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Psychometricians have argued that measurement invariance (MI) testing is needed to know if the same psychological constructs are measured in different groups. Data from five experiments allowed that position to be tested. In the first, participants answered questionnaires on belief in free will and either the meaning of life or the meaning of a nonsense concept called "gavagai." Since the meaning of life and the meaning of gavagai conceptually differ, MI should have been violated when groups were treated like their measurements were identical. MI was severely violated, indicating the questionnaires were interpreted differently. In the second and third experiments, participants were randomized to watch treatment videos explaining figural matrices rules or task-irrelevant control videos. Participants then took intelligence and figural matrices tests. The intervention worked and the experimental group had an additional influence on figural matrix performance in the form of knowing matrix rules, so their performance on the matrices tests violated MI and was anomalously high for their intelligence levels. In both experiments, MI was severely violated. In the fourth and fifth experiments, individuals were exposed to growth mindset interventions that a twin study revealed changed the amount of genetic variance in the target mindset measure without affecting other variables. When comparing treatment and control groups, MI was attainable before but not after treatment. Moreover, the control group showed longitudinal invariance, but the same was untrue for the treatment group. MI testing is likely able to show if the same things are measured in different groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 emissions reduction of urban residents is one of the main ways to mitigate climate change. Clarifying the key factors of carbon emissions can provide a reference basis for the government to formulate carbon reduction policies. The old urban community that widely exist in most cities in northern China is taken as the research object. Based on the fuzzy interpretive structural model and structural equation model, a new method is proposed to explore the influencing factors of household carbon emissions (HCEs). It is found that behavior change attitude and low‐carbon personal cognition are the two most important factors affecting HCE. Elderly families, high‐income families, and low‐education families are the groups with higher per capita HCE. Different suggestions were proposed to promote HCE reduction for the high‐income young tenants and low‐income elderly local residents in the community. In addition, by introducing multi‐agent judgment, the coupling model proposed in this study reduces the subjectivity caused by excessive reliance on single agent judgment in previous studies. It enhances the credibility of research conclusions and provides a good methodological reference for research in similar fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe practice and measurement of multicultural counseling competencies have become key issues in the counseling field in recent years. The present study examines the psychometric properties of the California Brief Multicultural Competence Scale (CBMCS) with Turkish counselors and counselor candidates based on the participation of 284 individuals (Mage = 26.10, SD = 6.92, 76.4% female). Confirmatory factor analyses were performed to test the structural validity of the CBMCS. The four-factor structure of the CBMCS was confirmed in the Turkish context (RMSEA = .039, CFI = .979, TLI = .976). The instrument can be used for various purposes such as the measurement of multicultural competencies, the influence of education and training, and cross-cultural research.The examination of the psychometric properties of the CBMCS, which is a commonly used measurement tool for mental health professionals’ multicultural competencies, provided evidence for its structure in a different culture. The instrument could be used by both researchers and practitioners for education, research, and training purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the relationship between secessionist tendencies, which are understood to be the desire of a set of certain individuals to cease being part of an ingroup in order to form a new class or identity, and perceived conflict within the original affiliation. The working hypothesis is that there is a positive correlation between these variables. Two hundred and twenty-four volunteer participants responded to five questionnaires that measured the main variables of this study and supplied feedback through other questionnaires related to social identity: regionalism (a form of ethnocentrism), group identification, and essentialism. The main results indicate that secessionism is positively associated with the perception of conflict between the ingroup and the superordinate ingroup, and that both variables in turn correlate with the other variables studied. The results are discussed in terms of the possible causal determination between the variables drawn from the aforementioned empirical evidence and the supporting theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boredom is a commonly experienced unpleasant emotion in foreign language classrooms and may negatively influence students' learning status and outcomes. Unfortunately, limited attention has been directed to classroom boredom among students while learning foreign languages. To address this gap, this study adopted a mixed-methods approach to investigate English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom boredom experienced by students. We invited 675 Chinese senior high school EFL students to participate in the questionnaire survey about their classroom boredom, and 4 of them voluntarily participated in semi-structured interviews. The results of quantitative data analyses indicate that Chinese senior high school EFL students experienced medium levels of classroom boredom, with male students feeling significantly more bored than females and no difference in boredom in terms of grade and class type. Qualitative data also reveal students' preferences for challenging language learning activities and learner-centered pedagogy. Our findings shed light on ways of improving EFL learners' classroom learning experiences and emotional status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored how racial group, racial identity centrality, and political ideology inform perceptions of responsibility, blame, and racial disparities in COVID‐19 outcomes. The findings revealed that highly identified members of non‐dominant racial groups were less likely to endorse items indicating individual blame, while being more inclined to attribute racial disparities to structural inequalities. Furthermore, conservative ideology was consistently linked to individual blame and responsibility, with those endorsing conservative ideology agreeing less with explanations of racial disparities based on structural inequalities and agreeing more with explanations for racial disparities based on personal blame and responsibility. Understanding perceptions of blame and responsibility for COVID‐19 may influence political discourse and subsequent health inequities, highlighting the importance of exploring how race, identity, and political ideology shape such perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines whether classroom ethnic diversity is related to citizenship outcomes of ethnic minority and majority students. Hypotheses, derived from the social capital literature, are tested using the Dutch nationally representative data of the International Civic and Citizenship Education Study of 2016 (2812 students, from 123 classrooms at secondary schools). The association between classroom ethnic diversity and five aspects of citizenship are examined: citizenship knowledge, support for gender equality, support for ethnic equality, institutional trust, and voting intentions. Results of multilevel analyses show that classroom diversity is related to stronger support for gender equality as well as support for ethnic equality, but negatively related to institutional trust, and not related to citizenship knowledge and voting intentions. These effects remain when controlling for socio-economic aspects of the school environment (educational track, classroom SES, urbanization, classroom climate) and are the same for both ethnic minority and majority students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taxonomy lays the foundations for the study of biodiversity and its conservation. Procrustean geometric morphometrics (GMM) is a most common technique for the taxonomic assessment of phenotypic population differences. To measure biological variation and detect evolutionarily significant units, GMM is often used on its own, although it is much more powerful with an integrative approach, in combination with molecular, ecological and behavioural data, as well as with meristic morphological traits. GMM is particularly effective in taxonomic research, when applied to 2D images, which are fast and low cost to obtain. Yet, taxonomists who may want to explore the usefulness of GMM are rarely experts in multivariate statistical analyses of size and shape differences. In these twin papers, I aim to provide a detailed step-by-step guideline to taxonomic analysis employing Procrustean GMM in user-friendly software (with tips for R users). In the first part (A) of the study, I will focus on preliminary analyses (mainly, measurement error, outliers and statistical power), which are fundamental for accuracy, but often neglected. I will also use this first paper, and its appendix (Appendix A), to informally introduce, and discuss, general topics in GMM and statistics, that are relevant to taxonomic applications. In the second part (B) of the work, I will move on to the main taxonomic analyses. Thus, I will show how to compare size and shape among groups, but I will also explore allometry and briefly examine differences in variance, as a potential clue to population bottlenecks in peripheral isolates. A large sample of North American marmot mandibles provides the example data (available online, for readers to replicate the study and practice with analyses). However, as this sample is larger than in previous studies and mostly unpublished, it also offers a chance to further explore the patterns of interspecific morphological variation in a group, that has been prominent in mammalian sociobiology, and whose evolutionary divergence is complex and only partially understood.

There is a research gap in understanding people's perceived risks and their commute mode shifts after the major shift in anti-pandemic policies. Our study aims to reveal the relationship between commuters' perceived risks and their commuting mode transfers in the specific context of canceling anti-pandemic policies. We conducted an online sample survey of residents in 6 neighborhoods after one month the lifting of anti-pandemic policies in Kunming, China.Measured perceived risk data suggested that a perceived risk score of 23 ∼ 30 accounted for 62 % of the respondents, who were defined as the high-perceived risk group; while the perceived risk score of 14 ∼ 22 accounted for 36 % of the respondents, who were defined as the middle-perceived risk group; only 2 % of respondents with a perceived risk score of 6 ∼ 14. Commuting mode transfer statistics showed that 22.2 % of the respondents switched from other commuting modes to private cars, of which 56.1 % came from public transportation. Conversely, out of 81 car commuters, only 3 respondents moved to other commuting modes.We used nonparametric tests to find that there were group differences in commuting mode shifts. Specifically, the proportion of commuters with high-perceived risk levels shifted from other travel modes to private cars was 11% larger than that of commuters with middle-perceived risk levels. Public commuters were more likely to switch to car commuting than active commuters. The nonparametric test results also showed that single variables such as car ownership, commute distance, age, and marital status was significantly correlated with the distribution of the shifting in commuting mode. Furthermore, we employed a binary logistic regression model to reveal that commuters with higher perceived risk levels, longer commuting distances, or car ownership were more likely to switch from other travel modes to private cars than other commuters.The conclusion of this study is that the lifting of COVID-19 pandemic prevention and control policies increases the perceived risk level of commuters, which pushes them to switch to private car commuting. It is necessary to pre-estimating people's perceived risk level, and pre-judging changes in daily commute behaviors before deciding to cancel the anti-pandemic policies.

This paper analyzes the functions of non-lexical backchannels in the Spoken Turkish Corpus and the differences in their use in naturally formed combinatory groups of gender and age (young-middle aged-elderly). Adopting a cyclic approach in the analysis of the 2231 non-lexical backchannels from the study corpus, two main and 16 sub-functions, eight of which are unique to this study and exhibit original dimensions have been identified. Results reveal that groups with female speakers and young speakers tend to use backchannels more for ‘approving the other speaker’, whereas groups with male speakers, middle-aged and elderly speakers tend to use backchannels more for ‘continuation of the conversation’. Despite these statistical tendencies, the findings suggest that when people have more in common and more interest in the given conversational topic, they use multifunctional non-lexical backchannels to construct meaning more cooperatively, regardless of gender and age-related variables.

In second language and foreign language learning, demotivation in learning is a common occurrence. Almost all previous studies on learners' demotivation focused on traditional classroom learning environment rather than blended learning setting. This paper investigates learner perceptions of demotivating factors for Chinese EFL college students in blended learning context. 272 college sophomores with varied majors from a university in Mid-East China took part in a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire, consisted of 34 4-point Likert type items about learners' demotivation in a blended EFL learning environment, was adapted from Kikuchi's demotivation questionnaire and Xie's LPDS (Learner Perceptions of Demotivator Scale). An exploratory factor analysis was performed to explore the factor structure of the questionnaire items. Then mean scores of items loading on each factor were calculated and independent samples t-test analysis was adopted to examine the differences of demotivating factors between different groups of participants. Five demotivating factors from the questionnaire were extracted. The findings reveal a newly discovered factor: learners' lack of self-discipline in online learning. The paper indicates that there is no significant difference of these five demotivating factors between male and female learners, and between rural and urban learners. Whereas less motivated learners perceive four among the five factors to be more demotivating than more motivated learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I explore some of my previous and ongoing research at the intersection of folk biology and cognition, focusing on wider philosophical implications. Specifically, I intend to destabilize previous findings of my own research, interrogating them with data from my more recent work and a perspective of ontology, epistemology, and world-making. In doing so, I aim to inject folk biological data to the discussion of ontology and vice versa. In a sense, I address the question of whether ontology is just another word for culture, pushing for more specific definitions of what we might mean by ontology, culture, and reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Linguistic Research / Dilbilim Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of Bogazici University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lifelong learning has become imperative in today’s rapidly changing world, where people must constantly improve their knowledge and skills to contribute to life and work fully. Since the success of an organization in a knowledge-based economy is highly dependent on competent and committed employees, their professional development should be encouraged and supported at all levels. Managers need to participate in lifelong learning activities. Considering that the willingness to learn is an essential prerequisite for learner engagement and success, this study investigated managers’ motivation for lifelong learning. An online survey was conducted among Croatian managers to answer the research questions. They generally rated their motivation to participate in lifelong learning as very high. According to the results, the studied groups of managers were quite similar in their self-reported motivation levels, except for educational background. The study also found several important motivators for lifelong learning, such as increasing knowledge and skills, improving job performance, and satisfying the need to stay current. Some other potential motivators were not considered important, including gaining social recognition and job insecurity. An exploratory factor analysis revealed three underlying dimensions of motivation: job satisfaction and compensation, competence development, and recognition and respect. In addition, some significant group differences in the factors were found. Given the limited literature on this topic, this study contributes to a better understanding managers’ motivation for lifelong learning.

Food ensures the continuation of the body in terms of meeting individual needs. This organismic perspective of food constitutes the general acceptance of its treatment as a gastronomic phenomenon. However, the process in which food turns into something desired by the individual reveals the importance of evaluating it on social and historical grounds. Although food is perceived in certain regularities of the things to be consumed in terms of its objective dimension, the set of memories and experiences associated with it requires looking at food in terms of its social ground. The food in the memories turns into the food in the minds in an indirect way. In this case, it also enables the formation of some narratives on food in the collective memory. Therefore, the evaluation of food in the context of collective memory helps to benefit from the explanations of the phenomenological theory, especially in the context of its static and dynamic structures on social and historical shaping. In this article, it has been tried to develop a sociological perspective on food, with a special focus on ashura. the items here have helped in analyzing how the food is formed in the collective memory, how the social and historical situation is formed in terms of its static and dynamic structure through the food in the context of this collective memory and ultimately what kind of differentiation between social groups all this opens the door to. The conclusion reached in this article is that, in this sense, ashura, as a dish, takes place in the collective memories of social groups in different ways. This article is a preliminary study that focuses on the micro level of ashura in order to make social and historical comparisons of studies on food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores whether a diversity and inclusion strategy focused on using modern intelligence tests can assist public safety organizations in hiring a talented diverse workforce. Doing so may offer strategies for mitigating the issues of systematic racism with which these occupations have historically struggled. Past meta-analytic research shows that traditional forms of intelligence tests, which are often used in this sector, have not consistently demonstrated predictive validity but have negatively impacted Black candidates. As an alternative, we examine a modern intelligence test that consists of novel unfamiliar cognitive problems that test takers must solve without relying on their prior experience. Across six studies of varying public safety jobs (e.g., police, firefighter) in different organizations, we found a pattern of results that supports the criterion-related validity of the modern intelligence test. In addition to consistently predicting job performance and training success, the modern intelligence test also substantially mitigated the observed Black–White group differences. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of how to alter the legacy of I/O psychology and human resource fields when it comes to our impact on facilitating employment opportunities for Black citizens, particularly in public safety positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research shows negative correlations between media exposure of body images in the context of hegemonic beauty ideals and body satisfaction. The present study deals with the underlying mechanisms and the effects of different exposure contents. In the online experimental study, a sample consisting of 226 individuals (82.3% female, 17.7% male) received a three-minute exposure to Instagram images of women and men in the context of either hegemonic beauty ideals in the experimental group or body diversity in the control group. A conducted Mixed ANOVA with repeated measures showed significant group differences, including an increase in body dissatisfaction in the experimental group and a reduction in the control group after exposure. Statistically significant detrimental effects of exposure to images in the experimental group on women’s state mood as well as descriptive similar tendencies on men’s state mood were found. Moderating effects of the tendency to make upward social comparisons and the internalization of the gender-specific beauty ideal on the relationship between exposure content and the change scores of body dissatisfaction were found. Furthermore, a mediation model was calculated to investigate the effect of exposure content on post-measurement of body dissatisfaction, using the constructs “comparison processes regarding sexual attractiveness” and “assessment of one’s own sexual attractiveness” as mediators. The model did not yield significant mediation, although significant relationships were found between the model components. Exploratory analyses were conducted on the influence of the assessment of one’s own sexual attractiveness on related social comparisons and the intensity of engagement with Instagram content as a predictor of body dissatisfaction. The results highlight the relevance for psychoeducational purposes of addressing a critical engagement with depicted beauty ideals in social media. Moreover, the study proposes body diversity as an alternative content that can have a positive impact on body satisfaction, which can be actively sought during the individual Instagram user experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionDuring COVID-19, the mental health of Chinese university students has been a pressing concern. But the internal mechanism of perceived campus outdoor environment and learning engagement affecting college students’ mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic has not been fully discussed.MethodsThe current study used cross-sectional data from 45 Chinese universities to explore the relationship among perceptions of campus outdoor environments, learning engagement, and college student mental health, and focused on differences among college students in different grades.ResultsOur study revealed the mental health problems of Chinese college students during the COVID-19 pandemic were more severe. The mental health of postgraduates was generally poor, and their risk of depression was higher than that of undergraduates. More importantly, for postgraduates, the direct impact of the perceived campus outdoor environment on their mental health was stronger. For undergraduates, the indirect impact of learning engagement on the effect of the perceived campus outdoor environment on their mental health was stronger.ConclusionThe results of the study have implications for campus planners, landscape architects, and university planners to pay particular attention to the needs of postgraduates for campus outdoor environments, which is of great significance to improve the overall mental health of students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Contrary to the common notion that personality and intelligence are unrelated constructs, numerous correlational studies have demonstrated substantial associations between the two domains. Moreover, samples of intellectually gifted individuals have been found to differ from the general population in specific aspects of their personalities. However, most studies so far have relied on the Five-Factor Model of Personality (FFM), while none have investigated this phenomenon using the HEXACO personality framework. We recruited 617 adult members of the international high-IQ society MENSA and compared them to 3 reference samples (combined N = 112,637) regarding their personalities as measured by the HEXACO-60 personality inventory. We found that gifted persons scored higher in Honesty-Humility and Conscientiousness but lower in Emotionality compared to reference samples. Interestingly, gifted individuals scored only slightly higher in Openness to Experience, and no consistent differences emerged for Agreeableness. We demonstrate that some known personality differences between gifted and non-gifted persons translate from the FFM to the HEXACO model, while others do not. Our results indicate that within the HEXACO factor structure differences in sociability are more pronounced, while intellect-related differences are comparatively weak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a rapid growth of interest amongst researchers in the cross-modal correspondences in recent years. In part, this has resulted from the emerging realization of the important role that the correspondences can sometimes play in multisensory integration. In turn, this has led to an interest in the nature of any differences between individuals, or rather, between groups of individuals, in the strength and/or consensuality of cross-modal correspondences that may be observed in both neurotypically normal groups cross-culturally, developmentally, and across various special populations (including those who have lost a sense, as well as those with autistic tendencies). The hope is that our emerging understanding of such group differences may one day provide grounds for supporting the reality of the various different types of correspondence that have so far been proposed, namely structural, statistical, semantic, and hedonic (or emotionally mediated). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated differences in alcohol protective behavioral strategy (PBSA) use and negative consequences (ARNC) experienced among heavy alcohol users and non-heavy alcohol users, and risky and non-risky drinkers. Participants were from 12 universities in the United States (n = 2,163 college students, Mage = 19.47), predominantly identified as White (74%), and female (68.7%), who completed measures of typical weekly drinking, risky drinking, ARNC, and PBSA use. ANOVAs revealed that the heavy alcohol users and risky drinkers reported significantly fewer total PBSA, subtype strategy use, and greater negative consequences than their counterparts. Harm reduction interventions may benefit from identifying and targeting college students who are engaging in heavy alcohol use and risky drinking regardless of sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing how collective behaviour emerges is central to our understanding of animal societies. Previous research has highlighted how universal interaction rules shape collective behaviour, and that individual differences can drive group functioning. Groups themselves may also differ considerably in their collective behaviour, but little is known about the consistency of such group variation, especially across different ecological contexts that may alter individuals' behavioural responses. Here, we test if randomly composed groups of sticklebacks differ consistently from one another in both their structure and movement dynamics across an open environment, an environment with food, and an environment with food and shelter. Based on high-resolution tracking data of the free-swimming shoals, we found large context-associated changes in the average behaviour of the groups. But despite these changes and limited social familiarity among group members, substantial and predictable behavioural differences between the groups persisted both within and across the different contexts (group-level repeatability): some groups moved consistently faster, more cohesively, showed stronger alignment and/or clearer leadership than other groups. These results suggest that among-group heterogeneity could be a widespread feature in animal societies. Future work that considers group-level variation in collective behaviour may help understand the selective pressures that shape how animal collectives form and function.

Air pollution has posed serious threats to human health. Based on the microdata of a large tertiary hospital in Shandong Province from 2016 to 2021, combined with the macro data such as air quality monitoring data, meteorological data, and city-level regional socio-economic data, this paper empirically tests the impact of air pollution instrumented by thermal inversions on the cardiovascular health of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its group differences. The results show that: (1) Air pollution has a negative impact on the cardiovascular health of patients with T2DM, that is, the cardiovascular health of patients with T2DM will decline in regions with high air pollution; (2) The impact of air pollution on cardiovascular health in T2DM patients is heterogeneous, with males and older patients bearing greater air pollution health losses; (3) From the perspective of the external environment, the negative effects of environmental pollution on patients' health were significantly reduced in areas with higher environmental regulation intensity and better public health conditions, indicating the necessity of strengthening environmental governance and increasing public health expenditure.

Copyright of Journal of Dalian University of Technology / Dalian Ligong Daxue Xuebao is the property of Journal of Dalian University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to examine group differences in performance and self-report measures distinguishing non-, single, and recurrent fallers. Fifty-seven community-dwelling older adults completed cognitive and functional assessments and reported number of falls over 12 months. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) examined differences between non-, single, and recurrent fallers. Significant group differences were found on fast and comfortable gait speed (p <.01 and p <.01, respectively), Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) (p =.04), 30-Second Chair Stand (30-SCS) (p <.01), and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) (p <.01). An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to control for MMSE after which the previous outcome measures no longer displayed significance. Group differences exist between fallers; further, single fallers may experience a fall differently than other fallers. This sample consisted of healthy older adults yet cognition still played a role, demonstrating that the link between cognition and fall risk is yet to be fully understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This manuscript evaluates and tests the group differences in migrant workers' urban integration from the perspectives of individual characteristics and migration characteristics, so as to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the government to issue more effective assistance policies. Methods: Multilevel comprehensive evaluation method and Entropy method are used to calculate the urban integration level of migrant workers, and one-way ANOVA and optimal scaling regression are used to test the group differences in migrant workers' urban integration. Results: Based on the questionnaire data of 854 migrant workers in China, the scale of migrant workers' urban integration has good reliability and validity. The overall level of migrant workers' urban integration is 49.61% and there exist group differences in migrant workers' urban integration. The impact of education level, income level, and migration time on migrant workers' urban integration is significantly positive, whereas the impact of migration distance on migrant workers' urban integration is significantly negative. The urban integration level of migrant workers who have family members accompanying them is higher than that of migrant workers who have no family members accompanying them. Gender, age, and marriage have no significant impact on migrant workers' urban integration. Strengths and Limitations of This Study: This study aims to measure and test the group differences in migrant workers' urban integration using ANOVA and optimal scaling regression. However, the shortcomings of this study are the selection of the "migrant workers' urban integration" scale and the representativeness of the sample used in this study. Conclusion: There are group differences in migrant workers' urban integration with different education levels, income levels, migration distances, migration times, and statuses of family members accompanying. In the policy of promoting migrant workers' urban integration, we should accurately count the characteristics of migrant workers and give more attention to migrant workers with low education levels, low-income levels, long migration distances, short migration times, and no family accompany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveThis manuscript evaluates and tests the group differences in migrant workers’ urban integration from the perspectives of individual characteristics and migration characteristics, so as to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the government to issue more effective assistance policies.MethodsMultilevel comprehensive evaluation method and Entropy method are used to calculate the urban integration level of migrant workers, and one-way ANOVA and optimal scaling regression are used to test the group differences in migrant workers’ urban integration.ResultsBased on the questionnaire data of 854 migrant workers in China, the scale of migrant workers’ urban integration has good reliability and validity. The overall level of migrant workers’ urban integration is 49.61% and there exist group differences in migrant workers’ urban integration. The impact of education level, income level, and migration time on migrant workers’ urban integration is significantly positive, whereas the impact of migration distance on migrant workers’ urban integration is significantly negative. The urban integration level of migrant workers who have family members accompanying them is higher than that of migrant workers who have no family members accompanying them. Gender, age, and marriage have no significant impact on migrant workers’ urban integration.Strengths and Limitations of This StudyThis study aims to measure and test the group differences in migrant workers’ urban integration using ANOVA and optimal scaling regression. However, the shortcomings of this study are the selection of the “migrant workers’ urban integration” scale and the representativeness of the sample used in this study.ConclusionThere are group differences in migrant workers’ urban integration with different education levels, income levels, migration distances, migration times, and statuses of family members accompanying. In the policy of promoting migrant workers’ urban integration, we should accurately count the characteristics of migrant workers and give more attention to migrant workers with low education levels, low-income levels, long migration distances, short migration times, and no family accompany.

This paper explores whether a diversity and inclusion strategy focused on using modern intelligence tests can assist public safety organizations in hiring a talented diverse workforce. Doing so may offer strategies for mitigating the issues of systematic racism with which these occupations have historically struggled. Past meta-analytic research shows that traditional forms of intelligence tests, which are often used in this sector, have not consistently demonstrated predictive validity but have negatively impacted Black candidates. As an alternative, we examine a modern intelligence test that consists of novel unfamiliar cognitive problems that test takers must solve without relying on their prior experience. Across six studies of varying public safety jobs (e.g., police, firefighter) in different organizations, we found a pattern of results that supports the criterion-related validity of the modern intelligence test. In addition to consistently predicting job performance and training success, the modern intelligence test also substantially mitigated the observed Black–White group differences. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of how to alter the legacy of I/O psychology and human resource fields when it comes to our impact on facilitating employment opportunities for Black citizens, particularly in public safety positions.

Although the importance of lakes for providing cultural ecosystem services (CES) is widely recognized, the integration of associated values and benefits in decision making is still underdeveloped. Therefore, this study aimed at collecting and analyzing people's perceptions related to various CES of mountain lakes using an online questionnaire. We thereby distinguished societal values in terms of CES from individual experiences that contribute to subjective well-being and elicited perceived pressures reducing the quality of nature-based experiences. Based on 526 responses, our results indicate that bequest, symbolic, aesthetic, and spiritual values are perceived as most important, while representation and entertainment were less important. Accordingly, experiences such as connection to nature, relaxation, and freedom had the highest values. In terms of pressures, crowdedness was mentioned most often, followed by noisiness and garbage. These pressures mostly affected experiences such as connection to nature, freedom, relaxation, peace, and memories, with negative effects also on CES, mainly on aesthetic value, sense of place, existence value, and symbolic value. In general, the perceptions were highly consistent across different socio-cultural groups. Nevertheless, some differences emerged between groups with different cultural backgrounds with respect to CES and pressures, while differences in experiences were mostly related to gender. Our findings advance the understanding of CES related to mountain lakes and provide useful insights for research as well as decision and policy making, emphasizing the high intrinsic value expressed by the respondents as well as the variety of CES and experiences associated with mountain lakes. Moreover, the identified pressures provide a valuable basis for consideration in tourism management, the protection of natural resources, and sustainable development because they advance our understanding of how infrastructure development and socioeconomic changes may aggravate impacts on societal values and individual experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistical network models such as the Gaussian Graphical Model and the Ising model have become popular tools to analyze multivariate psychological datasets. In many applications, the goal is to compare such network models across groups. In this paper, I introduce a method to estimate group differences in network models that is based on moderation analysis. This method is attractive because it allows one to make comparisons across more than two groups for all parameters within a single model and because it is implemented for all commonly used cross-sectional network models. Next to introducing the method, I evaluate the performance of the proposed method and existing approaches in a simulation study. Finally, I provide a fully reproducible tutorial on how to use the proposed method to compare a network model across three groups using the R-package mgm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in the US indicates that classroom diversity is related to better social adjustment of students, but research on this association in European classrooms is limited in scope and yields inconsistent findings. This study examined how classroom ethnic diversity is related to social adjustment of societally dominant versus minoritized ethnic groups, and how an open classroom climate for discussion contributes to this. This was examined in low to moderately diverse Dutch classrooms (2703 secondary school students, from 119 classrooms and schools, Mage = 14, 50% female, 18% foreign-born parents). Results revealed that students from minoritized groups reported lower social adjustment. For all students, classroom ethnic diversity was related to worse social adjustment which was partly explained by classroom socioeconomic status (SES). An open classroom climate for discussion did not moderate the relation between diversity and social adjustment. The findings indicate that students' social adjustment is worse in ethnically diverse and low-SES classrooms, and an open classroom climate for discussion does not solve this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the neuropsycholinguistic functioning of children with Developmental Dyslexia (DD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder - inattentive subtype (ADHD-I) in a reading task. The psycholinguistic profile of both groups was assessed using a battery of neuropsychological and linguistic tests and compared to typical readers. Participants were submitted to a silent reading task with lexical manipulation of the text. Eye movements were recorded and compared aiming to find cognitive processes involved in reading that could help differentiate groups. The study examined whether word-frequency and word-length effects distinguish between groups. Participants included 19 typical readers, 21 children diagnosed with ADHD-I and 19 children with DD. All participants were attending 4th grade and had a mean age of 9.08 years. Children with DD and ADHDI exhibited significant different cognitive and linguistic profiles on almost all measures evaluated when compared to typical readers. The effects of word length and word frequency interaction also differed significantly in the 3 experimental groups. The results support the multiple cognitive deficits theory. While the shared deficits support the evidence of a phonological disorder present in both conditions, the specific ones corroborate the hypothesis of an oculomotor dysfunction in DD and a visuo-spatial attention dysfunction in ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aim to explain the dynamics enabling spikes in hate crimes by examining the underlying social‐psychological processes behind it. We see these as captured in empowerment processes among racists who see themselves as "victims" and their position strengthened by majority support from the public for their actions. Building on previous research, we investigated the role social norm misperception (false consensus and pluralistic ignorance), following elections plays as a possible, generally occurring mechanism, with particular focus on Republican Party supporters. In a two‐wave panel study, we surveyed Democrat and Republican supporters on social norms misperception, as well as collective empowerment, and xenophobic behavioral intentions. While we could replicate and strengthen our arguments and establish robust group‐dependent effects for social norms misperception and illustrate that an unexpected outcome of the election led to disempowerment among Republicans, we found null effects for changes in social norms misperception, and behavioral intentions. Our study contributes to understanding social norms misperception as associated with group membership. Deriving from that, the study results indicate that the perception of a majority agreeing with one's approval is potentially less influenced by external factors, in contrast to feelings of joy and group efficacy—collective empowerment. Practical implications of group differences regarding post‐election collective actions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Contrary to the common notion that personality and intelligence are unrelated constructs, numerous correlational studies have demonstrated substantial associations between the two domains. Moreover, samples of intellectually gifted individuals have been found to differ from the general population in specific aspects of their personalities. However, most studies so far have relied on the Five-Factor Model of Personality (FFM), while none have investigated this phenomenon using the HEXACO personality framework. We recruited 617 adult members of the international high-IQ society MENSA and compared them to 3 reference samples (combined N = 112,637) regarding their personalities as measured by the HEXACO-60 personality inventory. We found that gifted persons scored higher in Honesty-Humility and Conscientiousness but lower in Emotionality compared to reference samples. Interestingly, gifted individuals scored only slightly higher in Openness to Experience, and no consistent differences emerged for Agreeableness. We demonstrate that some known personality differences between gifted and non-gifted persons translate from the FFM to the HEXACO model, while others do not. Our results indicate that within the HEXACO factor structure differences in sociability are more pronounced, while intellect-related differences are comparatively weak.

Methods for group comparisons using predicted probabilities and marginal effects on probabilities are developed for regression models for binary outcomes. Unlike approaches based on the comparison of regression coefficients across groups, the methods we propose are unaffected by the scalar identification of the coefficients and are expressed in the natural metric of the outcome probability. While we develop our approach using binary logit with two groups, we consider how our interpretive framework can be used with a broad class of regression models and can be extended to any number of groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1976, the Genetics Society of America (GSA) published a document entitled "Resolution of Genetics, Race, and Intelligence." This document laid out the Society's position in the IQ controversy, particularly that on scientific and ethical questions involving the genetics of intellectual differences between human populations. Since the GSA was the largest scientific society of geneticists in the world, many expected the document to be of central importance in settling the controversy. Unfortunately, the Resolution had surprisingly little influence on the discussion. In 1979, William Provine analyzed the possible factors that decreased the impact of the Resolution, among them scientists' limited understanding of the relationship between science and ethics. Through the analysis of unpublished versions of the Resolution and exchanges between GSA members, I will suggest that the limited impact of the statement likely depended on a shift in the aims of the GSA due to the controversies that surrounded the preparation of the document. Indeed, the demands of the membership made it progressively more impartial in both scientific and political terms, decreasing its potential significance for a wider audience. Notably, the troubled history of the Resolution raises the question of what can make effective or ineffective the communication between scientists and the public—a question with resonance in past and present discussions on topics of social importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do students pick various courses? Interdisciplinary research has highlighted the role of structural constraints, normative expectations, and individual motivation as the joint influences of agency and structure in the service of life goals. Here, we examined undergraduates’ reasons for course choices for their most difficult and most important courses. We compared the reasons for non-major vs. major courses, for freshman vs. juniors, and across different disciplines. College students selected courses that fulfilled their major or breadth requirements, particularly in their freshman year. STEM courses were taken more for career development reasons than other disciplines, particularly humanities courses; social sciences courses were taken more for interest than STEM courses; and humanities courses were taken more for intellectual broadening than STEM courses.

Background and Purpose: Prior research has shown that Muslim individuals attribute cultural beliefs in explaining mental illness aetiology, which may impact help-seeking behaviours. However, little research has been conducted with Muslim-Australians, nor across different cultural groups within Muslim minority populations. This research explored relationships between ethnocultural identity, cultural attributions of mental illness, and treatment-seeking beliefs in a sample of 182 Muslim-Australians. Method: A multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between ethnocultural identity and cultural belief use, as measured by the Cultural Beliefs about Mental Health Problems (CBMHP) scale. Analyses examined differences in endorsement of specific beliefs across ethnocultural groups.Results: Muslim-Australians from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds (Middle Eastern, European, Asian, and others) endorsed cultural beliefs more strongly than those from non-CALD, Anglo/Caucasian backgrounds. Both groups endorsed environmental and biological attributions for mental illness; however, supernatural explanations and both traditional/cultural treatments and Qur'anic recitation as effective psychological treatment methods were more strongly endorsed by CALD ethnocultural groups. Moreover, CALD Muslim-Australian respondents less strongly endorsed psychological counselling as effective. Findings also revealed differences in belief endorsement between ethnocultural groups. These findings provide insight into the intersection of culture with mental illness attributions and treatment-seeking behaviour. KEY POINTS Muslim-Australians appear to endorse biological and environmental explanations of mental illness to a similar extent, despite their ethnocultural identity; Muslim-Australians often employ cultural, religious, spiritual, and traditional attributions to explain mental illness aetiology; however, the extent to which Muslim-Australians use such attributions appears to differ depending on their ethnocultural background; Muslim-Australians from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds appear to more strongly adhere to cultural and religious-based explanations of mental illness (including supernatural phenomena) and more strongly endorse the effectiveness of traditional/religious treatment methods for mental ill-health than Muslim-Australians with non-CALD, Anglo-Caucasian ethnocultural backgrounds. Therefore, clinicians should be aware of such beliefs and should provide culturally appropriate and safe treatment interventions when working with Muslim-Australians from CALD backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verbal rating scale polarity and verbalizations of the middle category that do not match the polarity in agreement rating scales were investigated. Two randomized web survey experiments were conducted using a probability panel of German Internet users. The classical bipolar "disagree/agree" verbalization was compared with the unipolar "do not agree/agree" alternative. In both experiments, attitudes on gender roles were measured using a different number of rating scale categories (seven vs. five) in each. After controlling for variables related to satisficing, biases were lowest with the unipolar "do not agree/agree" rating scale in which the verbalization of the middle category was also unipolar. Reliability decreased when the verbalization of the middle category did not suit the rating scale polarity. Researchers should pay attention to the polarity of rating scales and use verbalization of the middle category consistent with the rating scale polarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the importance of lakes for providing cultural ecosystem services (CES) is widely recognized, the integration of associated values and benefits in decision making is still underdeveloped. Therefore, this study aimed at collecting and analyzing people's perceptions related to various CES of mountain lakes using an online questionnaire. We thereby distinguished societal values in terms of CES from individual experiences that contribute to subjective well-being and elicited perceived pressures reducing the quality of nature-based experiences. Based on 526 responses, our results indicate that bequest, symbolic, aesthetic, and spiritual values are perceived as most important, while representation and entertainment were less important. Accordingly, experiences such as connection to nature, relaxation, and freedom had the highest values. In terms of pressures, crowdedness was mentioned most often, followed by noisiness and garbage. These pressures mostly affected experiences such as connection to nature, freedom, relaxation, peace, and memories, with negative effects also on CES, mainly on aesthetic value, sense of place, existence value, and symbolic value. In general, the perceptions were highly consistent across different socio-cultural groups. Nevertheless, some differences emerged between groups with different cultural backgrounds with respect to CES and pressures, while differences in experiences were mostly related to gender. Our findings advance the understanding of CES related to mountain lakes and provide useful insights for research as well as decision and policy making, emphasizing the high intrinsic value expressed by the respondents as well as the variety of CES and experiences associated with mountain lakes. Moreover, the identified pressures provide a valuable basis for consideration in tourism management, the protection of natural resources, and sustainable development because they advance our understanding of how infrastructure development and socioeconomic changes may aggravate impacts on societal values and individual experiences.

Detailed knowledge of a species' vocal repertoire is an essential component for the interpretation of its social interactions and behavior. In the case of cryptic nocturnal primates, vocalizations are also a valuable tool for species identification, and possibly to discriminate between the sexes and/or group memberships during noninvasive field identification, monitoring, and conservation efforts. Here we describe the vocal repertoire of the northern giant mouse lemur, Mirza zaza, a small nocturnal primate endemic to northwest Madagascar, and analyze the repertoire to identify vocalizations for field identification and monitoring. We recorded vocalizations of a captive population of 40 M. zaza individuals at the Duke Lemur Center, USA, with detailed observations of call-associated behaviors of eight individuals in two groups. Based on their acoustic structure, we identified 10 different call types, which were correctly classified (92.8%) by a discriminant function analysis. The described adult call types occurred in the context of advertisement, alarm, affiliative behavior, agonistic behavior, and locomotion. Nine of these call types were already present in infants. To aid call classification, we used the acoustic structure of calls to construct a set of call classification rules for M. zaza. Among the loud vocalizations that were candidates for acoustic monitoring we document significant sex differences in the acoustic structure of trill calls of M. zaza, and significant differences between two groups in their loud whistle calls. The vocal repertoire described here will not only form the basis for future comparative and phylogenetic studies of lemur vocalizations; it will also enable rapid identification of this species for noninvasive acoustic surveys in their natural habitat to assess and monitor population densities and establish range boundaries, thus aiding conservation efforts for this threatened lemur species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]