated with the work of Anthony Giddens. In response, this chapter engages with processual critiques of the Becks and clarifies their particular strand of risk sociology. Both process and the risk sociology of the Becks confront the uncertainties of human relations via mutual concerns with the growth of knowledge processes, interdependence and power relations. The chapter concludes by demonstrating the opportunities for further engagement between process and risk scholarship. This through understanding how globalised double binds in the form of overlapping ecological, economic, violence, health and migration struggles continue to pressurise contemporary societies.

Karl Popper is one of the few philosophers of science who is well-known to scientists and respected by them. Apart from the direct influence of his views on science it is his methodology that most appeals to scientists. He earned the highest accolades for his emphasis on criticism as the essence of progress in science. His methodological principle of criticism is the core of a dynamic epistemology, requiring an adventurous spirit and expressing the high-risk nature of the cognitive process. Via the falsification of proposed hypotheses, the positive role of erring is exploited to further the discovery of new problems, leading to the growth of knowledge. Despite various criticisms of his imperative of falsification I claim that Popper proposes an original model of rationality rid of all justificationist ingredients, in which he divorces reason from positive reasons, truth from certainty and argument from belief. In this challenging philosophical vision Popper defines reason in negative terms, as an agent of destruction of knowledge claims, and views all knowledge as conjectural, hypothetical and provisional.

The scenario that emerges from scientific research on the use of BIPV systems in architecture shows that photovoltaic technologies and systems have reached a significant development in production and installation, becoming a strategic approach in the field of energy efficiency and enabling a progressive decarbonisation of the building stock. Still, knowledge and methods of architectural integration are not fully developed, especially in Italy. The present paper reports the results of a research activity that, systematising the main criteria and indicators for assessing the integrability of BIPVs in architecture, has led to the development of BIPV Product and Case Study Catalogues that define an up-to-date state of the art on aspects of design and technological innovation using BIPV systems and components. Catalogues have been created with the objective of contributing to the growth of knowledge on the most up-to-date methods of design by implementing a ‘technology transfer’ from good practice, in which photovoltaic systems are an integral part of the design concept and construction techniques of the architecture. The analysis related to the production of BIPV systems and components and their application in architectural projects allows one to highlight the main critical factors in the diffusion throughout the country and to identify the main research demand arising from the specific national situation.

The emergence of the Sustainable Development Goal; Agenda 2030, has led to the development and growth of knowledge in various fields of learning. One among several is water management accounting; this field of study becomes necessary in addressing water use, water stress, and a tool for water advocacy which is an integral part of SDG goal 6; clean water and sanitation. Water management accounting (WMA) is a burgeoning field of research within the management accounting research cluster. This research area aims at providing information to improve the use of water resources, a resource being utilized by businesses as an essential raw material component; which facilitates production. The objective of this article is to make evident the insufficient body of literature in this evolving field of knowledge, thus providing research insight to researchers in management sciences. In achieving this objective, this study employs explicitly a bibliometric approach to analyse the volume of publications in the WMA research cluster from 2000 to 2018 using the Scopus database. Furthermore, a critique of the literature that emerged from the bibliometric approach was carried out in a tabular form to establish more research gaps. The study observed that water management accounting research cluster is currently plagued with stunted growth and low publication output. The authors recommended that scholars, researchers and managers should contribute to the development and research intensity in this budding field of knowledge.

It is argued that scientific progress occurs not with the cumulative growth of knowledge or when theories get closer to the truth but with discovering new domains and new theories that fit these domains. This horizontal view on the direction of scientific progress (in contrast to vertical, when we aim to get from here to the abstract and ephemeral truth) allows avoiding traditional objections posed by the incommensurability thesis and pessimistic induction, namely, that radical theory changes leave no room for progress. According to this perspective, the discovery of quantum mechanics as a new field of inquiry is a progress in itself, since this discovery had opened up a new distinctive domain of physics and a new theory that fits this domain. While some perspectives on scientific progress maintain that there is a need for correspondence between competing theories, we shift the emphasis from correspondence towards the discovery of new domains and new theories that apply to those domains. This approach allows overcoming the problem of theoretical discontinuity after scientific revolutions. Correspondence between theories is an important but not necessary condition for progress, while the falsifiability of theories as a means of demonstrating the boundaries of old theories and domains and beginnings of the new domains and theories (instead of being merely a means of refutation) is a necessary condition.

La noción de sociedad de la información se basa en los progresos tecnológicos. En la sociedad del conocimiento, la ciencia se convierte en cuestión de Estado y el conocimiento se enfoca desde la perspectiva del desarrollo productivo de carácter social, cultural y económico. Para la UNESCO, el hecho de referirse a sociedades, en plural, expresa la intención explícita de rechazar la unicidad de un modelo que no tenga suficientemente en cuenta la diversidad cultural y lingüística, único elemento que nos permite a todos reconocernos en los cambios que se están produciendo actualmente. En la Unión Europea, el crecimiento del conocimiento con valor productivo implica asumir el triángulo del conocimiento que toma como bases del trabajo, la formación, la investigación y la innovación. Son los tres pilares del triángulo del conocimiento en la sociedad del conocimiento. La tercera misión de la Universidad significa que esta asume institucionalmente el triángulo del conocimiento desde dos grandes objetivos: por un lado, la responsabilidad social institucional de la universidad; y, por otro, el compromiso de transformar el conocimiento en valor económico, incidiendo en la competitividad y facilitando la innovación, la creatividad y el desarrollo cultural, social, científico y tecnológico. La educación, la innovación y la investigación se relacionan en la universidad y la transferencia de conocimiento creado en la universidad se convierte en objetivo estratégico. Ahora bien, cuando hablamos de transferencia, no estamos hablando de aplicación de mi conocimiento, sino de encontrar las vías eficaces de crear una necesidad de esa aplicación o hacer ver esa necesidad a los receptores de la red de transferencia. Eso es algo nuevo que tenemos que aprender a hacer, individualmente, en unos casos, y colectivamente, como facultad, en otros, porque la transferencia no es igual en cualquier área y disciplina. Desde la perspectiva de la Pedagogía, el dominio de la función de transferencia no se ogra automáticamente, requiere formación, inversión y reformulación de las funciones de los profesores de universidad. The notion of an information society is based on technological progress. In the knowledge society, science becomes a matter of State and knowledge is regarded from the perspective of productive development of a social, cultural and economic nature. For UNESCO, the fact of referring to societies, in the plural, expresses the explicit intention of rejecting the uniqueness of a model that does not sufficiently take into account cultural and linguistic diversity, the only element that allows us all to recognize ourselves in the changes that are currently being made. In the European Union, the growth of knowledge with productive value implies assuming the triangle of knowledge that takes as bases of work, education, research and innovation. They are the three pillars of the triangle of knowledge in the knowledge society. The third mission of the University means that it institutionally assumes the triangle of knowledge from two mains objectives: on the one hand, the institutional social responsibility of the university; and, on the other hand, the commitment to become knowledge into economic value, focusing on competitiveness and facilitating innovation, creativity and cultural, social, scientific and technological development. Education, innovation and research are related in the university and the transfer of created knowledge in the university becomes a strategic objective. However, when we talk about transfer (knowledge transfer), we are not talking about the application of my knowledge but finding effective ways to create a need for that application or to show that need to the recipients of the transfer network. This is something new that we must learn to do, individually, in some cases, and collectively, as a faculty, in others, because the knowledge transfer is not the same in any area and discipline. From the perspective of Pedagogy, the domain of the transfer function is not achieved automatically, it requires training, investment and reformulation of the functions of university professors. SI

Interactions between commercial and industrial exploitation of the seabed and archaeological and scientific investigation have been at the heart of developments in the understanding of Europe’s submerged landscapes and prehistory since at least the early twentieth century. This introduction considers some of the ways in which that relationship has evolved since that time, including the adoption of international laws under the aegis of United Nations Conventions, the development of close relationships between Dutch fishermen operating beam-trawl fishing nets in the North Sea and a network of private collectors specialising in Pleistocene fossils and artefacts, the imposition of European Union regulations on offshore industrial projects to include monitoring of underwater archaeology and palaeoenvironments and most recently the incorporation of seabed mapping and underwater cultural heritage in the European Union’s 2020 Blue Growth agenda. These developments have played an important role in the growth of knowledge about the underwater cultural heritage notwithstanding the potentially destructive effects of offshore industrial activity. The impact of economic growth and industrial exploitation in the coastal zone, coupled with sea-level rise, is likely to intensify the threats to the underwater cultural heritage in the coming decades, posing new challenges as well as opportunities in the further development of relationships between industrial operators, government agencies and scientific and archaeological researchers.

With the rapid pace of technological innovation, students of engineering disciplines must develop skills as lifelong learners, in order to keep up with the ‘explosive growth of knowledge and skills in their career and to retool into a new career after the

With the rapid growth of knowledge bases (KBs), question answering over knowledge base, a.k.a. KBQA has drawn huge attention in recent years. Most of the existing methods follow the simply matching method and search the answer from the whole knowledge bases. Despite the effectiveness of above approaches, there are two key issues should be settled, i.e., how to reconstruct knowledge bases effectively and how to search answer efficiently. In this paper, we introduce a simple model to construct large-scale knowledge base as graph and generate a set of candidate answer from efficient answer search. To verify our model, we conduct extensive experiments on Simple Question benchmarks. The experimental results greatly confirm the effectiveness of our model.

Studies of bias in science have conventionally sought their origins in such factors as ideological dispositions, careerism, groupthink, and parochial intellectual mindsets. In contract, the history of public health science points to the role of capital markets in the distortion of the growth of knowledge by key extra-scientific stakeholders including manufacturers, legal institutions, the media, and public relations firms in the management of scientific evidence of harm from legal, but potentially toxic, products. We examine evidence of the juxtaposition of public versus private interests, the cultivation of doubt, and the role of legal forces in the case of tobacco and its disastrous health consequences. We also examine the question of extending the analysis to CO2 emissions and fears of catastrophic climate change.