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Abstract The present investigation examined the oropharyngeal roof of two turtles having different feeding behaviors: the landform Greek tortoise (Testudo graeca graeca) primarily herbivores and the semi-aquatic red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) lives in freshwater that opportunistic omnivorous grossly and by scanning and light microscopes. Grossly, the Greek tortoise had a V-shaped roof consisting of the upper rhamphotheca, peri-palatine region, upper alveolar ridge, peripheral palatine ridge, median palatine ridge, vomer, choanae, caudal palatine part, and pharynx. At the same time, the red-eared slider had a semilunar roof consisting of upper rhamphotheca, two peripheral palatine ridges, core of palatine ridges, upper alveolar band, vomer, choanae, caudal palatine part, and pharynx. SEM revealed that the red-eared slider roof appeared more straightforward. The upper rhamphotheca is sharp, with a median premaxillary notch in the red-eared slider that gives a powerful bite for cutting to compensate absence of the teeth. Additionally, the red-eared slider’s upper alveolar band is interrupted by a single upper alveolar ridge that appears spiky, pointed, and longer as it needs powerful chewing of prey and there are two types of teeth-like projections at its peri-palatine area for food-crushing and chewing. The Greek tortoise palatine region had numerous ridges and folds to provide roughness for food processing. Greek tortoises had small-sized choanae with two choanal folds to minimize choanal openings when eating dusty grasses. Histologically, Greek tortoise palate was rostrally thicker and more keratinized than caudally, and the caudal palatine region was characterized by a single pair of circumvallate-like papilla with multiple mucous openings and secretions, while red-eared slider palate was slightly keratinized at the peri-choanal region, and the rest of the palate was non-keratinized with few mucous openings. The current investigation found various structural oropharyngeal roof adaptations to feeding behavior in the omnivore red-eared slide compared to the herbivorous Greek turtle.

The present investigation examined the oropharyngeal roof of two turtles having different feeding behaviors: the landform Greek tortoise (Testudo graeca graeca) primarily herbivores and the semi-aquatic red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) lives in freshwater that opportunistic omnivorous grossly and by scanning and light microscopes. Grossly, the Greek tortoise had a V-shaped roof consisting of the upper rhamphotheca, peri-palatine region, upper alveolar ridge, peripheral palatine ridge, median palatine ridge, vomer, choanae, caudal palatine part, and pharynx. At the same time, the red-eared slider had a semilunar roof consisting of upper rhamphotheca, two peripheral palatine ridges, core of palatine ridges, upper alveolar band, vomer, choanae, caudal palatine part, and pharynx. SEM revealed that the red-eared slider roof appeared more straightforward. The upper rhamphotheca is sharp, with a median premaxillary notch in the red-eared slider that gives a powerful bite for cutting to compensate absence of the teeth. Additionally, the red-eared slider's upper alveolar band is interrupted by a single upper alveolar ridge that appears spiky, pointed, and longer as it needs powerful chewing of prey and there are two types of teeth-like projections at its peri-palatine area for food-crushing and chewing. The Greek tortoise palatine region had numerous ridges and folds to provide roughness for food processing. Greek tortoises had small-sized choanae with two choanal folds to minimize choanal openings when eating dusty grasses. Histologically, Greek tortoise palate was rostrally thicker and more keratinized than caudally, and the caudal palatine region was characterized by a single pair of circumvallate-like papilla with multiple mucous openings and secretions, while red-eared slider palate was slightly keratinized at the peri-choanal region, and the rest of the palate was non-keratinized with few mucous openings. The current investigation found various structural oropharyngeal roof adaptations to feeding behavior in the omnivore red-eared slide compared to the herbivorous Greek turtle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gross morphological examination of native caprine heart valves revealed distinctive structural characteristics of the caprine's cardiac anatomy. Four primary orifices were identified, each protected by thin, valve‐like structures. Atrioventricular orifices featured tricuspid and bicuspid valves, while the aorta and pulmonary arteries were guarded by semilunar valves. Within the atrioventricular apparatus, distinct features were observed including the tricuspid valve's three leaflets and the bicuspid valve's anterior and posterior leaflets. Ultrasonography provided insights into valve thickness and chordae tendineae lengths. Morphometric studies compared leaflets/cusps within individual native valves, showcasing significant variations in dimensions. Comparative analysis between native and decellularized valves highlighted the effects of decellularization on leaflet thickness and chordae tendineae lengths. Decellularized valves exhibited reduced dimensions compared to native valves, indicating successful removal of cellular components. While some dimensions remained unchanged post‐decellularization, significant reductions were observed in leaflet thicknesses and chordae tendineae lengths. Notably, semilunar valve cusps displayed varying responses to decellularization, with significant reductions in cusp lengths observed in the aortic valve, while the pulmonary valve exhibited more subtle changes. These findings underscore the importance of understanding structural alterations in heart valves post‐decellularization, providing valuable insights for tissue engineering applications and regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are found in many consumer and industrial products. While some PFAS, notably perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), are developmentally toxic in mammals, the vast majority of PFAS have not been evaluated for developmental toxicity potential. A concentration–response study of 182 unique PFAS chemicals using the zebrafish medium-throughput, developmental vertebrate toxicity assay was conducted to investigate chemical structural identifiers for toxicity. Embryos were exposed to each PFAS compound (≤100 μM) beginning on the day of fertilization. At 6 days post-fertilization (dpf), two independent observers graded developmental landmarks for each larva (e.g., mortality, hatching, swim bladder inflation, edema, abnormal spine/tail, or craniofacial structure). Thirty percent of the PFAS were developmentally toxic, but there was no enrichment of any OECD structural category. PFOS was developmentally toxic (benchmark concentration [BMC] = 7.48 μM); however, other chemicals were more potent: perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA), N-methylperfluorooctane sulfonamide (N-MeFOSA), ((perfluorooctyl)ethyl)phosphonic acid, perfluoro-3,6,9-trioxatridecanoic acid, and perfluorohexane sulfonamide. The developmental toxicity profile for these more potent PFAS is largely unexplored in mammals and other species. Based on these zebrafish developmental toxicity results, additional screening may be warranted to understand the toxicity profile of these chemicals in other species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thyroid gland samples were obtained from 20 adult buffaloes freshly slaughtered at the Municipal Slaughter house in Bikaner which were free from any pathological condition of thyroid gland. The thyroid gland consisted of two lobes i.e. left and right that were connected by a thin and narrow isthmus at their middle or caudal parts. The shape of each lobe was either oval or irregularly triangular and these were exhibited a reddish brown in colour. Each lobe was surrounded by a covering of loose connective tissue. Each lobe was surrounded by a covering of loose connective tissue and these lobes extended from the lower aspect of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx to the lateral aspect of the second tracheal ring. The right lobe was larger than the left. The isthmus was positioned at the level of the first to the second tracheal ring. The isthmus exhibited a pale in colour. The average weight and length of the right and left thyroid gland 11.935±0.478 grams, 10.4±0.636 grams and 6.26±0.250 cm, 5.315±0.194 cm, respectively. The average width and thickness of right and left thyroid gland at cranial, middle and caudal 3.195±0.64 cm, 4.58±0.121 cm, 3.945±0.116 cm and 1.2±0.044 cm, 1.335±0.047 cm, 1.09±0.058 cm, respectively. The average volume of thyroid gland 25.45±1.315 ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was carried out on 20 recently died, apparently healthy adult buffalo which were free from any pathological condition of tongue from Municipal Slaughter House, Bikaner. The tongue of buffalo was long and muscular organ. It was consisted of three parts- Apex, body and root. The apex was free and flattened with blunt pointed tip. The body was the longest and largest portion between the apex and root of tongue. It had four surfaces- dorsal, ventral and two laterals. Caudal-dorsal part of the body of the tongue formed an elliptical dorsal prominence known as torus linguae. Rostrally, the torus linguae were limited by a shallow transverse depression called as fossa linguae. The average weight was 0.873 Kg, volume 0.758 litre and length 40.24 cm. The tongue of buffalo occupied between two horizontal rami of mandible, on the floor of oral cavity. Dorsally, the fixed part was attached with the glosso-epiglottic fold and anterior pillars of the soft palate while ventrally; the free part of the tongue was connected to the floor of the mouth cavity by a median mucosal fold called as frenulum linguae. Five types of lingual papillae were observed on the tongue of buffalo. They were filiform, conical, lenticular, fungiform and circumvallate. Their distribution varied in different region of the tongue. The taste buds were present in fungiform and circumvallate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted on scapula of adult mithun to study the gross morphological anatomy and record certain biometrical measurements. The bones were procured by simple natural maceration process. The scapula of mithun was found to be a flat triangular bone having three angles, three borders and two surfaces. The dorsal border was convex and the scapular spine was found to be thickened and roughened at the middle and then bend/curved forward below and ended distally as a pointed projection, acromion process. The rim of glenoid cavity was found to be roughly quadrilateral in outline and presented a wide and a narrow notch at the lateral and cranio-medial aspect of the glenoid cavity, respectively. The average maximum length and width of the scapula were found to be 35.87±0.43 cm and 20.85±0.75 cm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the gross morphometric features of the spleen of One-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). A total of 6 spleens from healthy slaughtered camels were examined. Spleen was situated in the left dorsal part of the abdominal cavity, just above the dorso-caudal face of the rumen. It was much smaller in proportion to the body weight and size. The spleens of camel appeared dark brown in colour. It was crescent shaped with blunt and rough edges. The average spleen weight was recorded as 365 gm, the average volume of spleen was 470 ml, and the average length of the spleen was recorded as 45cm at the longest portion in present study. The average width of the spleen at widest portion was 14 cm and the average thickness of the dorsal, medial and ventral aspect of spleen was 0.595 cm, 1.213 cm and 0.448 cm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are found in many consumer and industrial products. While some PFAS, notably perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), are developmentally toxic in mammals, the vast majority of PFAS have not been evaluated for developmental toxicity potential. A concentration–response study of 182 unique PFAS chemicals using the zebrafish medium-throughput, developmental vertebrate toxicity assay was conducted to investigate chemical structural identifiers for toxicity. Embryos were exposed to each PFAS compound (≤100 μM) beginning on the day of fertilization. At 6 days post-fertilization (dpf), two independent observers graded developmental landmarks for each larva (e.g., mortality, hatching, swim bladder inflation, edema, abnormal spine/tail, or craniofacial structure). Thirty percent of the PFAS were developmentally toxic, but there was no enrichment of any OECD structural category. PFOS was developmentally toxic (benchmark concentration [BMC] = 7.48 μM); however, other chemicals were more potent: perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA), N-methylperfluorooctane sulfonamide (N-MeFOSA), ((perfluorooctyl)ethyl)phosphonic acid, perfluoro-3,6,9-trioxatridecanoic acid, and perfluorohexane sulfonamide. The developmental toxicity profile for these more potent PFAS is largely unexplored in mammals and other species. Based on these zebrafish developmental toxicity results, additional screening may be warranted to understand the toxicity profile of these chemicals in other species.

Our study was focused on the external features differentiation of two adult species of turtles, including a land tortoise (Testudo graeca graeca) and a freshwater turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans), by gross morphological description of head, carapace, plastron, and tail. Generally, turtles show gross morphological differences according to the ecology and the environment. The carapace and legs are the fascinating noticeable parts showing significant differences between tortoise and turtle as T. graeca graeca shows a small carapace length with noticeable convexity. In contrast, the freshwater turtle has a flattened broad carapace adapted to swimming. At the same time, the legs of T. graeca show multiple keratinized spurs with rigid claws, but T. scripta has legs covered with soft, moist skin and thin claws. The plastron is relatively the same in both species, while the head is unique with a large size and red flap in T. scripta. We conclude that the flat body and legs with broad head are a modification for swimming, while the rigid claws with keratinized outer leg skin are signs of land walking adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Microvascular morphology and pathological changes in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) placentas and normal placentas were observed via vascular casting technology, electron microscopy, and pathological detection technology. Vascular structure and histological morphology changes in GDM placentas were examined to generate basic experimental data for the diagnosis and prognostic determination of GDM. Methods: This case–control study involving 60 placentas, 30 from healthy controls and 30 from patients with GDM. Differences in size, weight, volume, umbilical cord diameter, and gestational age were assessed. Histological changes in the placentas in the two groups were analyzed and compared. A placental vessel casting model was constructed using a self-setting dental powder technique, to compare the two groups. The placental cast microvessels of the two groups were compared using scanning electron microscopy. Results: There were no significant differences in maternal age or gestational age between the GDM group and the control group (p >.05). The size, weight, volume, and thickness of the placentas in the GDM group were significantly greater than those in the control group, as was umbilical cord diameter (p <.05). Immature villus, fibrinoid necrosis, calcification, and vascular thrombosis were significantly greater in the placental mass in the GDM group (p <.05). The terminal branches of the microvessels in diabetic placenta casts were sparse, with significantly fewer ends and lower villous volume (p <.05). Conclusion: Gestational diabetes can cause gross and histological changes in the placenta, particularly placental microvascular changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative gross morphological and histological study on the gall bladder Bakerwali and non-descript goats of union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India, was conducted. Biometrical values were significantly higher in Bakerwali goats as compared to non-descript goats of the Jammu region. Length showed an increasing pattern with advancing age in both breeds. Mean length was more in Bakerwali goat as compared to non-descript. Mean width within the adult age group of Bakerwali and non-descript goats showed a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05). Mean width was significantly more in Bakerwali goat as compared to non-descript. Mean values of width and thickness of gallbladder were found lesser in senile age groups irrespective of breeds. In the neck region of the gall bladder, serous glands were observed in Bakerwali goats whereas, in the body and fundus region, mucous glands were predominant. In non-descript goats, the glands were predominantly mucous type irrespective of the region of the gallbladder. All the micrometrical values showed non-significant differences between the breeds (p ≤ 0.05).

Abstract Background The inner ear morphology and size are linked to hearing and balance ability. The goal of this study was to determine the morphology and morphometrics of the dromedary camel's inner ear and how it influences hearing accommodation and equilibrium in the desert environment. Materials and methods Gross morphology, computed tomography images, and the endocast were used to show the inner ear morphology. A caliper and ImageJ software were used to take measurements on a plastic endocast. Results The presence of the subarcuate fossa, flat cochlea, radii curvature of the semicircular canals, particularly the lateral semicircular canal, orthogonality, and the union between the semicircular canals, along with slightly increased saccule and utricle size, maintains camel balance on sandy ground, even during heavy sandstorms. The cochlear basilar membrane length and cochlea radii ratio aided low-frequency hearing and perception over a wide octave range. Conclusion The camel's cochlear characteristics revealed a lengthy basilar membrane, a high radii ratio, 3.0 cochlear canal turns, and a very broad cochlea. The orthogonality of the semicircular canals, the high curvature of the lateral semicircular canal, the presence of the subarcuate fossa, and the confluence between the lateral and posterior semicircular canal were particular specifications that allowed the inner ear of the camel to adapt to desert living.

Osteoarthrosis (OA) is a common joint disease, characterized by degenerative changes in articular cartilage and reactive proliferation of bone and cartilage around the joint. The evaluation of the histological and biochemical changes were investigated on the articular cartilage of knee joint during development of osteoarthritis in rabbits following anterior cruciate ligament transsection (ACLT). A total of 12 New Zealand White (NZW) male rabbits with closed epiphyses underwent ACLT of knees and healthy control knees arthrotomy. The animals were killed at 9 weeks after surgery. The parameters tested were gross morphology, histology as well as urinary pyridinoline (Pyr) and creatinine. Morphological changes in osteoarthritic femoral condyles were seen on both, medial and lateral region, but markedly on medial condyle of the ACLT knee. The articular cartilage was characterised by a rough and hypertrophic appearance with severe erosions. The gross morphological examination of healthy control revealed no changes. Histological evidence for cartilage degeneration was observed in the ACLT knees. In OA femoral condyles the articular cartilage showed degenerative changes, including: rough surface, loss of superficial layer, erosion, fissures, irregular arrangement and form of chondrocytes. Biochemical determinations showed significantly higher concentrations of urinary Pyr in the OA rabbits compared to healthy rabbits during the whole period of the study (9 weeks), indicating a higher collagen degradation of cartilage and subchondral bone in the osteoarthritic animals.

A comparative gross morphological and histological study on the gall bladder Bakerwali and non-descript goats of union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India, was conducted. Biometrical values were significantly higher in Bakerwali goats as compared to non-descript goats of the Jammu region. Length showed an increasing pattern with advancing age in both breeds. Mean length was more in Bakerwali goat as compared to non-descript. Mean width within the adult age group of Bakerwali and non-descript goats showed a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05). Mean width was significantly more in Bakerwali goat as compared to non-descript. Mean values of width and thickness of gallbladder were found lesser in senile age groups irrespective of breeds. In the neck region of the gall bladder, serous glands were observed in Bakerwali goats whereas, in the body and fundus region, mucous glands were predominant. In non-descript goats, the glands were predominantly mucous type irrespective of the region of the gallbladder. All the micrometrical values showed non-significant differences between the breeds (p ≤ 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of glucosamine sulfate on morphological changes investigated on the articular cartilage of knee joint during development of osteoarthritis in rabbits following collagenase-induced osteoarthritis. A total of 32 New Zealand White male and female rabbits were used in this study. All animals were kept in standard conditions at Research Institute of Livestock Production in Nitra. Animals were divided into 4 groups: healthy control group, osteoarthritic untreated group and two experimental groups. After collagenase-induced osteoarthritis daily oral administration of glucosamine sulfate ( 80 mg.kg-1 and 160mg.kg-1 of live weight) was performed. At the end of the eight week, the rabbits were sacrificed and their both right and left knees with proximal femur and distal tibia were harvested. Gross morphology of knee joint was tested. Basal statistical indicators were calculated from obtained data using Statgraphics software and analysis of variance. Morphological changes in osteoarthritic group without treatment were seen on both, medial and lateral region, but markedly on medial condyle. Articular cartilage was characterized by a rough and hypertrophic appearance with severe erosions. The severity of cartilage damage was generally lower in glucosamine treated groups in comparison with osteoarthritis group. The gross morphological examination of healthy control revealed very little or no changes. Gross morphological grading of cartilage damage showed significantly lower extent of damage in glucosamine treated groups.

Background: The inner ear morphology and size are linked to hearing and balance ability. The goal of this study was to determine the morphology and morphometrics of the dromedary camel's inner ear and how it influences hearing accommodation and equilibrium in the desert environment. Materials and methods: Gross morphology, computed tomography images, and the endocast were used to show the inner ear morphology. A caliper and ImageJ software were used to take measurements on a plastic endocast. Results: The presence of the subarcuate fossa, flat cochlea, radii curvature of the semicircular canals, particularly the lateral semicircular canal, orthogonality, and the union between the semicircular canals, along with slightly increased saccule and utricle size, maintains camel balance on sandy ground, even during heavy sandstorms. The cochlear basilar membrane length and cochlea radii ratio aided low-frequency hearing and perception over a wide octave range. Conclusion: The camel's cochlear characteristics revealed a lengthy basilar membrane, a high radii ratio, 3.0 cochlear canal turns, and a very broad cochlea. The orthogonality of the semicircular canals, the high curvature of the lateral semicircular canal, the presence of the subarcuate fossa, and the confluence between the lateral and posterior semicircular canal were particular specifications that allowed the inner ear of the camel to adapt to desert living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present investigation was prepared to describe the accessory sex glands of the Barki bucks grossly and by light microscopy.Materials and Methods: There are four sex glands: ampullary, vesicular, prostate, and bulbourethral. The ampullary gland is an enlargement of the terminal part of the ductus deferens, its glandular part has branched tubuloalveolar glands, and its secretory alveoli lined with a pseudo-stratified epithelium composed of cuboidal to columnar cells. The vesicular gland takes the appearance of a cluster of grapes and the left vesicular gland is enlarged and higher than the right one. The vesicular gland is a lobulated tubuloalveolar gland with wide intralobular space and the gland contain a secretory unit which lined by pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium, and the interlobular ductules lined by the stratified epithelium, while the interlobular duct lined by simple cuboidal epithelium; moreover, the lining epithelium of secretory part consists of tall columnar cells. The prostate gland consists only of the disseminated part and is enclosed by a connective tissue capsule that was thin dorsally, thick laterally, and reduced in thickness ventrally. The prostatic acini are lined by simple cuboidal epithelium.Results: The bulbourethral gland was similar in size to the walnut and surrounded by a capsule and there are interlobular connective tissue septa that divided the gland into lobes and lobules of different sizes. The bulbourethral gland contained secretory units lined by the tall simple columnar epithelium of mucous type with basely located nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm contains granular secretion.Conclusions: The gross and microscopic examination of the four accessory sex glands gave valuable information in the future pathology diagnosis of the accessory sex glands of the Barki bucks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study has designed to investigate the morphological characteristics of the gills of the dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus) by gross morphology, scanning electron microscopy, and morphometric analysis. The study was carried out on 10 fresh fish. The fish has four‐gill arches on each side. The lengths of the first‐, second‐, third‐, and fourth‐gill arches were 5.27, 4.2, 3.2, and 2.8 cm. The gill arches carried a longitudinal band, the bases of the gill filaments, and gill rakers that varied from rectangular to circular shapes. Each gill arch had two main lateral and medial rows and two accessory rows of gill rakers in an alternative manner with each other. The dusky grouper fish had long rakers, whereas the longest one was the lateral rakers of the first arch, which were 467 and 1271.9 μm in width and length. Three types of spines appeared on the gill arches and rakers. The long spine had detected on the apex of the short rakers. Each gill arch carried on its ventral side two rows of gill filaments. The long filaments were at the middle of the gill arch, while the short ones were at the rostral end of the gill arch. The study has demonstrated the taste buds, mucous, chloride cells, and significant features of the epithelial covering of the gill arches and rakers. The morphology of the gills of the dusky grouper indicates the adaptation to their marine environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scapula was a flat triangular bone with three borders, three angles and two surfaces. Dorsal border was slightly convex and undulating whereas cranial border was much convex and thinner and ended up distally forming a distinct notch. Posterior border was thick and straight in distal 2/3rd whereas the proximal 3rd was rounded. It presented a distinct groove in the distal 2/3rd. The cranial angle was indistinct. The distal extremity was composed of the elongated glenoid cavity, well developed tuber scapulae and massive coracoid process which was bent postero-medially. The lateral surface was unequally divided by scapular spine into supra-spinous and infra-spinous fossae. The infra-spinous fossa was triangular in outline. The scapular spine ended in a well developed acromion process which was bent cranially. The medial surface lodged a nutrient foramen at its distal part. The maximum length of scapula along the spine (without scapular cartilage) was 7.95 cm for right scapula and 8.04 cm for the left. The maximum width of scapula was 6.35 cm for right scapula and 6.37 for left scapula. The scapular index was 79.8 for the right scapula and 79.22 for the left one. The total length of scapular spine was 8.53 cm and 8.49 cm for right and left scapulae, respectively. The ratio of supra-spinous to infra-spinous fossa was 1:3.4 for right scapula and 1:3.5 for left scapula.

In the current study, the nasal conchae of the Eurasian common moorhen were grossly and histologically examined for 20 healthy adult birds. Rostral (RC), middle (MC), and caudal (CC) conchae in each side of the nasal cavity were observed. The anatomical cross sections revealed that, the RC was noncurved in its rostral and middle parts, and one half turn in its caudal part. The MC was one half turn in its rostral part, one turn in its middle part, and one and one half turns in its caudal part. The CC was like a pouch from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. Histologically, the distribution of the mucous glands was different among the three conchae; In RC, the ducts of these glands were intraepithelial, while the acini were located in the propria–submucosa toward the convex surface of the concha and absent toward its concave surface. In MC, they were intraepithelial and opened directly on the surface epithelium of the convex and concave surfaces. In CC, they were intraepithelial in few number near the convex surface of the concha and with abundant number in the propria–submucosa and absent near the concave surface. The RC was richer in the vascularity than the other two conchae. The nasal conchae were functioning for conditioning of the inspired air and entrapping the antigens presented in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike mammals, birds have a unique respiratory tract that conditioning of inspired air takes place only within the nasal cavity alone. Nasal conchae are scroll-like structures situated on either side of the nasal cavity and lined by mucous membrane. Nasal conchae perform this function by counter-current heat exchange mechanism. The study was performed to document the gross and histoarchitectural details of rostral, middle and caudal conchae in Nandanam Chicken. The framework of the conchae is made of hyaline cartilage. The mucosa is lined by stratified squamous keratinized epithelium, pseudostratified ciliated columnar and olfactory epithelium in rostral, middle and caudal conchae respectively. Intraepithelial glands are made of mucus type in rostral and middle conchae serous variety located in propria-submucosa in caudal concha. Nasal cavity associated lymphoid tissue is made of CD3+ T lymphocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Placentas from gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are Patterns of fetoplacental angiogenesis of GDM often hypervascularized. Placenta is a mirror that reflects the well-being of the fetus and continuously undergoes a change in weight, structure, shape and function in order to support the well-being of the fetus. Aim of Study: In this work we attempted to identify villous vascular and morphological changes in a group of term placentae from mothers with GDM complicating pregnancy. Objective: To analysis on the possible gross morphological changes and Patterns of fetoplacental angiogenesis of GDM. Materials and Method: The study was observational, analytical and cross sectional. The patients under this study were selected from the Obstetric of AL-Emam AL-sadiq in the Babylon province. A total of eighty samples were collected from women completed weeks of gestation. Among them, 40 samples were from mothers having GDM, 40 belonged to normal pregnancy (control group). The placentas were examined to measure their weight, diameter, thickness, cotyledons number, Insertion of umbilical cord, Vascular pattern and Fasting blood glucose were determined by enzymatic method using Envoy® 500 reagents .Beta chorionic gonadotrophin, progesterone and estradiol were determined using chemilumiscence immunoassay technique on MAGLUMI 600 analyzer. Results: In this study, the GDM group showed significantly higher values for the variables of the weight, thickness,diameter, number of cotyledons, Patterns of fetoplacental angiogenesis of GDM and placentas hypervascularized as compared to normal group. Consequences of GDM include increased risk of macrosomia and birth complications in the infant. Fasting plasma glucose FBG, β-HCG, P4, E2 were increased in the gestational diabetic women. Conclusion: From the findings of this study, placental variations in diabetic and normal mothers during pregnancy. The variations in placental weight, thickness, diameter and fetoplacental angiogenesis found in gestational diabetic mother may be a long term compensatory mechanism, aiming to secure a sufficient nutrient supply to support the growth of the foetus. So, postnatal examination of the placenta can yield information that may be important for immediate and late management of the mother and neonate. Fasting plasma glucose FBG, β-HCG, P4, E2 were increased in GDM group was aimed at assessing placental peptides and maternal factors as potential predictors of the development of gestational diabetes among pregnant women. GDM appears to effect the microvascular remodeling at angiogenesis. So gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) need to be identified early in pregnancy and managed to maintain a normal vasculature and prevent neonatal mortality and morbidity if rapid intervention is completed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The objective of this study was to compare the histomorphological changes of placenta and umbilical cord (UC), between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and non- GDM pregnancies.Methods: In this prospective study, 222 parturients were recruited (117 GDM and 105 non-GDM). GDM was confirmed at 24-28 weeks of gestation, using one-step strategy. A full record of demographic, laboratory, histologic and gross morphology data of placenta and UC was extracted and analyzed.Results: Overall, 222 placentas/UCs met inclusion criteria. The mean (SD) of gestational age of GDM diagnosis was 20.68 (10.02) and the GDM duration was 16.76 (8.98) weeks. The mean HbA1C was 6.03 (0.41) % in the GDM group. The gross morphology findings including UC diameter and thick edematous UC differed significantly between two groups and more presented in GDM group, 1.41 (0.03) vs. 1.28 (0.03) centimeters; p-value = 0.006 and 34.19% vs. 16.19%; p-value = 0.002, respectively. The umbilical coiling index (UCI) was similar in two groups (p-value = 0.61). In the histological evaluation, persistence of central vessels differed significantly between two groups, more detected in non-GDM (47.62% vs. 32.97%; p-value = 0.04). No other significant histomorphological changes were detected between two groups.Discussion: This study showed that gross morphologic features such as UC diameter increment and thick edematous UC happened more frequently, among the GDM parturients. Due to early diagnosis, diagnosis strategy, and optimal glycemic control, the histomorphological changes were less in GDM comparing of non-GDM group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scapula was a flat triangular bone with three borders, three angles and two surfaces. Dorsal border was slightly convex and undulating whereas cranial border was much convex and thinner and ended up distally forming a distinct notch. Posterior border was thick and straight in distal 2/3rd whereas the proximal 3rd was rounded. It presented a distinct groove in the distal 2/3rd. The cranial angle was indistinct. The distal extremity was composed of the elongated glenoid cavity, well developed tuber scapulae and massive coracoid process which was bent postero-medially. The lateral surface was unequally divided by scapular spine into supra-spinous and infra-spinous fossae. The infra-spinous fossa was triangular in outline. The scapular spine ended in a well developed acromion process which was bent cranially. The medial surface lodged a nutrient foramen at its distal part. The maximum length of scapula along the spine (without scapular cartilage) was 7.95 cm for right scapula and 8.04 cm for the left. The maximum width of scapula was 6.35 cm for right scapula and 6.37 for left scapula. The scapular index was 79.8 for the right scapula and 79.22 for the left one. The total length of scapular spine was 8.53 cm and 8.49 cm for right and left scapulae, respectively. The ratio of supra-spinous to infra-spinous fossa was 1:3.4 for right scapula and 1:3.5 for left scapula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work was aimed to study the gastrointestinal tract in Garganey from the oesophagus to coprodeum by the aid of the gross morphology, scanning electron microscopy and histology. At the level of the thoracic inlet, the oesophagus had a thick part which had numerous tortuous longitudinal folds carried transverse folds on them. Histologically, the thick part had thick epithelium and appeared more folded with more and larger glands. The mucosa of the proventriculus had mucosal folds appeared as a leaf‐like with rounded tips. The openings of the proventriculus glands were projected with papillae on the epithelial surface. The gizzard lined with horizontal layer of cuticle which sent vertical parts of cuticle. The duodenal villi were pentagonal in shape with sharply pointed tips, while the jejunal villi were triangular with rounded ends, and the ileal villi were wide and pentagonal in shape with pointed tips. The mucosa of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum was thrown into villi lined by simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells with difference in the form, length, density and number. The apical points of the duodenal and ileal villi appeared pointed, while the jejunal villi had rounded ends. The jejunal villi were longer and numerous than the duodenal villi, but the ileal villi appeared with different length and less numerous. The mucosa of the caecum had numerous mucous glands which surrounded by circular crypts. The rectal mucosa had longitudinal folds and semilunar and circular crypts. The mucosa of the coprodeum had longitudinal folds surrounded by crypts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is subclassified into five gross types, namely, vaguely nodular (VN), single nodular (SN), single nodular with extranodular growth (SNEG), confluent multinodular (CM), and infiltrative (INF) type. However, the pathological background underlying differences in biological behavior of different gross types of HCC remains unclear. Methods: The histopathological features, clinical outcomes of HCC gross types, and their relationships with stemness-related marker status and fibrotic/hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) were evaluated in 266 resected HCCs. The stemness-related markers (CD24, CD44, CD133, SALL4, YAP1, K19 and EpCAM), fibrous tumor stroma (αSMA), and hypoxia (CAIX) were evaluated with immunohistochemistry. Results: Poorer differentiation, reduced capsule formation, higher microvascular invasion, larger tumor size and larger area of necrosis were observed in order of VN-SN-SNEG-CM-INF type (p = 0.005 for all, linear-by-linear association). The expression of summed stemness-related markers and hypoxic/fibrotic TME showed an increasing trend in order of VN-SN-SNEG-CM-INF type (p < 0.005), and their expression well correlated with each other. INF type was found only in HCCs with hypoxic/fibrotic TME or high expression of stemness-related markers. CAIX expression and tumor necrosis ≥ 30% were independent prognostic markers for disease-specific survival. Early recurrence-free survival showed a significant difference based on gross types, revealing best outcome with VN type and worst outcome with INF type. Conclusion: The marker expression of stemness-related and hypoxic/fibrotic TME of HCC showed an increasing trend in order of VN-SN-SNEG-CM-INF gross types, and their cross-talk may be involved in the determination of various gross-morphological features and their distinct biological behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted on the histology and micrometry of the spleen of sheep and goat of Jammu region. The spleen of goat was quadrangular whereas that of sheep was triangular. The biometrical measurements of the spleens of sheep and goat revealed that the weight of spleen of sheep was 81.39 ± 12.79 gm while that of goat was 64.48 ± 7.82 gm. The length of the spleen was 12.70 ± 0.81 cm and 11.48 ± 0.73 cm in sheep and goat, respectively. The width of spleen of sheep was recorded to be 9.26 ± 0.38 cm and that of goat was measured as 9.37 ± 0.79 cm and the thickness of spleen was found to be 2.69 ± 0.2 cm and 2.37 ± 0.21 cm in sheep and goat, respectively. Histologically, spleen was covered by thick capsule with thickness 282.27 ± 14.88 µ in goat and 150.13 ± 8.14 µ in sheep. The thickness of trabeculae in goat was 224.67 ± 67 µ and in sheep was 104.35 ± 8.92 µ. Average diameter of white pulp was 478.20 ± 26.88 µ in sheep and 412.22 ± 47.85 µ in goat. Number of white pulps per field at 100 X magnification was 1.30 ± 0.21 in sheep and 1.60 ± 023 in goat. Similarly, number of white pulps per mm2 was 1.32 ± 0.22 in sheep and 1.62 ± 023 in goat. Red pulp consisted of spleenic cords and sinusoids. Sinusoids were lined by endothelial cells with large nuclei bulging into the sinusoidal lumen.

Objective: To assess the effects of oxaliplatin on gross appearance, behavior and neural tissue of albino mice and to observe prevention against oxaliplatin induced damage by glutathione. Study Design: Experimental study Place and Duration: Department of Anatomy, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro in collaboration with Sindh Agricultural University TandoJam from 1st January-30th June 2015. Methodology: Adult mice (n=36) from both genders were grouped and labeled as Control (Group A), Oxaliplatin treatment (Group B), Oxaliplatin plus glutathione (Group C). The gross features (Weight, hair loss, paw edema) and behavior (heat and cold stimulation test, noise stimulation test, hearing test) of the animals were monitored and animals were sacrificed and brains were collected for the histopathology to see the effects of oxaliplatin and its prevention by glutathione. Results: The weight of the animals significantly decreased over the entire period of study as compared to control animals. Also a significant decrease was noticed in hair on the skin of front part of the body in group B. In other parameters; paw edema, mental orientation, object recognition, noise stimulation group B exhibit significant difference to control p<0.05. Heat and cold stimulation tests significantly increased in group B. Microscopic features of brain tissue also showed inflammatory and ischemic changes in group B. All gross and microscopic features were improved with the addition of glutathione. Conclusion: The toxic effects of oxaliplatin, on morphology and behavior and brain of adult albino mice were partially reversed with glutathione supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of present investigation was to study the gross morphology and incidence of canine mammary tumors (CMTs) based on age, sex, breed, reproductive status and location along with histopathological classification and immunohistochemical characteristics. A total of 56 CMTs samples were collected from 49 cases of dogs. Gross morphology was studied in 26 cases of canine mammary tumors. For histopathological classification, samples were fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin and sections (5 µm thick) obtained from each was stained with H&E stain. Immuno-histochemistry was carried out by using p63 antibody to confirm the histopathological types of CMTs. Malignant tumors and benign tumors were mostly observed in older dogs. Among 9 breeds affected, the highest incidence was recorded in a German shepherd. Caudal abdominal pair was most commonly affected. Most of the cases were observed in intact female dogs, except for one male dog. The tumors were oval and round in shape with 30-2000 g weight, soft to hard in consistency and grayish white cut surface. Out of 56 CMTs, the highest incidence was found of malignant neoplasms (36/56, 64.28%), followed by benign neoplasms (10/56, 17.85%) and non-neoplastic proliferation hyperplasia/dysplasia (10/56, 17.85%). Complex carcinoma, carcinoma, and malignant myoepithelioma and malignant myoepithelioma were confirmed by p63 antibody. In these neoplasms, myoepithelial cells showed strong immunoreactivity with p63. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted on the histology and micrometry of the spleen of sheep and goat of Jammu region. The spleen of goat was quadrangular whereas that of sheep was triangular. The biometrical measurements of the spleens of sheep and goat revealed that the weight of spleen of sheep was 81.39 ± 12.79 gm while that of goat was 64.48 ± 7.82 gm. The length of the spleen was 12.70 ± 0.81 cm and 11.48 ± 0.73 cm in sheep and goat, respectively. The width of spleen of sheep was recorded to be 9.26 ± 0.38 cm and that of goat was measured as 9.37 ± 0.79 cm and the thickness of spleen was found to be 2.69 ± 0.2 cm and 2.37 ± 0.21 cm in sheep and goat, respectively. Histologically, spleen was covered by thick capsule with thickness 282.27 ± 14.88 µ in goat and 150.13 ± 8.14 µ in sheep. The thickness of trabeculae in goat was 224.67 ± 67 µ and in sheep was 104.35 ± 8.92 µ. Average diameter of white pulp was 478.20 ± 26.88 µ in sheep and 412.22 ± 47.85 µ in goat. Number of white pulps per field at 100 X magnification was 1.30 ± 0.21 in sheep and 1.60 ± 023 in goat. Similarly, number of white pulps per mm2 was 1.32 ± 0.22 in sheep and 1.62 ± 023 in goat. Red pulp consisted of spleenic cords and sinusoids. Sinusoids were lined by endothelial cells with large nuclei bulging into the sinusoidal lumen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paraganglioma of the urinary bladder is a rare pathologic entity with no definitive histological, immunohistochemical or molecular features to determine its malignant potential. Malignancy is essentially determined by the presence of deep local invasion, invasion of adjacent structures and lymph node or distant metastases. So far, up to 180 cases of paraganglioma have been reported, with

Introduction: Placental function impacts growth and development with lifelong consequences for performance and health. We provide novel insights into placental development in bovine, an important agricultural species and biomedical model.Methods: Concepti with defined genetics and sex were recovered from nulliparous dams managed under standardized conditions to study placental gross morphological and histomorphological parameters at the late embryo (Day48) and early accelerated fetal growth (Day153) stages.Results: Placentome number increased 3-fold between Day48 and Day153. Placental barrier thickness was thinner, and volume of placental components, and surface areas and densities were higher at Day153 than Day48. We confirmed two placentome types, flat and convex. At Day48, there were more convex than flat placentomes, and convex placentomes had a lower proportion of maternal connective tissue (P < 0.01). However, this was reversed at Day153, where convex placentomes were lower in number and had greater volume of placental components (P < 0.01- P < 0.001) and greater surface area (P < 0.001) than flat placentomes. Importantly, embryo (r = 0.50) and fetal (r = 0.30) weight correlated with total number of convex but not flat placentomes.Discussion: Extensive remodelling of the placenta increases capacity for nutrient exchange to support rapidly increasing embryo-fetal weight from Day48 to Day153. The cellular composition of convex placentomes, and exclusive relationships between convex placentome number and embryo-fetal weight, provide strong evidence for these placentomes as drivers of prenatal growth. The difference in proportion of maternal connective tissue between placentome types at Day48 suggests that this tissue plays a role in determining placentome shape, further highlighting the importance of early placental development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of glucosamine sulfate on morphological changes investigated on the articular cartilage of knee joint during development of osteoarthritis in rabbits following collagenase-induced osteoarthritis. A total of 32 New Zealand White male and female rabbits were used in this study. All animals were kept in standard conditions at Research Institute of Livestock Production in Nitra. Animals were divided into 4 groups: healthy control group, osteoarthritic untreated group and two experimental groups. After collagenaseinduced osteoarthritis daily oral administration of glucosamine sulfate ( 80 mg.kg-1 and 160mg.kg-1 of live weight) was performed. At the end of the eight week, the rabbits were sacrificed and their both right and left knees with proximal femur and distal tibia were harvested. Gross morphology of knee joint was tested. Basal statistical indicators were calculated from obtained data using Statgraphics software and analysis of variance. Morphological changes in osteoarthritic group without treatment were seen on both, medial and lateral region, but markedly on medial condyle. Articular cartilage was characterized by a rough and hypertrophic appearance with severe erosions. The severity of cartilage damage was generally lower in glucosamine treated groups in comparison with osteoarthritis group. The gross morphological examination of healthy control revealed very little or no changes. Gross morphological grading of cartilage damage showed significantly lower extent of damage in glucosamine treated groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]