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1. Molecular and serological detection of corona-, henipa- and filoviruses in micromammals in Guinea

Author: Burrer, C, Grayo, S, Pricemou, S, Tordo, N, Groschup, MH, Diederich, S, Keller, M, Burrer, C, Grayo, S, Pricemou, S, Tordo, N, Groschup, MH, Diederich, S, and Keller, M
Published: 2023

2. 2022 taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales

Author: Kuhn, J, Adkins, S, Alkhovsky, S, Avšič-Županc, T, Ayllón, M, Bahl, J, Balkema-Buschmann, A, Ballinger, M, Bandte, M, Beer, M, Bejerman, N, Bergeron, É, Biedenkopf, N, Bigarré, L, Blair, C, Blasdell, K, Bradfute, S, Briese, T, Brown, P, Bruggmann, R, Buchholz, U, Buchmeier, M, Bukreyev, A, Burt, F, Büttner, C, Calisher, C, Candresse, T, Carson, J, Casas, I, Chandran, K, Charrel, R, Chiaki, Y, Crane, A, Crane, M, Dacheux, L, Bó, E, de la Torre, J, de Lamballerie, X, de Souza, W, de Swart, R, Dheilly, N, Di Paola, N, Di Serio, F, Dietzgen, R, Digiaro, M, Drexler, J, Duprex, W, Dürrwald, R, Easton, A, Elbeaino, T, Ergünay, K, Feng, G, Feuvrier, C, Firth, A, Fooks, A, Formenty, P, Freitas-Astúa, J, Gago-Zachert, S, García, M, García-Sastre, A, Garrison, A, Godwin, S, Gonzalez, J, de Bellocq, J, Griffiths, A, Groschup, M, Günther, S, Hammond, J, Hepojoki, J, Hierweger, M, Hongō, S, Horie, M, Horikawa, H, Hughes, H, Hume, A, Hyndman, T, Jiāng, D, Jonson, G, Junglen, S, Kadono, F, Karlin, D, Klempa, B, Klingström, J, Koch, M, Kondō, H, Koonin, E, Krásová, J, Krupovic, M, Kubota, K, Kuzmin, I, Laenen, L, Lambert, A, Lǐ, J, Li, J, Lieffrig, F, Lukashevich, I, Luo, D, Maes, P, Marklewitz, M, Marshall, S, Marzano, S, Mccauley, J, Mirazimi, A, Mohr, P, Moody, N, Morita, Y, Morrison, R, Mühlberger, E, Naidu, R, Natsuaki, T, Navarro, J, Neriya, Y, Netesov, S, Neumann, G, Nowotny, N, Ochoa-Corona, F, Palacios, G, Pallandre, L, Pallás, V, Papa, A, Paraskevopoulou, S, Parrish, C, Pauvolid-Corrêa, A, Pawęska, J, Pérez, D, Pfaff, F, Plemper, R, Postler, T, Pozet, F, Radoshitzky, S, Ramos-González, P, Rehanek, M, Resende, R, Reyes, C, Romanowski, V, Rubbenstroth, D, Rubino, L, Rumbou, A, Runstadler, J, Rupp, M, Sabanadzovic, S, Sasaya, T, Schmidt-Posthaus, H, Schwemmle, M, Seuberlich, T, Sharpe, S, Shi, M, Sironi, M, Smither, S, Song, J, Spann, K, Spengler, J, Stenglein, M, Takada, A, Tesh, R, Těšíková, J, Thornburg, N, Tischler, N, Tomitaka, Y, Tomonaga, K, Tordo, N, Tsunekawa, K, Turina, M, Tzanetakis, I, Vaira, A, van den Hoogen, B, Vanmechelen, B, Vasilakis, N, Verbeek, M, von Bargen, S, Wada, J, Wahl, V, Walker, P, Whitfield, A, Williams, J, Wolf, Y, Yamasaki, J, Yanagisawa, H, Ye, G, Zhang, Y, Økland, A, Kuhn JH, Adkins S, Alkhovsky SV, Avšič-Županc T, Ayllón MA, Bahl J, Balkema-Buschmann A, Ballinger MJ, Bandte M, Beer M, Bejerman N, Bergeron É, Biedenkopf N, Bigarré L, Blair CD, Blasdell KR, Bradfute SB, Briese T, Brown PA, Bruggmann R, Buchholz UJ, Buchmeier MJ, Bukreyev A, Burt F, Büttner C, Calisher CH, Candresse T, Carson J, Casas I, Chandran K, Charrel RN, Chiaki Y, Crane A, Crane M, Dacheux L, Bó ED, de la Torre JC, de Lamballerie X, de Souza WM, de Swart RL, Dheilly NM, Di Paola N, Di Serio F, Dietzgen RG, Digiaro M, Drexler JF, Duprex WP, Dürrwald R, Easton AJ, Elbeaino T, Ergünay K, Feng G, Feuvrier C, Firth AE, Fooks AR, Formenty PBH, Freitas-Astúa J, Gago-Zachert S, García ML, García-Sastre A, Garrison AR, Godwin SE, Gonzalez JJ, de Bellocq JG, Griffiths A, Groschup MH, Günther S, Hammond J, Hepojoki J, Hierweger MM, Hongō S, Horie M, Horikawa H, Hughes HR, Hume AJ, Hyndman TH, Jiāng D, Jonson GB, Junglen S, Kadono F, Karlin DG, Klempa B, Klingström J, Koch MC, Kondō H, Koonin EV, Krásová J, Krupovic M, Kubota K, Kuzmin IV, Laenen L, Lambert AJ, Lǐ J, Li JM, Lieffrig F, Lukashevich IS, Luo D, Maes P, Marklewitz M, Marshall SH, Marzano SL, McCauley JW, Mirazimi A, Mohr PG, Moody NJG, Morita Y, Morrison RN, Mühlberger E, Naidu R, Natsuaki T, Navarro JA, Neriya Y, Netesov SV, Neumann G, Nowotny N, Ochoa-Corona FM, Palacios G, Pallandre L, Pallás V, Papa A, Paraskevopoulou S, Parrish CR, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Pawęska JT, Pérez DR, Pfaff F, Plemper RK, Postler TS, Pozet F, Radoshitzky SR, Ramos-González PL, Rehanek M, Resende RO, Reyes CA, Romanowski V, Rubbenstroth D, Rubino L, Rumbou A, Runstadler JA, Rupp M, Sabanadzovic S, Sasaya T, Schmidt-Posthaus H, Schwemmle M, Seuberlich T, Sharpe SR, Shi M, Sironi M, Smither S, Song JW, Spann KM, Spengler JR, Stenglein MD, Takada A, Tesh RB, Těšíková J, Thornburg NJ, Tischler ND, Tomitaka Y, Tomonaga K, Tordo N, Tsunekawa K, Turina M, Tzanetakis IE, Vaira AM, van den Hoogen B, Vanmechelen B, Vasilakis N, Verbeek M, von Bargen S, Wada J, Wahl V, Walker PJ, Whitfield AE, Williams JV, Wolf YI, Yamasaki J, Yanagisawa H, Ye G, Zhang YZ, Økland AL., Kuhn, J, Adkins, S, Alkhovsky, S, Avšič-Županc, T, Ayllón, M, Bahl, J, Balkema-Buschmann, A, Ballinger, M, Bandte, M, Beer, M, Bejerman, N, Bergeron, É, Biedenkopf, N, Bigarré, L, Blair, C, Blasdell, K, Bradfute, S, Briese, T, Brown, P, Bruggmann, R, Buchholz, U, Buchmeier, M, Bukreyev, A, Burt, F, Büttner, C, Calisher, C, Candresse, T, Carson, J, Casas, I, Chandran, K, Charrel, R, Chiaki, Y, Crane, A, Crane, M, Dacheux, L, Bó, E, de la Torre, J, de Lamballerie, X, de Souza, W, de Swart, R, Dheilly, N, Di Paola, N, Di Serio, F, Dietzgen, R, Digiaro, M, Drexler, J, Duprex, W, Dürrwald, R, Easton, A, Elbeaino, T, Ergünay, K, Feng, G, Feuvrier, C, Firth, A, Fooks, A, Formenty, P, Freitas-Astúa, J, Gago-Zachert, S, García, M, García-Sastre, A, Garrison, A, Godwin, S, Gonzalez, J, de Bellocq, J, Griffiths, A, Groschup, M, Günther, S, Hammond, J, Hepojoki, J, Hierweger, M, Hongō, S, Horie, M, Horikawa, H, Hughes, H, Hume, A, Hyndman, T, Jiāng, D, Jonson, G, Junglen, S, Kadono, F, Karlin, D, Klempa, B, Klingström, J, Koch, M, Kondō, H, Koonin, E, Krásová, J, Krupovic, M, Kubota, K, Kuzmin, I, Laenen, L, Lambert, A, Lǐ, J, Li, J, Lieffrig, F, Lukashevich, I, Luo, D, Maes, P, Marklewitz, M, Marshall, S, Marzano, S, Mccauley, J, Mirazimi, A, Mohr, P, Moody, N, Morita, Y, Morrison, R, Mühlberger, E, Naidu, R, Natsuaki, T, Navarro, J, Neriya, Y, Netesov, S, Neumann, G, Nowotny, N, Ochoa-Corona, F, Palacios, G, Pallandre, L, Pallás, V, Papa, A, Paraskevopoulou, S, Parrish, C, Pauvolid-Corrêa, A, Pawęska, J, Pérez, D, Pfaff, F, Plemper, R, Postler, T, Pozet, F, Radoshitzky, S, Ramos-González, P, Rehanek, M, Resende, R, Reyes, C, Romanowski, V, Rubbenstroth, D, Rubino, L, Rumbou, A, Runstadler, J, Rupp, M, Sabanadzovic, S, Sasaya, T, Schmidt-Posthaus, H, Schwemmle, M, Seuberlich, T, Sharpe, S, Shi, M, Sironi, M, Smither, S, Song, J, Spann, K, Spengler, J, Stenglein, M, Takada, A, Tesh, R, Těšíková, J, Thornburg, N, Tischler, N, Tomitaka, Y, Tomonaga, K, Tordo, N, Tsunekawa, K, Turina, M, Tzanetakis, I, Vaira, A, van den Hoogen, B, Vanmechelen, B, Vasilakis, N, Verbeek, M, von Bargen, S, Wada, J, Wahl, V, Walker, P, Whitfield, A, Williams, J, Wolf, Y, Yamasaki, J, Yanagisawa, H, Ye, G, Zhang, Y, Økland, A, Kuhn JH, Adkins S, Alkhovsky SV, Avšič-Županc T, Ayllón MA, Bahl J, Balkema-Buschmann A, Ballinger MJ, Bandte M, Beer M, Bejerman N, Bergeron É, Biedenkopf N, Bigarré L, Blair CD, Blasdell KR, Bradfute SB, Briese T, Brown PA, Bruggmann R, Buchholz UJ, Buchmeier MJ, Bukreyev A, Burt F, Büttner C, Calisher CH, Candresse T, Carson J, Casas I, Chandran K, Charrel RN, Chiaki Y, Crane A, Crane M, Dacheux L, Bó ED, de la Torre JC, de Lamballerie X, de Souza WM, de Swart RL, Dheilly NM, Di Paola N, Di Serio F, Dietzgen RG, Digiaro M, Drexler JF, Duprex WP, Dürrwald R, Easton AJ, Elbeaino T, Ergünay K, Feng G, Feuvrier C, Firth AE, Fooks AR, Formenty PBH, Freitas-Astúa J, Gago-Zachert S, García ML, García-Sastre A, Garrison AR, Godwin SE, Gonzalez JJ, de Bellocq JG, Griffiths A, Groschup MH, Günther S, Hammond J, Hepojoki J, Hierweger MM, Hongō S, Horie M, Horikawa H, Hughes HR, Hume AJ, Hyndman TH, Jiāng D, Jonson GB, Junglen S, Kadono F, Karlin DG, Klempa B, Klingström J, Koch MC, Kondō H, Koonin EV, Krásová J, Krupovic M, Kubota K, Kuzmin IV, Laenen L, Lambert AJ, Lǐ J, Li JM, Lieffrig F, Lukashevich IS, Luo D, Maes P, Marklewitz M, Marshall SH, Marzano SL, McCauley JW, Mirazimi A, Mohr PG, Moody NJG, Morita Y, Morrison RN, Mühlberger E, Naidu R, Natsuaki T, Navarro JA, Neriya Y, Netesov SV, Neumann G, Nowotny N, Ochoa-Corona FM, Palacios G, Pallandre L, Pallás V, Papa A, Paraskevopoulou S, Parrish CR, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Pawęska JT, Pérez DR, Pfaff F, Plemper RK, Postler TS, Pozet F, Radoshitzky SR, Ramos-González PL, Rehanek M, Resende RO, Reyes CA, Romanowski V, Rubbenstroth D, Rubino L, Rumbou A, Runstadler JA, Rupp M, Sabanadzovic S, Sasaya T, Schmidt-Posthaus H, Schwemmle M, Seuberlich T, Sharpe SR, Shi M, Sironi M, Smither S, Song JW, Spann KM, Spengler JR, Stenglein MD, Takada A, Tesh RB, Těšíková J, Thornburg NJ, Tischler ND, Tomitaka Y, Tomonaga K, Tordo N, Tsunekawa K, Turina M, Tzanetakis IE, Vaira AM, van den Hoogen B, Vanmechelen B, Vasilakis N, Verbeek M, von Bargen S, Wada J, Wahl V, Walker PJ, Whitfield AE, Williams JV, Wolf YI, Yamasaki J, Yanagisawa H, Ye G, Zhang YZ, and Økland AL.
Abstract: In March 2022, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by two new families (bunyaviral Discoviridae and Tulasviridae), 41 new genera, and 98 new species. Three hundred forty-nine species were renamed and/or moved. The accidentally misspelled names of seven species were corrected. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.
Published: 2022

3. Cross-Reaction or Co-Infection? Serological Discrimination of Antibodies Directed against Dugbe and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Orthonairovirus in Nigerian Cattle

Author: Hartlaub J, Daodu OB, Sadeghi B, Keller M, Olopade J, Oluwayelu D, Groschup MH
Abstract: Dugbe orthonairovirus (DUGV) and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus (CCHFV) are tick-borne arboviruses within the orderBunyavirales. Both viruses are endemic in several African countries and can induce mild (DUGV, BSL 3) or fatal (CCHFV, BSL 4) disease in humans. Ruminants play a major role in their natural transmission cycle. Therefore, they are considered as suitable indicator animals for serological monitoring studies to assess the risk for human infections. Although both viruses do not actually belong to the same serogroup, cross-reactivities have already been reported earlier—hence, the correct serological discrimination of DUGV and CCHFV antibodies is crucial. In this study, 300 Nigerian cattle sera (150 CCHFV seropositive and seronegative samples, respectively) were screened for DUGV antibodies via N protein-based ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence (iIFA) and neutralization assays. Whereas no correlation between the CCHFV antibody status and DUGV seroprevalence data could be demonstrated with a newly established DUGV ELISA, significant cross-reactivities were observed in an immunofluorescence assay. Moreover, DUGV seropositive samples did also cross-react in a species-adapted commercial CCHFV iIFA. Therefore, ELISAs seem to be able to reliably differentiate between DUGV and CCHFV antibodies and should preferentially be used for monitoring studies. Positive iIFA results should always be confirmed by ELISAs.
Published: 2021

4. Deciphering Antibody Responses to Orthonairoviruses in Ruminants

Author: Hartlaub J, Keller M, Groschup MH
Abstract: Antibody cross-reactivities between related viruses are common diagnostic challenges, resulting in reduced diagnostic specificities and sensitivities. In this study, antibody cross-reactions between neglected members of the genusOrthonairovirus—Hazara (HAZV), Dugbe (DUGV), and Nairobi sheep disease orthonairovirus (NSDV)—were investigated. Mono-specific ovine and bovine sera following experimental infections as well immunization trials with HAZV, DUGV, and NSDV were tested in homologous and heterologous virus-specific assays, namely indirect ELISAs based on recombinant N protein, indirect immunofluorescence assays (iIFA), and two neutralization test formats (plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) and micro-virus neutralization test (mVNT)). The highest specificities were achieved with the ELISAs, followed by the mVNT, iIFA, and PRNT. Cross-reactivities were mainly observed within the Nairobi sheep disease serogroup–but surprisingly, HAZV antibodies in PRNT did also neutralize NSDV and DUGV. In conclusion, we recommend ELISAs and mVNTs for a discriminative diagnostic approach to differentiate between these antibodies. NSDV antisera were also used in serological assays for the detection of antibodies against the human pathogen Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus (CCHFV). Interestingly, all CCHFV ELISAs (In-house and commercial) achieved high diagnostic specificities, whereas significant cross-reactivities were observed in a CCHFV iIFA. Previously, similar results were obtained when analyzing the HAZV and DUGV antisera.
Published: 2021

5. Diagnosis and Pathogenesis of Nairobi Sheep Disease Orthonairovirus Infections in Sheep and Cattle

Author: Hartlaub J, Gutjahr B, Fast C, Mirazimi A, Keller M, Groschup MH
Abstract: Nairobi sheep disease orthonairovirus (NSDV) is a zoonotic tick-borne arbovirus, which causes severe gastroenteritis in small ruminants. To date, the virus is prevalent in East Africa and Asia. However, due to climate change, including the spread of transmitting tick vectors and increased animal movements, it is likely that the distribution range of NSDV is enlarging. In this project, sheep and cattle (hitherto classified as resistant to NSDV) were experimentally infected with NSDV for a comparative study of the species-specific pathogenesis. For this purpose, several new diagnostic assays (RT-qPCR, ELISA, iIFA, mVNT, PRNT) were developed, which will also be useful for future epidemiological investigations. All challenged sheep (three different doses groups) developed characteristic clinical signs, transient viremia and virus shedding—almost independent on the applied virus dose. Half of the sheep had to be euthanized due to severe clinical signs, including hemorrhagic diarrhea. In contrast, the course of infection in cattle was only subclinical. However, all ruminants showed seroconversion—implying that, indeed, both species are susceptible for NSDV. Hence, not only sheep but also cattle sera can be included in serological monitoring programs for the surveillance of NSDV occurrence and spread in the future.
Published: 2021

6. Experimental Challenge of Sheep and Cattle with Dugbe Orthonairovirus, a Neglected African Arbovirus Distantly Related to CCHFV

Author: Hartlaub J, von Arnim F, Fast C, Mirazimi A, Keller M, Groschup MH
Abstract: Dugbe orthonairovirus (DUGV) is a tick-borne arbovirus within the orderBunyavirales. DUGV was first isolated in Nigeria, but virus isolations in ten further African countries indicate that DUGV is widespread throughout Africa. Humans can suffer from a mild febrile illness, hence, DUGV is classified as a biosafety level (BSL) 3 agent. In contrast, no disease has been described in animals, albeit serological evidence exists that ruminants are common hosts and may play an important role in the transmission cycle of this neglected arbovirus. In this study, young sheep and calves were experimentally inoculated with DUGV in order to determine their susceptibility and to study the course of infection. Moreover, potential antibody cross-reactivities in currently available diagnostic assays for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus (CCHFV) were assessed as DUGV is distantly related to CCHFV. Following subcutaneous inoculation, none of the animals developed clinical signs or viremia. However, all ruminants seroconverted, as demonstrated by two DUGV neutralization test formats (micro-virus neutralization test (mVNT), plaque reduction (PRNT)), by indirect immunofluorescence assays and in bovines by a newly developed DUGV recombinant N protein ELISA. Sera did not react in commercial CCHFV ELISAs, whereas cross-reactivities were observed by immunofluorescence and immunoblot assays.
Published: 2021

7. 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales

Author: Kuhn, J, Adkins, S, Agwanda, B, Al Kubrusli, R, Alkhovsky, S, Amarasinghe, G, Avsic-Zupanc, T, Ayllon, M, Bahl, J, Balkema-Buschmann, A, Ballinger, M, Basler, C, Bavari, S, Beer, M, Bejerman, N, Bennett, A, Bente, D, Bergeron, E, Bird, B, Blair, C, Blasdell, K, Blystad, D, Bojko, J, Borth, W, Bradfute, S, Breyta, R, Briese, T, Brown, P, Brown, J, Buchholz, U, Buchmeier, M, Bukreyev, A, Burt, F, Buttner, C, Calisher, C, Cao, M, Casas, I, Chandran, K, Charrel, R, Cheng, Q, Chiaki, Y, Chiapello, M, Choi, I, Ciuffo, M, Clegg, J, Crozier, I, Dal Bo, E, de la Torre, J, de Lamballerie, X, de Swart, R, Debat, H, Dheilly, N, Di Cicco, E, Di Paola, N, Di Serio, F, Dietzgen, R, Digiaro, M, Dolnik, O, Drebot, M, Drexler, J, Dundon, W, Duprex, W, Durrwald, R, Dye, J, Easton, A, Ebihara, H, Elbeaino, T, Ergunay, K, Ferguson, H, Fooks, A, Forgia, M, Formenty, P, Franova, J, Freitas-Astua, J, Fu, J, Furl, S, Gago-Zachert, S, Gao, G, Garcia, M, Garcia-Sastre, A, Garrison, A, Gaskin, T, Gonzalez, J, Griffiths, A, Goldberg, T, Groschup, M, Gunther, S, Hall, R, Hammond, J, Han, T, Hepojoki, J, Hewson, R, Hong, J, Hong, N, Hongo, S, Horie, M, Hu, J, Hu, T, Hughes, H, Huttner, F, Hyndman, T, Ilyas, M, Jalkanen, R, Jiang, D, Jonson, G, Junglen, S, Kadono, F, Kaukinen, K, Kawate, M, Klempa, B, Klingstrom, J, Kobinger, G, Koloniuk, I, Kondo, H, Koonin, E, Krupovic, M, Kubota, K, Kurath, G, Laenen, L, Lambert, A, Langevin, S, Lee, B, Lefkowitz, E, Leroy, E, Li, S, Li, L, Li, J, Liu, H, Lukashevich, I, Maes, P, de Souza, W, Marklewitz, M, Marshall, S, Marzano, S, Massart, S, Mccauley, J, Melzer, M, Mielke-Ehret, N, Miller, K, Ming, T, Mirazimi, A, Mordecai, G, Muhlbach, H, Muhlberger, E, Naidu, R, Natsuaki, T, Navarro, J, Netesov, S, Neumann, G, Nowotny, N, Nunes, M, Olmedo-Velarde, A, Palacios, G, Pallas, V, Palyi, B, Papa, A, Paraskevopoulou, S, Park, A, Parrish, C, Patterson, D, Pauvolid-Correa, A, Paweska, J, Payne, S, Peracchio, C, Perez, D, Postler, T, Qi, L, Radoshitzky, S, Resende, R, Reyes, C, Rima, B, Luna, G, Romanowski, V, Rota, P, Rubbenstroth, D, Rubino, L, Runstadler, J, Sabanadzovic, S, Sall, A, Salvato, M, Sang, R, Sasaya, T, Schulze, A, Schwemmle, M, Shi, M, Shi, X, Shi, Z, Shimomoto, Y, Shirako, Y, Siddell, S, Simmonds, P, Sironi, M, Smagghe, G, Smither, S, Song, J, Spann, K, Spengler, J, Stenglein, M, Stone, D, Sugano, J, Suttle, C, Tabata, A, Takada, A, Takeuchi, S, Tchouassi, D, Teffer, A, Tesh, R, Thornburg, N, Tomitaka, Y, Tomonaga, K, Tordo, N, Torto, B, Towner, J, Tsuda, S, Tu, C, Turina, M, Tzanetakis, I, Uchida, J, Usugi, T, Vaira, A, Vallino, M, van den Hoogen, B, Varsani, A, Vasilakis, N, Verbeek, M, von Bargen, S, Wada, J, Wahl, V, Walker, P, Wang, L, Wang, G, Wang, Y, Waqas, M, Wei, T, Wen, S, Whitfield, A, Williams, J, Wolf, Y, Wu, J, Xu, L, Yanagisawa, H, Yang, C, Yang, Z, Zerbini, F, Zhai, L, Zhang, Y, Zhang, S, Zhang, J, Zhang, Z, Zhou, X, Kuhn JH, Adkins S, Agwanda BR, Al Kubrusli R, Alkhovsky SV, Amarasinghe GK, Avsic-Zupanc T, Ayllon MA, Bahl J, Balkema-Buschmann A, Ballinger MJ, Basler CF, Bavari S, Beer M, Bejerman N, Bennett AJ, Bente DA, Bergeron E, Bird BH, Blair CD, Blasdell KR, Blystad DR, Bojko J, Borth WB, Bradfute S, Breyta R, Briese T, Brown PA, Brown JK, Buchholz UJ, Buchmeier MJ, Bukreyev A, Burt F, Buttner C, Calisher CH, Cao MJ, Casas I, Chandran K, Charrel RN, Cheng Q, Chiaki Y, Chiapello M, Choi I, Ciuffo M, Clegg JCS, Crozier I, Dal Bo E, de la Torre JC, de Lamballerie X, de Swart RL, Debat H, Dheilly NM, Di Cicco E, Di Paola N, Di Serio F, Dietzgen RG, Digiaro M, Dolnik O, Drebot MA, Drexler JF, Dundon WG, Duprex WP, Durrwald R, Dye JM, Easton AJ, Ebihara H, Elbeaino T, Ergunay K, Ferguson HW, Fooks AR, Forgia M, Formenty PBH, Franova J, Freitas-Astua J, Fu JJ, Furl S, Gago-Zachert S, Gao GF, Garcia ML, Garcia-Sastre A, Garrison AR, Gaskin T, Gonzalez JPJ, Griffiths A, Goldberg TL, Groschup MH, Gunther S, Hall RA, Hammond J, Han T, Hepojoki J, Hewson R, Hong J, Hong N, Hongo S, Horie M, Hu JS, Hu T, Hughes HR, Huttner F, Hyndman TH, Ilyas M, Jalkanen R, Jiang DH, Jonson GB, Junglen S, Kadono F, Kaukinen KH, Kawate M, Klempa B, Klingstrom J, Kobinger G, Koloniuk I, Kondo H, Koonin EV, Krupovic M, Kubota K, Kurath G, Laenen L, Lambert AJ, Langevin SL, Lee B, Lefkowitz EJ, Leroy EM, Li SR, Li LH, Li JR, Liu HZ, Lukashevich IS, Maes P, de Souza WM, Marklewitz M, Marshall SH, Marzano SYL, Massart S, McCauley JW, Melzer M, Mielke-Ehret N, Miller KM, Ming TJ, Mirazimi A, Mordecai GJ, Muhlbach HP, Muhlberger E, Naidu R, Natsuaki T, Navarro JA, Netesov SV, Neumann G, Nowotny N, Nunes MRT, Olmedo-Velarde A, Palacios G, Pallas V, Palyi B, Papa A, Paraskevopoulou S, Park AC, Parrish CR, Patterson DA, Pauvolid-Correa A, Paweska JT, Payne S, Peracchio C, Perez DR, Postler TS, Qi LY, Radoshitzky SR, Resende RO, Reyes CA, Rima BK, Luna GR, Romanowski V, Rota P, Rubbenstroth D, Rubino L, Runstadler JA, Sabanadzovic S, Sall AA, Salvato MS, Sang RS, Sasaya T, Schulze AD, Schwemmle M, Shi M, Shi XH, Shi ZL, Shimomoto Y, Shirako Y, Siddell SG, Simmonds P, Sironi M, Smagghe G, Smither S, Song JW, Spann K, Spengler JR, Stenglein MD, Stone DM, Sugano J, Suttle CA, Tabata A, Takada A, Takeuchi S, Tchouassi DP, Teffer A, Tesh RB, Thornburg NJ, Tomitaka Y, Tomonaga K, Tordo N, Torto B, Towner JS, Tsuda S, Tu CC, Turina M, Tzanetakis IE, Uchida J, Usugi T, Vaira AM, Vallino M, van den Hoogen B, Varsani A, Vasilakis N, Verbeek M, von Bargen S, Wada J, Wahl V, Walker PJ, Wang LF, Wang GP, Wang YX, Wang YQ, Waqas M, Wei TY, Wen SH, Whitfield AE, Williams JV, Wolf YI, Wu JX, Xu L, Yanagisawa H, Yang CX, Yang ZK, Zerbini FM, Zhai L, Zhang YZ, Zhang S, Zhang JG, Zhang Z, Zhou XP, Kuhn, J, Adkins, S, Agwanda, B, Al Kubrusli, R, Alkhovsky, S, Amarasinghe, G, Avsic-Zupanc, T, Ayllon, M, Bahl, J, Balkema-Buschmann, A, Ballinger, M, Basler, C, Bavari, S, Beer, M, Bejerman, N, Bennett, A, Bente, D, Bergeron, E, Bird, B, Blair, C, Blasdell, K, Blystad, D, Bojko, J, Borth, W, Bradfute, S, Breyta, R, Briese, T, Brown, P, Brown, J, Buchholz, U, Buchmeier, M, Bukreyev, A, Burt, F, Buttner, C, Calisher, C, Cao, M, Casas, I, Chandran, K, Charrel, R, Cheng, Q, Chiaki, Y, Chiapello, M, Choi, I, Ciuffo, M, Clegg, J, Crozier, I, Dal Bo, E, de la Torre, J, de Lamballerie, X, de Swart, R, Debat, H, Dheilly, N, Di Cicco, E, Di Paola, N, Di Serio, F, Dietzgen, R, Digiaro, M, Dolnik, O, Drebot, M, Drexler, J, Dundon, W, Duprex, W, Durrwald, R, Dye, J, Easton, A, Ebihara, H, Elbeaino, T, Ergunay, K, Ferguson, H, Fooks, A, Forgia, M, Formenty, P, Franova, J, Freitas-Astua, J, Fu, J, Furl, S, Gago-Zachert, S, Gao, G, Garcia, M, Garcia-Sastre, A, Garrison, A, Gaskin, T, Gonzalez, J, Griffiths, A, Goldberg, T, Groschup, M, Gunther, S, Hall, R, Hammond, J, Han, T, Hepojoki, J, Hewson, R, Hong, J, Hong, N, Hongo, S, Horie, M, Hu, J, Hu, T, Hughes, H, Huttner, F, Hyndman, T, Ilyas, M, Jalkanen, R, Jiang, D, Jonson, G, Junglen, S, Kadono, F, Kaukinen, K, Kawate, M, Klempa, B, Klingstrom, J, Kobinger, G, Koloniuk, I, Kondo, H, Koonin, E, Krupovic, M, Kubota, K, Kurath, G, Laenen, L, Lambert, A, Langevin, S, Lee, B, Lefkowitz, E, Leroy, E, Li, S, Li, L, Li, J, Liu, H, Lukashevich, I, Maes, P, de Souza, W, Marklewitz, M, Marshall, S, Marzano, S, Massart, S, Mccauley, J, Melzer, M, Mielke-Ehret, N, Miller, K, Ming, T, Mirazimi, A, Mordecai, G, Muhlbach, H, Muhlberger, E, Naidu, R, Natsuaki, T, Navarro, J, Netesov, S, Neumann, G, Nowotny, N, Nunes, M, Olmedo-Velarde, A, Palacios, G, Pallas, V, Palyi, B, Papa, A, Paraskevopoulou, S, Park, A, Parrish, C, Patterson, D, Pauvolid-Correa, A, Paweska, J, Payne, S, Peracchio, C, Perez, D, Postler, T, Qi, L, Radoshitzky, S, Resende, R, Reyes, C, Rima, B, Luna, G, Romanowski, V, Rota, P, Rubbenstroth, D, Rubino, L, Runstadler, J, Sabanadzovic, S, Sall, A, Salvato, M, Sang, R, Sasaya, T, Schulze, A, Schwemmle, M, Shi, M, Shi, X, Shi, Z, Shimomoto, Y, Shirako, Y, Siddell, S, Simmonds, P, Sironi, M, Smagghe, G, Smither, S, Song, J, Spann, K, Spengler, J, Stenglein, M, Stone, D, Sugano, J, Suttle, C, Tabata, A, Takada, A, Takeuchi, S, Tchouassi, D, Teffer, A, Tesh, R, Thornburg, N, Tomitaka, Y, Tomonaga, K, Tordo, N, Torto, B, Towner, J, Tsuda, S, Tu, C, Turina, M, Tzanetakis, I, Uchida, J, Usugi, T, Vaira, A, Vallino, M, van den Hoogen, B, Varsani, A, Vasilakis, N, Verbeek, M, von Bargen, S, Wada, J, Wahl, V, Walker, P, Wang, L, Wang, G, Wang, Y, Waqas, M, Wei, T, Wen, S, Whitfield, A, Williams, J, Wolf, Y, Wu, J, Xu, L, Yanagisawa, H, Yang, C, Yang, Z, Zerbini, F, Zhai, L, Zhang, Y, Zhang, S, Zhang, J, Zhang, Z, Zhou, X, Kuhn JH, Adkins S, Agwanda BR, Al Kubrusli R, Alkhovsky SV, Amarasinghe GK, Avsic-Zupanc T, Ayllon MA, Bahl J, Balkema-Buschmann A, Ballinger MJ, Basler CF, Bavari S, Beer M, Bejerman N, Bennett AJ, Bente DA, Bergeron E, Bird BH, Blair CD, Blasdell KR, Blystad DR, Bojko J, Borth WB, Bradfute S, Breyta R, Briese T, Brown PA, Brown JK, Buchholz UJ, Buchmeier MJ, Bukreyev A, Burt F, Buttner C, Calisher CH, Cao MJ, Casas I, Chandran K, Charrel RN, Cheng Q, Chiaki Y, Chiapello M, Choi I, Ciuffo M, Clegg JCS, Crozier I, Dal Bo E, de la Torre JC, de Lamballerie X, de Swart RL, Debat H, Dheilly NM, Di Cicco E, Di Paola N, Di Serio F, Dietzgen RG, Digiaro M, Dolnik O, Drebot MA, Drexler JF, Dundon WG, Duprex WP, Durrwald R, Dye JM, Easton AJ, Ebihara H, Elbeaino T, Ergunay K, Ferguson HW, Fooks AR, Forgia M, Formenty PBH, Franova J, Freitas-Astua J, Fu JJ, Furl S, Gago-Zachert S, Gao GF, Garcia ML, Garcia-Sastre A, Garrison AR, Gaskin T, Gonzalez JPJ, Griffiths A, Goldberg TL, Groschup MH, Gunther S, Hall RA, Hammond J, Han T, Hepojoki J, Hewson R, Hong J, Hong N, Hongo S, Horie M, Hu JS, Hu T, Hughes HR, Huttner F, Hyndman TH, Ilyas M, Jalkanen R, Jiang DH, Jonson GB, Junglen S, Kadono F, Kaukinen KH, Kawate M, Klempa B, Klingstrom J, Kobinger G, Koloniuk I, Kondo H, Koonin EV, Krupovic M, Kubota K, Kurath G, Laenen L, Lambert AJ, Langevin SL, Lee B, Lefkowitz EJ, Leroy EM, Li SR, Li LH, Li JR, Liu HZ, Lukashevich IS, Maes P, de Souza WM, Marklewitz M, Marshall SH, Marzano SYL, Massart S, McCauley JW, Melzer M, Mielke-Ehret N, Miller KM, Ming TJ, Mirazimi A, Mordecai GJ, Muhlbach HP, Muhlberger E, Naidu R, Natsuaki T, Navarro JA, Netesov SV, Neumann G, Nowotny N, Nunes MRT, Olmedo-Velarde A, Palacios G, Pallas V, Palyi B, Papa A, Paraskevopoulou S, Park AC, Parrish CR, Patterson DA, Pauvolid-Correa A, Paweska JT, Payne S, Peracchio C, Perez DR, Postler TS, Qi LY, Radoshitzky SR, Resende RO, Reyes CA, Rima BK, Luna GR, Romanowski V, Rota P, Rubbenstroth D, Rubino L, Runstadler JA, Sabanadzovic S, Sall AA, Salvato MS, Sang RS, Sasaya T, Schulze AD, Schwemmle M, Shi M, Shi XH, Shi ZL, Shimomoto Y, Shirako Y, Siddell SG, Simmonds P, Sironi M, Smagghe G, Smither S, Song JW, Spann K, Spengler JR, Stenglein MD, Stone DM, Sugano J, Suttle CA, Tabata A, Takada A, Takeuchi S, Tchouassi DP, Teffer A, Tesh RB, Thornburg NJ, Tomitaka Y, Tomonaga K, Tordo N, Torto B, Towner JS, Tsuda S, Tu CC, Turina M, Tzanetakis IE, Uchida J, Usugi T, Vaira AM, Vallino M, van den Hoogen B, Varsani A, Vasilakis N, Verbeek M, von Bargen S, Wada J, Wahl V, Walker PJ, Wang LF, Wang GP, Wang YX, Wang YQ, Waqas M, Wei TY, Wen SH, Whitfield AE, Williams JV, Wolf YI, Wu JX, Xu L, Yanagisawa H, Yang CX, Yang ZK, Zerbini FM, Zhai L, Zhang YZ, Zhang S, Zhang JG, Zhang Z, and Zhou XP
Abstract: In March 2021, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by four families (Aliusviridae, Crepuscuviridae, Myriaviridae, and Natareviridae), three subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae), 42 genera, and 200 species. Thirty-nine species were renamed and/or moved and seven species were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.
Published: 2021

8. Sheep and Cattle Are Not Susceptible to Experimental Inoculation with Hazara Orthonairovirus, a Tick-Borne Arbovirus Closely Related to CCHFV

Author: Hartlaub J, von Arnim F, Fast C, Somova M, Mirazimi A, Groschup MH, Keller M
Abstract: Hazara orthonairovirus (HAZV) is a tick-borne arbovirus closely related to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus (CCHFV). Whereas CCHFV is a biosafety level (BSL) 4 agent, HAZV is classified as BSL 2, as it is not known to cause any disease in humans. Belonging to the same serogroup as CCHFV, HAZV might act as a model which can provide a better understanding of this important zoonosis. Furthermore, the serological relatedness may cause diagnostic problems if antibodies against HAZV interfere with current CCHFV serological assays. Therefore, sheep and cattle-important natural hosts for CCHFV-were experimentally infected with HAZV to prove their susceptibility and evaluate potential antibody cross-reactivities. According to this study, neither sheep nor cattle are susceptible to experimental HAZV infections. Consequently, the HAZV infection in ruminants is clearly distinct from CCHFV infections. Sera of immunized animals weakly cross-reacted between HAZV and CCHFV in immunofluorescence and immunoblot assays, but not in commercial CCHFV ELISAs commonly used for field studies.
Published: 2020

9. Transmission and characterisation of atypical scrapie cases from Great Britain in transgenic and wild-type mice

Author: Griffiths, PC, Spiropoulos, J, Lockey, R, Tout, AC, Jayasena, D, Plater, JM, Chave, A, Simonini, S, Dexter, I, Buschmann, A, Groschup, MH, Beringue, Vincent, Le Dur, Annick, Laude, Hubert, Simmons, MM, Hope, Jane, Inconnu, Unité de recherche Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM (UR 0892)), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2020

10. 2020 taxonomic update for phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales

Author: Kuhn, J, Adkins, S, Alioto, D, Alkhovsky, S, Amarasinghe, G, Anthony, S, Avsic-Aupanc, T, Ayllon, M, Bahl, J, Balkema-Buschmann, A, Ballinger, M, Bartonicka, T, Basler, C, Bavari, S, Beer, M, Bente, D, Bergeron, E, Bird, B, Blair, C, Blasdell, K, Bradfute, S, Breyta, R, Briese, T, Brown, P, Buchholz, U, Buchmeier, M, Bukreyev, A, Burt, F, Buzkan, N, Calisher, C, Cao, M, Casas, I, Chamberlain, J, Chandran, K, Charrel, R, Chen, B, Chiumenti, M, Choi, I, Clegg, J, Crozier, I, da Graca, J, Dal Bo, E, Davila, A, de la Torre, J, de Lamballerie, X, de Swart, R, Di Bello, P, Di Paola, N, Di Serio, F, Dietzgen, R, Digiaro, M, Dolja, V, Dolnik, O, Drebot, M, Drexler, J, Durrwald, R, Dufkova, L, Dundon, W, Duprex, W, Dye, J, Easton, A, Ebihara, H, Elbeaino, T, Ergunay, K, Fernandes, J, Fooks, A, Formenty, P, Forth, L, Fouchier, R, Freitas-Astua, J, Gago-Zachert, S, Gao, G, Garcia, M, Garcia-Sastre, A, Garrison, A, Gbakima, A, Goldstein, T, Gonzalez, J, Griffiths, A, Groschup, M, Gunther, S, Guterres, A, Hall, R, Hammond, J, Hassan, M, Hepojoki, J, Hepojoki, S, Hetzel, U, Hewson, R, Hoffmann, B, Hongo, S, Hoper, D, Horie, M, Hughes, H, Hyndman, T, Jambai, A, Jardim, R, Jiang, D, Jin, Q, Jonson, G, Junglen, S, Karadag, S, Keller, K, Klempa, B, Klingstrom, J, Kobinger, G, Kondo, H, Koonin, E, Krupovic, M, Kurath, G, Kuzmin, I, Laenen, L, Lamb, R, Lambert, A, Langevin, S, Lee, B, Lemos, E, Leroy, E, Li, D, Li, J, Liang, M, Liu, W, Liu, Y, Lukashevich, I, Maes, P, de Souza, W, Marklewitz, M, Marshall, S, Martelli, G, Martin, R, Marzano, S, Massart, S, Mccauley, J, Mielke-Ehret, N, Minafra, A, Minutolo, M, Mirazimi, A, Muhlbach, H, Muhlberger, E, Naidu, R, Natsuaki, T, Navarro, B, Navarro, J, Netesov, S, Neumann, G, Nowotny, N, Nunes, M, Nylund, A, Okland, A, Oliveira, R, Palacios, G, Pallas, V, Palyi, B, Papa, A, Parrish, C, Pauvolid-Correa, A, Paweska, J, Payne, S, Perez, D, Pfaff, F, Radoshitzky, S, Aziz-ul, R, Ramos-Gonzalez, P, Resende, R, Reyes, C, Rima, B, Romanowski, V, Luna, G, Rota, P, Rubbenstroth, D, Runstadler, J, Ruzek, D, Sabanadzovic, S, Salat, J, Sall, A, Salvato, M, Sarpkaya, K, Sasaya, T, Schwemmle, M, Shabbir, M, Shi, X, Shi, Z, Shirako, Y, Simmonds, P, Sirmarovaa, J, Sironi, M, Smither, S, Smura, T, Song, J, Spann, K, Spengler, J, Stenglein, M, Stone, D, Strakova, P, Takada, A, Tesh, R, Thornburg, N, Tomonaga, K, Tordo, N, Towner, J, Turina, M, Tzanetakis, I, Ulrich, R, Vaira, A, van den Hoogen, B, Varsani, A, Vasilakis, N, Verbeek, M, Wahl, V, Walker, P, Wang, H, Wang, J, Wang, X, Wang, L, Wei, T, Wells, H, Whitfield, A, Williams, J, Wolf, Y, Wu, Z, Yang, X, Yu, X, Yutin, N, Zerbini, F, Zhang, T, Zhang, Y, Zhou, G, Zhou, X, Kuhn JH, Adkins S, Alioto D, Alkhovsky SV, Amarasinghe GK, Anthony SJ, Avsic-Aupanc T, Ayllon MA, Bahl J, Balkema-Buschmann A, Ballinger MJ, Bartonicka T, Basler C, Bavari S, Beer M, Bente DA, Bergeron E, Bird BH, Blair C, Blasdell KR, Bradfute SB, Breyta R, Briese T, Brown PA, Buchholz UJ, Buchmeier MJ, Bukreyev A, Burt F, Buzkan N, Calisher CH, Cao MJ, Casas I, Chamberlain J, Chandran K, Charrel RN, Chen B, Chiumenti M, Choi I, Clegg JCS, Crozier I, da Graca JV, Dal Bo E, Davila AMR, de la Torre JC, de Lamballerie X, de Swart RL, Di Bello PL, Di Paola N, Di Serio F, Dietzgen RG, Digiaro M, Dolja VV, Dolnik O, Drebot MA, Drexler JF, Durrwald R, Dufkova L, Dundon WG, Duprex WP, Dye JM, Easton AJ, Ebihara H, Elbeaino T, Ergunay K, Fernandes J, Fooks AR, Formenty PBH, Forth LF, Fouchier RAM, Freitas-Astua J, Gago-Zachert S, Gao GF, Garcia ML, Garcia-Sastre A, Garrison AR, Gbakima A, Goldstein T, Gonzalez JPJ, Griffiths A, Groschup MH, Gunther S, Guterres A, Hall RA, Hammond J, Hassan M, Hepojoki J, Hepojoki S, Hetzel U, Hewson R, Hoffmann B, Hongo S, Hoper D, Horie M, Hughes HR, Hyndman TH, Jambai A, Jardim R, Jiang DH, Jin Q, Jonson GB, Junglen S, Karadag S, Keller KE, Klempa B, Klingstrom J, Kobinger G, Kondo H, Koonin EV, Krupovic M, Kurath G, Kuzmin IV, Laenen L, Lamb RA, Lambert AJ, Langevin SL, Lee BH, Lemos ERS, Leroy EM, Li DX, Li JR, Liang MF, Liu WW, Liu Y, Lukashevich IS, Maes P, de Souza WM, Marklewitz M, Marshall SH, Martelli GP, Martin RR, Marzano SYL, Massart S, McCauley JW, Mielke-Ehret N, Minafra A, Minutolo M, Mirazimi A, Muhlbach HP, Muhlberger E, Naidu R, Natsuaki T, Navarro B, Navarro JA, Netesov SV, Neumann G, Nowotny N, Nunes MRT, Nylund A, Okland AL, Oliveira RC, Palacios G, Pallas V, Palyi B, Papa A, Parrish CR, Pauvolid-Correa A, Paweska JT, Payne S, Perez DR, Pfaff F, Radoshitzky SR, Aziz-ul Rahman, Ramos-Gonzalez PL, Resende RO, Reyes CA, Rima BK, Romanowski V, Luna GR, Rota P, Rubbenstroth D, Runstadler JA, Ruzek D, Sabanadzovic S, Salat J, Sall AA, Salvato MS, Sarpkaya K, Sasaya T, Schwemmle M, Shabbir MZ, Shi XH, Shi ZL, Shirako Y, Simmonds P, Sirmarovaa J, Sironi M, Smither S, Smura T, Song JW, Spann KM, Spengler JR, Stenglein MD, Stone DM, Strakova P, Takada A, Tesh RB, Thornburg NJ, Tomonaga K, Tordo N, Towner JS, Turina M, Tzanetakis I, Ulrich RG, Vaira AM, van den Hoogen B, Varsani A, Vasilakis N, Verbeek M, Wahl V, Walker PJ, Wang H, Wang JW, Wang XF, Wang LF, Wei TY, Wells H, Whitfield AE, Williams JV, Wolf YI, Wu ZQ, Yang X, Yu XJ, Yutin N, Zerbini FM, Zhang T, Zhang YZ, Zhou GH, Zhou XP, Kuhn, J, Adkins, S, Alioto, D, Alkhovsky, S, Amarasinghe, G, Anthony, S, Avsic-Aupanc, T, Ayllon, M, Bahl, J, Balkema-Buschmann, A, Ballinger, M, Bartonicka, T, Basler, C, Bavari, S, Beer, M, Bente, D, Bergeron, E, Bird, B, Blair, C, Blasdell, K, Bradfute, S, Breyta, R, Briese, T, Brown, P, Buchholz, U, Buchmeier, M, Bukreyev, A, Burt, F, Buzkan, N, Calisher, C, Cao, M, Casas, I, Chamberlain, J, Chandran, K, Charrel, R, Chen, B, Chiumenti, M, Choi, I, Clegg, J, Crozier, I, da Graca, J, Dal Bo, E, Davila, A, de la Torre, J, de Lamballerie, X, de Swart, R, Di Bello, P, Di Paola, N, Di Serio, F, Dietzgen, R, Digiaro, M, Dolja, V, Dolnik, O, Drebot, M, Drexler, J, Durrwald, R, Dufkova, L, Dundon, W, Duprex, W, Dye, J, Easton, A, Ebihara, H, Elbeaino, T, Ergunay, K, Fernandes, J, Fooks, A, Formenty, P, Forth, L, Fouchier, R, Freitas-Astua, J, Gago-Zachert, S, Gao, G, Garcia, M, Garcia-Sastre, A, Garrison, A, Gbakima, A, Goldstein, T, Gonzalez, J, Griffiths, A, Groschup, M, Gunther, S, Guterres, A, Hall, R, Hammond, J, Hassan, M, Hepojoki, J, Hepojoki, S, Hetzel, U, Hewson, R, Hoffmann, B, Hongo, S, Hoper, D, Horie, M, Hughes, H, Hyndman, T, Jambai, A, Jardim, R, Jiang, D, Jin, Q, Jonson, G, Junglen, S, Karadag, S, Keller, K, Klempa, B, Klingstrom, J, Kobinger, G, Kondo, H, Koonin, E, Krupovic, M, Kurath, G, Kuzmin, I, Laenen, L, Lamb, R, Lambert, A, Langevin, S, Lee, B, Lemos, E, Leroy, E, Li, D, Li, J, Liang, M, Liu, W, Liu, Y, Lukashevich, I, Maes, P, de Souza, W, Marklewitz, M, Marshall, S, Martelli, G, Martin, R, Marzano, S, Massart, S, Mccauley, J, Mielke-Ehret, N, Minafra, A, Minutolo, M, Mirazimi, A, Muhlbach, H, Muhlberger, E, Naidu, R, Natsuaki, T, Navarro, B, Navarro, J, Netesov, S, Neumann, G, Nowotny, N, Nunes, M, Nylund, A, Okland, A, Oliveira, R, Palacios, G, Pallas, V, Palyi, B, Papa, A, Parrish, C, Pauvolid-Correa, A, Paweska, J, Payne, S, Perez, D, Pfaff, F, Radoshitzky, S, Aziz-ul, R, Ramos-Gonzalez, P, Resende, R, Reyes, C, Rima, B, Romanowski, V, Luna, G, Rota, P, Rubbenstroth, D, Runstadler, J, Ruzek, D, Sabanadzovic, S, Salat, J, Sall, A, Salvato, M, Sarpkaya, K, Sasaya, T, Schwemmle, M, Shabbir, M, Shi, X, Shi, Z, Shirako, Y, Simmonds, P, Sirmarovaa, J, Sironi, M, Smither, S, Smura, T, Song, J, Spann, K, Spengler, J, Stenglein, M, Stone, D, Strakova, P, Takada, A, Tesh, R, Thornburg, N, Tomonaga, K, Tordo, N, Towner, J, Turina, M, Tzanetakis, I, Ulrich, R, Vaira, A, van den Hoogen, B, Varsani, A, Vasilakis, N, Verbeek, M, Wahl, V, Walker, P, Wang, H, Wang, J, Wang, X, Wang, L, Wei, T, Wells, H, Whitfield, A, Williams, J, Wolf, Y, Wu, Z, Yang, X, Yu, X, Yutin, N, Zerbini, F, Zhang, T, Zhang, Y, Zhou, G, Zhou, X, Kuhn JH, Adkins S, Alioto D, Alkhovsky SV, Amarasinghe GK, Anthony SJ, Avsic-Aupanc T, Ayllon MA, Bahl J, Balkema-Buschmann A, Ballinger MJ, Bartonicka T, Basler C, Bavari S, Beer M, Bente DA, Bergeron E, Bird BH, Blair C, Blasdell KR, Bradfute SB, Breyta R, Briese T, Brown PA, Buchholz UJ, Buchmeier MJ, Bukreyev A, Burt F, Buzkan N, Calisher CH, Cao MJ, Casas I, Chamberlain J, Chandran K, Charrel RN, Chen B, Chiumenti M, Choi I, Clegg JCS, Crozier I, da Graca JV, Dal Bo E, Davila AMR, de la Torre JC, de Lamballerie X, de Swart RL, Di Bello PL, Di Paola N, Di Serio F, Dietzgen RG, Digiaro M, Dolja VV, Dolnik O, Drebot MA, Drexler JF, Durrwald R, Dufkova L, Dundon WG, Duprex WP, Dye JM, Easton AJ, Ebihara H, Elbeaino T, Ergunay K, Fernandes J, Fooks AR, Formenty PBH, Forth LF, Fouchier RAM, Freitas-Astua J, Gago-Zachert S, Gao GF, Garcia ML, Garcia-Sastre A, Garrison AR, Gbakima A, Goldstein T, Gonzalez JPJ, Griffiths A, Groschup MH, Gunther S, Guterres A, Hall RA, Hammond J, Hassan M, Hepojoki J, Hepojoki S, Hetzel U, Hewson R, Hoffmann B, Hongo S, Hoper D, Horie M, Hughes HR, Hyndman TH, Jambai A, Jardim R, Jiang DH, Jin Q, Jonson GB, Junglen S, Karadag S, Keller KE, Klempa B, Klingstrom J, Kobinger G, Kondo H, Koonin EV, Krupovic M, Kurath G, Kuzmin IV, Laenen L, Lamb RA, Lambert AJ, Langevin SL, Lee BH, Lemos ERS, Leroy EM, Li DX, Li JR, Liang MF, Liu WW, Liu Y, Lukashevich IS, Maes P, de Souza WM, Marklewitz M, Marshall SH, Martelli GP, Martin RR, Marzano SYL, Massart S, McCauley JW, Mielke-Ehret N, Minafra A, Minutolo M, Mirazimi A, Muhlbach HP, Muhlberger E, Naidu R, Natsuaki T, Navarro B, Navarro JA, Netesov SV, Neumann G, Nowotny N, Nunes MRT, Nylund A, Okland AL, Oliveira RC, Palacios G, Pallas V, Palyi B, Papa A, Parrish CR, Pauvolid-Correa A, Paweska JT, Payne S, Perez DR, Pfaff F, Radoshitzky SR, Aziz-ul Rahman, Ramos-Gonzalez PL, Resende RO, Reyes CA, Rima BK, Romanowski V, Luna GR, Rota P, Rubbenstroth D, Runstadler JA, Ruzek D, Sabanadzovic S, Salat J, Sall AA, Salvato MS, Sarpkaya K, Sasaya T, Schwemmle M, Shabbir MZ, Shi XH, Shi ZL, Shirako Y, Simmonds P, Sirmarovaa J, Sironi M, Smither S, Smura T, Song JW, Spann KM, Spengler JR, Stenglein MD, Stone DM, Strakova P, Takada A, Tesh RB, Thornburg NJ, Tomonaga K, Tordo N, Towner JS, Turina M, Tzanetakis I, Ulrich RG, Vaira AM, van den Hoogen B, Varsani A, Vasilakis N, Verbeek M, Wahl V, Walker PJ, Wang H, Wang JW, Wang XF, Wang LF, Wei TY, Wells H, Whitfield AE, Williams JV, Wolf YI, Wu ZQ, Yang X, Yu XJ, Yutin N, Zerbini FM, Zhang T, Zhang YZ, Zhou GH, and Zhou XP
Abstract: In March 2020, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. At the genus rank, 20 new genera were added, two were deleted, one was moved, and three were renamed. At the species rank, 160 species were added, four were deleted, ten were moved and renamed, and 30 species were renamed. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.
Published: 2020

11. Taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales: update 2019

Author: Abudurexiti, A, Adkins, S, Alioto, D, Alkhovsky, S, Avsic-Zupanc, T, Ballinger, M, Bente, D, Beer, M, Bergeron, E, Blair, C, Briese, T, Buchmeier, M, Burt, F, Calisher, C, Chang, C, Charrel, R, Choi, I, Clegg, J, la Torre, J, Lamballerie, X, Deng, F, Di Serio, F, Digiaro, M, Drebot, M, Duan, X, Ebihara, H, Elbeaino, T, Ergunay, K, Fulhorst, C, Garrison, A, Gao, G, Gonzalez, J, Groschup, M, Guenther, S, Haenni, A, Hall, R, Hepojoki, J, Hewson, R, Hu, Z, Hughes, H, Jonson, M, Junglen, S, Klempa, B, Klingstrom, J, Kou, C, Laenen, L, Lambert, A, Langevin, S, Liu, D, Lukashevich, I, Luo, T, Lu, C, Maes, P, de Souza, W, Marklewitz, M, Martelli, G, Matsuno, K, Mielke-Ehret, N, Minutolo, M, Mirazimi, A, Moming, A, Muhlbach, H, Naidu, R, Navarro, B, Nunes, M, Palacios, G, Papa, A, Pauvolid-Correa, A, Paweska, J, Qiao, J, Radoshitzky, S, Resende, R, Romanowski, V, Sall, A, Salvato, M, Sasaya, T, Shen, S, Shi, X, Shirako, Y, Simmonds, P, Sironi, M, Song, J, Spengler, J, Stenglein, M, Su, Z, Sun, S, Tang, S, Turina, M, Wang, B, Wang, C, Wang, H, Wang, J, Wei, T, Whitfield, A, Zerbini, F, Zhang, J, Zhang, L, Zhang, Y, Zhou, X, Zhu, L, Kuhn, J, Abudurexiti A, Adkins S, Alioto D, Alkhovsky SV, Avsic-Zupanc T, Ballinger MJ, Bente DA, Beer M, Bergeron E, Blair CD, Briese T, Buchmeier MJ, Burt FJ, Calisher CH, Chang C, Charrel RN, Choi IR, Clegg JCS, la Torre JC, Lamballerie X, Deng F, Di Serio F, Digiaro M, Drebot MA, Duan XM, Ebihara H, Elbeaino T, Ergunay K, Fulhorst CF, Garrison AR, Gao GF, Gonzalez JPJ, Groschup MH, Guenther S, Haenni AL, Hall RA, Hepojoki J, Hewson R, Hu Z, Hughes HR, Jonson MG, Junglen S, Klempa B, Klingstrom J, Kou C, Laenen L, Lambert AJ, Langevin SA, Liu D, Lukashevich IS, Luo T, Lu CW, Maes P, de Souza WM, Marklewitz M, Martelli GP, Matsuno K, Mielke-Ehret N, Minutolo M, Mirazimi A, Moming A, Muhlbach HP, Naidu R, Navarro B, Nunes MRT, Palacios G, Papa A, Pauvolid-Correa A, Paweska JT, Qiao J, Radoshitzky SR, Resende RO, Romanowski V, Sall AA, Salvato MS, Sasaya T, Shen S, Shi XH, Shirako Y, Simmonds P, Sironi M, Song JW, Spengler JR, Stenglein MD, Su ZY, Sun S, Tang S, Turina M, Wang B, Wang C, Wang HL, Wang J, Wei TY, Whitfield AE, Zerbini FM, Zhang J, Zhang L, Zhang YF, Zhang YZ, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Zhu L, Kuhn JH, Abudurexiti, A, Adkins, S, Alioto, D, Alkhovsky, S, Avsic-Zupanc, T, Ballinger, M, Bente, D, Beer, M, Bergeron, E, Blair, C, Briese, T, Buchmeier, M, Burt, F, Calisher, C, Chang, C, Charrel, R, Choi, I, Clegg, J, la Torre, J, Lamballerie, X, Deng, F, Di Serio, F, Digiaro, M, Drebot, M, Duan, X, Ebihara, H, Elbeaino, T, Ergunay, K, Fulhorst, C, Garrison, A, Gao, G, Gonzalez, J, Groschup, M, Guenther, S, Haenni, A, Hall, R, Hepojoki, J, Hewson, R, Hu, Z, Hughes, H, Jonson, M, Junglen, S, Klempa, B, Klingstrom, J, Kou, C, Laenen, L, Lambert, A, Langevin, S, Liu, D, Lukashevich, I, Luo, T, Lu, C, Maes, P, de Souza, W, Marklewitz, M, Martelli, G, Matsuno, K, Mielke-Ehret, N, Minutolo, M, Mirazimi, A, Moming, A, Muhlbach, H, Naidu, R, Navarro, B, Nunes, M, Palacios, G, Papa, A, Pauvolid-Correa, A, Paweska, J, Qiao, J, Radoshitzky, S, Resende, R, Romanowski, V, Sall, A, Salvato, M, Sasaya, T, Shen, S, Shi, X, Shirako, Y, Simmonds, P, Sironi, M, Song, J, Spengler, J, Stenglein, M, Su, Z, Sun, S, Tang, S, Turina, M, Wang, B, Wang, C, Wang, H, Wang, J, Wei, T, Whitfield, A, Zerbini, F, Zhang, J, Zhang, L, Zhang, Y, Zhou, X, Zhu, L, Kuhn, J, Abudurexiti A, Adkins S, Alioto D, Alkhovsky SV, Avsic-Zupanc T, Ballinger MJ, Bente DA, Beer M, Bergeron E, Blair CD, Briese T, Buchmeier MJ, Burt FJ, Calisher CH, Chang C, Charrel RN, Choi IR, Clegg JCS, la Torre JC, Lamballerie X, Deng F, Di Serio F, Digiaro M, Drebot MA, Duan XM, Ebihara H, Elbeaino T, Ergunay K, Fulhorst CF, Garrison AR, Gao GF, Gonzalez JPJ, Groschup MH, Guenther S, Haenni AL, Hall RA, Hepojoki J, Hewson R, Hu Z, Hughes HR, Jonson MG, Junglen S, Klempa B, Klingstrom J, Kou C, Laenen L, Lambert AJ, Langevin SA, Liu D, Lukashevich IS, Luo T, Lu CW, Maes P, de Souza WM, Marklewitz M, Martelli GP, Matsuno K, Mielke-Ehret N, Minutolo M, Mirazimi A, Moming A, Muhlbach HP, Naidu R, Navarro B, Nunes MRT, Palacios G, Papa A, Pauvolid-Correa A, Paweska JT, Qiao J, Radoshitzky SR, Resende RO, Romanowski V, Sall AA, Salvato MS, Sasaya T, Shen S, Shi XH, Shirako Y, Simmonds P, Sironi M, Song JW, Spengler JR, Stenglein MD, Su ZY, Sun S, Tang S, Turina M, Wang B, Wang C, Wang HL, Wang J, Wei TY, Whitfield AE, Zerbini FM, Zhang J, Zhang L, Zhang YF, Zhang YZ, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Zhu L, and Kuhn JH
Abstract: In February 2019, following the annual taxon ratification vote, the order Bunyavirales was amended by creation of two new families, four new subfamilies, 11 new genera and 77 new species, merging of two species, and deletion of one species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
Published: 2019

12. Taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales: second update 2018

Author: Maes, P, Adkins, S, Alkhovsky, S, Avsic-Zupanc, T, Ballinger, M, Bente, D, Beer, M, Bergeron, E, Blair, C, Briese, T, Buchmeier, M, Burt, F, Calisher, C, Charrel, R, Choi, I, Clegg, J, de la Torre, J, de Lamballerie, X, Derisi, J, Digiaro, M, Drebot, M, Ebihara, H, Elbeaino, T, Ergunay, K, Fulhorst, C, Garrison, A, Gao, G, Gonzalez, J, Groschup, M, Gunther, S, Haenni, A, Hall, R, Hewson, R, Hughes, H, Jain, R, Jonson, M, Junglen, S, Klempa, B, Klingstrom, J, Kormelink, R, Lambert, A, Langevin, S, Lukashevich, I, Marklewitz, M, Martelli, G, Mielke-Ehret, N, Mirazimi, A, Muhlbach, H, Naidu, R, Nunes, M, Palacios, G, Papa, A, Paweska, J, Peters, C, Plyusnin, A, Radoshitzky, S, Resende, R, Romanowski, V, Sall, A, Salvato, M, Sasaya, T, Schmaljohn, C, Shi, X, Shirako, Y, Simmonds, P, Sironi, M, Song, J, Spengler, J, Stenglein, M, Tesh, R, Turina, M, Wei, T, Whitfield, A, Yeh, S, Zerbini, F, Zhang, Y, Zhou, X, Kuhn, J, Maes P, Adkins S, Alkhovsky SV, Avsic-Zupanc T, Ballinger MJ, Bente DA, Beer M, Bergeron E, Blair CD, Briese T, Buchmeier MJ, Burt FJ, Calisher CH, Charrel RN, Choi IR, Clegg JCS, de la Torre JC, de Lamballerie X, DeRisi JL, Digiaro M, Drebot M, Ebihara H, Elbeaino T, Ergunay K, Fulhorst CF, Garrison AR, Gao GF, Gonzalez JPJ, Groschup MH, Gunther S, Haenni AL, Hall RA, Hewson R, Hughes HR, Jain RK, Jonson MG, Junglen S, Klempa B, Klingstrom J, Kormelink R, Lambert AJ, Langevin SA, Lukashevich IS, Marklewitz M, Martelli GP, Mielke-Ehret N, Mirazimi A, Muhlbach HP, Naidu R, Nunes MRT, Palacios G, Papa A, Paweska JT, Peters CJ, Plyusnin A, Radoshitzky SR, Resende RO, Romanowski V, Sall AA, Salvato MS, Sasaya T, Schmaljohn C, Shi XH, Shirako Y, Simmonds P, Sironi M, Song JW, Spengler JR, Stenglein MD, Tesh RB, Turina M, Wei TY, Whitfield AE, Yeh SD, Zerbini FM, Zhang YZ, Zhou XP, Kuhn JH, Maes, P, Adkins, S, Alkhovsky, S, Avsic-Zupanc, T, Ballinger, M, Bente, D, Beer, M, Bergeron, E, Blair, C, Briese, T, Buchmeier, M, Burt, F, Calisher, C, Charrel, R, Choi, I, Clegg, J, de la Torre, J, de Lamballerie, X, Derisi, J, Digiaro, M, Drebot, M, Ebihara, H, Elbeaino, T, Ergunay, K, Fulhorst, C, Garrison, A, Gao, G, Gonzalez, J, Groschup, M, Gunther, S, Haenni, A, Hall, R, Hewson, R, Hughes, H, Jain, R, Jonson, M, Junglen, S, Klempa, B, Klingstrom, J, Kormelink, R, Lambert, A, Langevin, S, Lukashevich, I, Marklewitz, M, Martelli, G, Mielke-Ehret, N, Mirazimi, A, Muhlbach, H, Naidu, R, Nunes, M, Palacios, G, Papa, A, Paweska, J, Peters, C, Plyusnin, A, Radoshitzky, S, Resende, R, Romanowski, V, Sall, A, Salvato, M, Sasaya, T, Schmaljohn, C, Shi, X, Shirako, Y, Simmonds, P, Sironi, M, Song, J, Spengler, J, Stenglein, M, Tesh, R, Turina, M, Wei, T, Whitfield, A, Yeh, S, Zerbini, F, Zhang, Y, Zhou, X, Kuhn, J, Maes P, Adkins S, Alkhovsky SV, Avsic-Zupanc T, Ballinger MJ, Bente DA, Beer M, Bergeron E, Blair CD, Briese T, Buchmeier MJ, Burt FJ, Calisher CH, Charrel RN, Choi IR, Clegg JCS, de la Torre JC, de Lamballerie X, DeRisi JL, Digiaro M, Drebot M, Ebihara H, Elbeaino T, Ergunay K, Fulhorst CF, Garrison AR, Gao GF, Gonzalez JPJ, Groschup MH, Gunther S, Haenni AL, Hall RA, Hewson R, Hughes HR, Jain RK, Jonson MG, Junglen S, Klempa B, Klingstrom J, Kormelink R, Lambert AJ, Langevin SA, Lukashevich IS, Marklewitz M, Martelli GP, Mielke-Ehret N, Mirazimi A, Muhlbach HP, Naidu R, Nunes MRT, Palacios G, Papa A, Paweska JT, Peters CJ, Plyusnin A, Radoshitzky SR, Resende RO, Romanowski V, Sall AA, Salvato MS, Sasaya T, Schmaljohn C, Shi XH, Shirako Y, Simmonds P, Sironi M, Song JW, Spengler JR, Stenglein MD, Tesh RB, Turina M, Wei TY, Whitfield AE, Yeh SD, Zerbini FM, Zhang YZ, Zhou XP, and Kuhn JH
Abstract: In October 2018, the order Bunyavirales was amended by inclusion of the family Arenaviridae, abolishment of three families, creation of three new families, 19 new genera, and 14 new species, and renaming of three genera and 22 species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
Published: 2019

13. Charakterisierung verschiedener mono- und polyklonaler Antikörper zum immunhistologischen Nachweis des Rifttalfiebervirus

Author: Michaely, LM, additional, Gregor, KM, additional, Keller, M, additional, Rissmann, M, additional, König, R, additional, Gutjahr, B, additional, Dornbusch, S, additional, Schön, K, additional, Puff, C, additional, Ulrich, R, additional, Becker, S, additional, Groschup, MH, additional, Baumgärtner, W, additional, Eiden, M, additional, and Spitzbarth, I, additional
Published: 2019
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14. Aktuelle West-Nil-Virus-Infektionen in Deutschland – ein Überblick

Author: Fast, C, additional, van der Grinten, E, additional, Korbel, R, additional, Heinrich, A, additional, Reese, L, additional, Ebert, U, additional, Szentiks, CA, additional, Pöhle, D, additional, Michel, F, additional, Groschup, MH, additional, and Ziegler, U, additional
Published: 2019
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15. Einfluss unterschiedlicher Komponenten der Immunantwort auf die Pathogenese des Rifttalfieber

Author: Michaely, LM, additional, Eiden, M, additional, Keller, M, additional, Rissmann, M, additional, Hammerschmidt, F, additional, König, R, additional, Gutjahr, B, additional, Spitzbarth, I, additional, Groschup, MH, additional, Baumgärtner, W, additional, and Ulrich, R, additional
Published: 2019
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16. A Comparative Study of Immunohistochemical Methods for Detecting Abnormal Prion Protein with Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies

Author: Hardt, M, Baron, T, and Groschup, MH
Published: 2000
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17. Widespread activity of multiple lineages of Usutu virus, western Europe, 2016

Author: Cadar, D, Luehken, R, van der Jeugd, H, Garigliany, M, Ziegler, U, Keller, M, Lahoreau, J, Lachmann, L, Becker, N, Kik, M, Oude Munnink, Bas, van den Bosch, S, Tannich, E, van der Linden, Anne, Schmidt, V, Koopmans, Marion, Rijks, JM, Desmecht, D, Groschup, MH, Reusken, Chantal, Schmidt-Chanasit, J, Cadar, D, Luehken, R, van der Jeugd, H, Garigliany, M, Ziegler, U, Keller, M, Lahoreau, J, Lachmann, L, Becker, N, Kik, M, Oude Munnink, Bas, van den Bosch, S, Tannich, E, van der Linden, Anne, Schmidt, V, Koopmans, Marion, Rijks, JM, Desmecht, D, Groschup, MH, Reusken, Chantal, and Schmidt-Chanasit, J
Published: 2017

18. Rifampicin decreases cerebral beta-amyloid accumulation in APP/PS1 mice

Author: Brenn, A, Grube, M, Jedlitschky, G, Leupold, S, Strohmier, B, Keller, M, Eiden, M, Groschup, MH, Vogelgesang, S, Brenn, A, Grube, M, Jedlitschky, G, Leupold, S, Strohmier, B, Keller, M, Eiden, M, Groschup, MH, and Vogelgesang, S
Published: 2012

19. Dobrava-belgrade virus spillover infections, Germany.

Author: Schlegel M, Klempa B, Auste B, Bemmann M, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Buchner T, Groschup MH, Meier M, Balkema-Buschmann A, Zoller H, Kruger DH, Ulrich RG, Schlegel, Mathias, Klempa, Boris, Auste, Brita, Bemmann, Margrit, Schmidt-Chanasit, Jonas, Büchner, Thomas, Groschup, Martin H, and Meier, Markus
Abstract: We present the molecular identification of Apodemus agrarius (striped field mouse) as reservoir host of the Dobrava-Belgrade virus (DOBV) lineage DOBV-Aa in 3 federal states of Germany. Phylogenetic analyses provided evidence for multiple spillover of DOBV-Aa to A. flavicollis, a crucial prerequisite for host switch and genetic reassortment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2009
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20. Charakterisierung verschiedener mono- und polyklonaler Antikörper zum immunhistologischen Nachweis des Rifttalfiebervirus

Author: Michaely, LM, Gregor, KM, Keller, M, Rissmann, M, König, R, Gutjahr, B, Dornbusch, S, Schön, K, Puff, C, Ulrich, R, Becker, S, Groschup, MH, Baumgärtner, W, Eiden, M, and Spitzbarth, I
Published: 2019
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21. In silico identification of novel pre-microRNA genes in Rift valley fever virus suggest new pathomechanisms for embryo-fetal dysgenesis.

Author: Sadeghi B, Groschup MH, and Eiden M
Subjects: Humans, Pregnancy, Female, Animals, Sheep genetics, Disease Outbreaks, Rift Valley fever virus genetics, Rift Valley Fever genetics, Rift Valley Fever epidemiology, Culicidae genetics, MicroRNAs genetics
Abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate the post-transcriptional expression of target genes. Virus-encoded miRNAs play an important role in the replication of viruses, modulate gene expression in both the virus and host, and affect their persistence and immune evasion in hosts. This renders viral miRNAs as potential targets for therapeutic applications, especially against pathogenic viruses that infect humans and animals. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic RNA virus that causes severe disease in both humans and livestock. High mortality among newborn lambs and abortion storms are key characteristics of an RVF outbreak. To date, limited information is available on RVFV-derived miRNAs. In this study, computational methods were used to analyse the RVFV genome for putative pre-miRNA genes, which were then analysed for the presence of mature miRNAs. We detected 19 RVFV-encoded miRNAs and identified their potential mRNAs targets in sheep ( Ovis aries) , the most susceptible host. The identification of significantly enriched O. aries genes in association with RVFV miRNAs will help elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying RVFV pathogenesis and potentially uncover novel drug targets for RVFV.
Published: 2024
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22. Circulation of West Nile virus and Usutu virus in birds in Germany, 2021 and 2022.

Author: Schopf F, Sadeghi B, Bergmann F, Fischer D, Rahner R, Müller K, Günther A, Globig A, Keller M, Schwehn R, Guddorf V, Reuschel M, Fischer L, Krone O, Rinder M, Schütte K, Schmidt V, Heenemann K, Schwarzer A, Fast C, Sauter-Louis C, Staubach C, Lühken R, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Brandes F, Lierz M, Korbel R, Vahlenkamp TW, Groschup MH, and Ziegler U
Abstract: Background: Usutu virus (USUV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are zoonotic arthropod-borne orthoflaviviruses. The enzootic transmission cycles of both include Culex mosquitoes as vectors and birds as amplifying hosts. For more than 10 years, these viruses have been monitored in birds in Germany by a multidisciplinary network. While USUV is present nationwide, WNV used to be restricted to the central-east., Methods: In 2021 and 2022, over 2300 live bird blood samples and organs from over 3000 deceased birds were subjected to molecular and serological analysis regarding the presence of WNV and USUV. The samples were collected at sites all over Germany., Results: Circulation of both viruses increased in 2022. For USUV, the nationwide presence of lineages Africa 3 and Europe 3 reported in previous years was confirmed. Lineage Europe 2, formerly restricted to the German east, was able to expand westward. Nonetheless, USUV neutralizing antibody (nAb) detection rates remained low (< 9%). Years 2021 and 2022 were characterized by stable enzootic circulation of WNV lineage 2, dominated by one previously identified subcluster (95% of generated sequences). In 2022, >20% of birds in the endemic region in eastern Germany carried nAb against WNV. Serological data also indicate expanding WNV circulation west and south of the known hotspots in Germany., Conclusions: USUV circulates enzootically nationwide. Emergence of WNV at several new locations in Germany with a potential increase in human infections may be imminent. In this context, wild bird monitoring serves as a capable early warning system in a One Health setting.
Published: 2024
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23. Absence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in wild lagomorphs and their ticks in Spanish Mediterranean ecosystems.

Author: Castro-Scholten S, Caballero-Gómez J, Bost C, Cano-Terriza D, Jiménez-Martín D, Groschup MH, Frías M, Camacho-Sillero L, Fischer K, and García-Bocanegra I
Subjects: Animals, Spain epidemiology, Rabbits virology, Lagomorpha virology, Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean epidemiology, Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean virology, Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean veterinary, Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean transmission, Antibodies, Viral blood, Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo isolation & purification, Hares virology, Animals, Wild virology, Ticks virology, Ecosystem
Abstract: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is an emerging tick-borne pathogen in different European countries. Since 2013, clinical and fatality cases associated with CCHFV infection have been reported in humans in Spain. During the last few years, endemic circulation of this virus has been detected in ticks and wild ungulates in this country, but the role of other sympatric wild species in the sylvatic cycle of this multi-host virus remains poorly understood. The aims of the present study were to assess exposure to CCHFV in wild lagomorphs in southern Spain, a CCHFV endemic area, and to determine the presence of the virus in ticks feeding on these species. Serum samples from 473 European wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and 162 Iberian hares (Lepus granatensis), and 120 ticks feeding on 85 of these wild lagomorphs were collected on 133 hunting grounds between 2018/2019 and 2021/2022 hunting seasons. The presence of antibodies against CCHFV was assessed in all serum samples using a commercial ELISA, whereas ticks were tested for the presence of CCHFV-RNA by a multiplex RT-qPCR that detects all known genotypes of this virus. None of the 635 (0.0 %; 95 %CI: 0.0-0.6) lagomorphs tested had anti-CCHFV antibodies and CCHFV-RNA was not found in any of the 120 (0.0 %; 95 %CI: 0.0-3.0) ticks analyzed. To the best of the authors knowledge, this is the first epidemiological study conducted on CCHFV in Iberian hare worldwide. Our findings indicate absence of exposure to CCHFV in European wild rabbit and Iberian hare populations, as well as in their ticks, which suggests that they do not seem to play a relevant role in the epidemiology of CCHFV in Mediterranean ecosystems of southern Spain., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None of the authors of this study has a financial or personal relationship with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence or bias the content of the paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2024
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24. Serological evidence of tick-borne Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever and Dugbe orthonairovirus infections in cattle in Kwara State in northern Nigeria indicate independent endemics.

Author: Daodu OB, Hartlaub J, Olopade JO, Oluwayelu DO, and Groschup MH
Subjects: Animals, Cattle, Nigeria epidemiology, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Male, Female, Immunoglobulin G blood, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Risk Factors, Ticks virology, Bunyaviridae Infections epidemiology, Bunyaviridae Infections veterinary, Tick-Borne Diseases epidemiology, Tick-Borne Diseases veterinary, Tick-Borne Diseases virology, Endemic Diseases veterinary, Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean epidemiology, Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean veterinary, Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean virology, Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo immunology, Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo isolation & purification, Antibodies, Viral blood, Cattle Diseases epidemiology, Cattle Diseases virology
Abstract: Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus (CCHFV) and Dugbe orthonairovirus (DUGV) are zoonotic viruses transmitted by ticks. Whereas CCHFV has caused numerous human cases, DUGV, although less reported, shares ticks and ruminants as hosts. Since its first discovery in Nigeria in 1964, there has been no detailed sero-epidemiological investigation on DUGV in sub-Saharan Africa. This study is aimed at assessing the current seroprevalence and associated risk factors of CCHFV and DUGV infections in Nigerian cattle. Using a cross-sectional design with random sampling method, blood samples were collected from 877 cattle on pastoralist farms and at abattoirs in Kwara State, North-Central Nigeria. CCHFV IgG antibodies were detected in extracted sera using three panels of in-house indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on bacteria-expressed recombinant nucleoprotein (rNP), the cattle-adapted VectoCrimean ELISA and the ID Screen CCHF double antigen multi-species ELISA, while DUGV IgG antibodies were detected using in-house indirect ELISA with bacteria-expressed rNP, indirect immunofluorescence assay and micro-Virus Neutralization test. Overall seroprevalence rates of 71.9% (631/877) and 52.8% (451/854) were obtained for CCHFV and DUGV, respectively. It was observed that 37.9% (314/829) of the cattle were co-exposed to both CCHFV and DUGV while 34.5% (286/829), 14.8% (123/829) and 12.8% (106/829) were exposed to single infections with CCHFV, DUGV or none of the two viruses, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that only location, sex, age and tick infestation score were the risk factors that significantly affected CCHFV seroprevalence in cattle, while DUGV seroprevalence was significantly influenced by month of the year, location, cattle breed and sex (p<0.05). This is the first comprehensive sero-epidemiological surveillance for DUGV in sub-Saharan Africa. Our findings reveal widely distributed independent CCHFV and DUGV infections in cattle in Kwara State, Nigeria., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Daodu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
Published: 2024
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25. Prion protein gene (PRNP) variation in German and Danish cervids.

Author: Ernst S, Piestrzyńska-Kajtoch A, Gethmann J, Natonek-Wiśniewska M, Sadeghi B, Polak MP, Keller M, Gavier-Widén D, Moazami-Goudarzi K, Houston F, Groschup MH, and Fast C
Subjects: Animals, Denmark, Genetic Variation, Genotype, Germany epidemiology, Polymorphism, Genetic, Prion Proteins genetics, Prions genetics, Deer genetics, Wasting Disease, Chronic genetics, Wasting Disease, Chronic epidemiology
Abstract: The structure of cellular prion proteins encoded by the prion protein gene (PRNP) impacts susceptibility to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, including chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer. The recent emergence of CWD in Northern European reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), moose (Alces alces alces) and red deer (Cervus elaphus), in parallel with the outbreak in North America, gives reason to investigate PRNP variation in European deer, to implement risk assessments and adjust CWD management for deer populations under threat. We here report PRNP-sequence data from 911 samples of German red, roe (Capreolus capreolus), sika (Cervus nippon) and fallow deer (Dama dama) as well as additional data from 26 Danish red deer close to the German border and four zoo species not native to Germany. No PRNP sequence variation was observed in roe and fallow deer, as previously described for populations across Europe. In contrast, a broad PRNP variation was detected in red deer, with non-synonymous polymorphisms at codons 98, 226 and 247 as well as synonymous mutations at codons 21, 78, 136 and 185. Moreover, a novel 24 bp deletion within the octapeptide repeat was detected. In summary, 14 genotypes were seen in red deer with significant differences in their geographical distribution and frequencies, including geographical clustering of certain genotypes, suggesting "PRNP-linages" in this species. Based on data from North American CWD and the genotyping results of the European CWD cases, we would predict that large proportions of wild cervids in Europe might be susceptible to CWD once introduced to naive populations., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
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26. Seroprevalence and Phylogenetic Characterization of Hepatitis E Virus ( Paslahepevirus balayani ) in Guinean Pig Population.

Author: Doukouré B, Le Pennec Y, Troupin C, Grayo S, Eiden M, Groschup MH, Tordo N, and Roques P
Subjects: Animals, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Swine, Guinea Pigs, Guinea epidemiology, Feces virology, Hepatitis Antibodies blood, Genotype, Hepatitis E virus genetics, Hepatitis E virus isolation & purification, Hepatitis E virus classification, Hepatitis E virus immunology, Hepatitis E epidemiology, Hepatitis E veterinary, Hepatitis E virology, Swine Diseases epidemiology, Swine Diseases virology, Phylogeny
Abstract: Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is transmitted by the fecal route, usually through contaminated water in humans and/or infected animals, especially pigs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of anti-HEV antibodies in a panel of pig sera and to identify HEV in pig feces in farms. Methodology: The presence of HEV antibodies was tested by an in-house ELISA and a commercial ELISA IDvet. HEV genome was assessed by nested RT-PCR, and then, genotype was identified by sequencing (MinION Nanopore technology). Results: In 2017-2019, the 43% seroprevalence found in Forest Guinea was significantly higher than the 7% found in the Lower region ( p < 0.01). Presence of HEV genotype 3c was demonstrated during a secondary study in the Lower region (Conakry) in 2022. Conclusion: The presence of HEV-3c in pigs calls for an evaluation of seroprevalence in human populations and for a HEV genotype human circulation check. Contribution Heading: This study is the first report, to our knowledge, of seroprevalence and characterization of HEV infection in pigs in Guinea.
Published: 2024
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27. Characterisation of European Field Goat Prion Isolates in Ovine PrP Overexpressing Transgenic Mice (Tgshp IX) Reveals Distinct Prion Strains.

Author: Ernst S, Nonno R, Langeveld J, Andreoletti O, Acin C, Papasavva-Stylianou P, Sklaviadis T, Acutis PL, van Keulen L, Spiropoulos J, Keller M, Groschup MH, and Fast C
Abstract: After the detection of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and a zoonotic transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) caused by the pathological prion protein (PrP Sc ) in two goats, the investigation of goat prions became of greater interest. Therefore, a broad collection of European goat TSE isolates, including atypical scrapie, CH1641 and goat BSE as reference prion strains were biochemically characterised and subsequently inoculated into seven rodent models for further analysis (already published results of this comprehensive study are reviewed here for comparative reasons). We report here the histopathological and immunohistochemical data of this goat TSE panel, obtained after the first passage in Tgshp IX (tg-shARQ) mice, which overexpress the ovine prion protein. In addition to the clear-cut discrimination of all reference prion strains from the classical scrapie (CS) isolates, we were further able to determine three categories of CS strains. The investigation further indicates the occurrence of sub-strains that slightly resemble distant TSE strains, such as BSE or CH1641, reinforcing the theory that CS is not a single strain but a mixture of sub-strains, existing at varying extents in one isolate. This study further proved that Tgshp IX is a potent and reliable tool for the in-depth characterisation of prion strains.
Published: 2024
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28. A Review on Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Infections in Tunisia.

Author: Rekik S, Hammami I, Timoumi O, Maghzaoua D, Khamassi Khbou M, Schulz A, Groschup MH, and Gharbi M
Subjects: Animals, Tunisia epidemiology, Humans, Ticks virology, Zoonoses epidemiology, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean epidemiology, Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo isolation & purification
Abstract: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a zoonotic tick-borne disease, caused by an arbovirus of the genus Orthonairovirus and the family Nairoviridae. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is widespread in several regions of the world. While the virus is not pathogenic to all susceptible livestock and wild mammals, it can lead to severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. In this review, we compiled published data on CCHFV infections in humans, animals, and ticks in Tunisia. Based on that, we discussed the epidemiology and the distribution patterns of CCHFV infections highlighting the risk factors for this virus in the country. CCHF infection prevalence in humans was estimated to 2.76% (5/181) and 5% (2/38) in Tunisian febrile patients and Tunisian slaughterhouse workers, respectively. Concurrently, seroprevalence in domestic ungulates (sheep, goats, cattle, and dromedaries) ranged from zero to 89.7%, and only one Hyalomma impeltatum tick specimen collected from dromedaries in southern Tunisian was positive for CCHFV by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (0.6%; 1/165). As Tunisian studies on CCHFV are geographically scattered and limited due to very small sample sizes, further studies are needed to improve the knowledge on the epidemiology of CCHF in Tunisia.
Published: 2024
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29. Approaching the complexity of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus serology: A study in swine.

Author: Bost C, Castro-Scholten S, Sadeghi B, Cano-Terriza D, Frías M, Jiménez-Ruiz S, Groschup MH, García-Bocanegra I, and Fischer K
Subjects: Animals, Swine, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Serologic Tests, Sus scrofa, Antibodies, Viral, Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo, Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean diagnosis, Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean veterinary
Abstract: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne zoonotic orthonairovirus of public health concern and widespread geographic distribution. Several animal species are known to seroconvert after infection with CCHFV without showing clinical symptoms. The commercial availability of a multi-species ELISA has led to an increase in recent serosurveillance studies as well as in the range of species reported to be exposed to CCHFV in the field, including wild boar (Sus scrofa). However, development and validation of confirmatory serological tests for swine based on different CCHFV antigens or test principles are hampered by the lack of defined control sera from infected and non-infected animals. For the detection of anti-CCHFV antibodies in swine, we established a swine-specific in-house ELISA using a panel of swine sera from CCHFV-free regions and regions with reported CCHFV circulation. We initially screened more than 700 serum samples from wild boar and domestic pigs and observed a correlation of ≃67% between the commercial and the in-house test. From these sera, we selected a panel of 60 samples that were further analyzed in a newly established indirect immunofluorescence assay (iIFA) and virus neutralization test. ELISA-non-reactive samples tested negative. Interestingly, only a subset of samples reactive in both ELISA and iIFA displayed CCHFV-neutralizing antibodies. The observed partial discrepancy between the tests may be explained by different test sensitivities, antibody cross-reactivities or suggests that the immune response to CCHFV in swine is not necessarily associated with eliciting neutralizing antibodies. Overall, this study highlights that meaningful CCHFV serology in swine, and possibly other species, should involve the performance of multiple tests and careful interpretation of the results., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2024
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30. Epidemiologic Survey of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Suids, Spain.

Author: Frías M, Fischer K, Castro-Scholten S, Bost C, Cano-Terriza D, Risalde MÁ, Acevedo P, Jiménez-Ruiz S, Sadeghi B, Groschup MH, Caballero-Gómez J, and García-Bocanegra I
Subjects: Animals, Spain epidemiology, Swine, Cross-Sectional Studies, Antibodies, Viral blood, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Sus scrofa virology, RNA, Viral, Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo immunology, Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo genetics, Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo isolation & purification, Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean epidemiology, Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean veterinary, Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean virology, Swine Diseases virology, Swine Diseases epidemiology
Abstract: We conducted a cross-sectional study in wild boar and extensively managed Iberian pig populations in a hotspot area of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) in Spain. We tested for antibodies against CCHFV by using 2 ELISAs in parallel. We assessed the presence of CCHFV RNA by means of reverse transcription quantitative PCR protocol, which detects all genotypes. A total of 113 (21.8%) of 518 suids sampled showed antibodies against CCHFV by ELISA. By species, 106 (39.7%) of 267 wild boars and 7 (2.8%) of 251 Iberian pigs analyzed were seropositive. Of the 231 Iberian pigs and 231 wild boars analyzed, none tested positive for CCHFV RNA. These findings indicate high CCHFV exposure in wild boar populations in endemic areas and confirm the susceptibility of extensively reared pigs to CCHFV, even though they may only play a limited role in the enzootic cycle.
Published: 2024
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31. Hepatitis E Seroprevalence and Detection of Genotype 3 Strains in Domestic Pigs from Sierra Leone Collected in 2016 and 2017.

Author: Suluku R, Jabaty J, Fischer K, Diederich S, Groschup MH, and Eiden M
Subjects: Animals, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Swine, Sierra Leone epidemiology, Hepatitis Antibodies blood, RNA, Viral genetics, Sus scrofa virology, Humans, Hepatitis E epidemiology, Hepatitis E veterinary, Hepatitis E virology, Hepatitis E virus genetics, Hepatitis E virus classification, Hepatitis E virus isolation & purification, Hepatitis E virus immunology, Genotype, Swine Diseases virology, Swine Diseases epidemiology, Phylogeny
Abstract: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the main cause of acute hepatitis in humans worldwide and is responsible for a large number of outbreaks especially in Africa. Human infections are mainly caused by genotypes 1 and 2 of the genus Paslahepevirus , which are exclusively associated with humans. In contrast, viruses of genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic and have their main reservoir in domestic and wild pigs, from which they can be transmitted to humans primarily through the consumption of meat products. Both genotypes 3 and 4 are widespread in Europe, Asia, and North America and lead to sporadic cases of hepatitis E. However, there is little information available on the prevalence of these genotypes and possible transmission routes from animal reservoirs to humans in African countries. We therefore analysed 1086 pig sera collected in 2016/2017 in four districts in Sierra Leone for antibodies against HEV using a newly designed in-house ELISA. In addition, the samples were also analysed for HEV RNA by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The overall seroprevalence in Sierra Leone was low with only 44 positive sera and a prevalence of 4.0%. Two serum pools were RT-PCR-positive and recovered partial sequences clustered into the genotype 3 (HEV-3) of the order Paslahepevirus , species Paslahepevirus balayani . The results are the first evidence of HEV-3 infection in pigs from Sierra Leone and demonstrate a low circulation of the virus in these animals to date. Further studies should include an examination of humans, especially those with close contact with pigs and porcine products, as well as environmental sampling to evaluate public health effects within the framework of a One Health approach.
Published: 2024
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32. Geographic Disparities in Domestic Pig Population Exposure to Ebola Viruses, Guinea, 2017-2019.

Author: Grayo S, Camara A, Doukouré B, Ellis I, Troupin C, Fischer K, Vanhomwegen J, White M, Groschup MH, Diederich S, and Tordo N
Subjects: Humans, Swine, Animals, Guinea epidemiology, Sus scrofa, Sierra Leone epidemiology, Nucleoproteins genetics, Ebolavirus, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola epidemiology, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola veterinary
Abstract: Although pigs are naturally susceptible to Reston virus and experimentally to Ebola virus (EBOV), their role in Orthoebolavirus ecology remains unknown. We tested 888 serum samples collected from pigs in Guinea during 2017-2019 (between the 2013-16 epidemic and its resurgence in 2021) by indirect ELISA against the EBOV nucleoprotein. We identified 2 hotspots of possible pig exposure by IgG titer levels: the northern coast had 48.7% of positive serum samples (37/76), and Forest Guinea, bordering Sierra Leone and Liberia, where the virus emerged and reemerged, had 50% of positive serum samples (98/196). The multitarget Luminex approach confirms ELISA results against Ebola nucleoprotein and highlights cross-reactivities to glycoprotein of EBOV, Reston virus, and Bundibugyo virus. Those results are consistent with previous observations of the circulation of Orthoebolavirus species in pig farming regions in Sierra Leone and Ghana, suggesting potential risk for Ebola virus disease in humans, especially in Forest Guinea.
Published: 2024
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33. First detection of Rift Valley fever virus antibodies in non-human primates in Cameroon.

Author: Ebogo-Belobo JT, Sadeuh-Mba SA, Chavely GM, Groschup MH, Mbacham WF, and Njouom R
Subjects: Animals, Cameroon, Antibodies, Viral, Primates, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Rift Valley fever virus, Rift Valley Fever diagnosis
Abstract: We tested for Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) from at least 15 species of non-human primates. RVFV IgG/IgM antibodies were detected in 3.7% (2 out of 53) of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and in 1.4% (1 out of 72) of unidentified non-human primate species. This study was the first investigation of RVFV in monkeys in Cameroon., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
Published: 2024
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34. Halogenated Rocaglate Derivatives: Pan-antiviral Agents against Hepatitis E Virus and Emerging Viruses.

Author: Victoria C, Schulz G, Klöhn M, Weber S, Holicki CM, Brüggemann Y, Becker M, Gerold G, Eiden M, Groschup MH, Steinmann E, and Kirschning A
Subjects: Animals, Antiviral Agents pharmacology, Hepatitis E virus, Viruses, Chikungunya Fever
Abstract: The synthesis of a library of halogenated rocaglate derivatives belonging to the flavagline class of natural products, of which silvestrol is the most prominent example, is reported. Their antiviral activity and cytotoxicity profile against a wide range of pathogenic viruses, including hepatitis E, Chikungunya, Rift Valley Fever virus and SARS-CoV-2, were determined. The incorporation of halogen substituents at positions 4', 6 and 8 was shown to have a significant effect on the antiviral activity of rocaglates, some of which even showed enhanced activity compared to CR-31-B and silvestrol.
Published: 2024
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35. Immunisation of pigs with recombinant HEV vaccines does not protect from infection with HEV genotype 3.

Author: Dähnert L, Aliabadi E, Fast C, Hrabal I, Schröder C, Behrendt P, Protzer U, Groschup MH, and Eiden M
Abstract: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Up to now, no approved treatment nor a globally licensed vaccine is available. Several recombinant HEV vaccines have been developed to protect against HEV infection in humans, including the commercially available Hecolin vaccine, which are mainly based on HEV genotype 1. However, the efficacy of these vaccines against other HEV genotypes, especially genotype 3 is unknown. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of Hecolin® and a novel genotype 3-based vaccine p239(gt3) against HEV-3 in a pig infection model. Pigs were divided into three groups: one group was vaccinated with Hecolin®, the second group was vaccinated with p239(gt3), and the control group received no vaccine. All pigs were subsequently challenged with HEV genotype 3 to assess the effectiveness of the vaccines. Although all immunised animals developed a high titer of neutralizing antibodies, the results showed that both vaccine applications could not provide complete protection against HEV (gt3) infection: Two out of four animals of the Hecolin® group displayed even virus shedding, and viral RNA could be detected in bile and/or liver of three out of four animals in both vaccination groups. Only one out of four animals in each group was fully protected. Neither Hecolin® nor the novel p239(gt3) vaccine provided sufficient protection against genotype 3 infection. While Hecolin® only partial protected pigs from HEV shedding, the novel p239(gt3) vaccine was at least able to prevent infected pigs from virus shedding. The results highlight the need for further development of HEV vaccines that exhibit broad protection against multiple HEV genotypes and the use of appropriate animal infection models., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)
Published: 2024
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36. Evaluation of Non-Vector Transmission of Usutu Virus in Domestic Canaries ( Serinus canaria ).

Author: Blanquer A, Rivas F, Gérardy M, Sarlet M, Moula N, Ziegler U, Groschup MH, Desmecht D, Marichal T, and Garigliany M
Subjects: Animals, Canaries, Respiratory Mucosa, West Nile virus, Body Fluids, Flavivirus
Abstract: Usutu virus (USUV) is a flavivirus transmitted to avian species through mosquito bites that causes mass mortalities in wild and captive bird populations. However, several cases of positive dead birds have been recorded during the winter, a vector-free period. To explain how USUV "overwinters", the main hypothesis is bird-to-bird transmission, as shown for the closely related West Nile virus. To address this question, we experimentally challenged canaries with intranasal inoculation of USUV, which led to systemic dissemination of the virus, provided the inoculated dose was sufficient (>10 2 TCID 50 ). We also highlighted the oronasal excretion of infectious viral particles in infected birds. Next, we co-housed infected birds with naive sentinels, to determine whether onward transmission could be reproduced experimentally. We failed to detect such transmission but demonstrated horizontal transmission by transferring sputum from an infected to a naive canary. In addition, we evaluated the cellular tropism of respiratory mucosa to USUV in vitro using a canary tracheal explant and observed only limited evidence of viral replication. Further research is then needed to assess if and how comparable bird-to-bird transmission occurs in the wild.
Published: 2024
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37. Continuous surveillance of potentially zoonotic avian pathogens detects contemporaneous occurrence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV H5) and flaviviruses (USUV, WNV) in several wild and captive birds.

Author: Günther A, Pohlmann A, Globig A, Ziegler U, Calvelage S, Keller M, Fischer D, Staubach C, Groschup MH, Harder T, and Beer M
Subjects: Animals, Retrospective Studies, Mosquito Vectors, Birds, West Nile virus, West Nile Fever, Flavivirus genetics, Orthomyxoviridae, Influenza in Birds epidemiology
Abstract: Three avian viral pathogens circulate in Germany with particular importance for animal disease surveillance due to their zoonotic potential, their impact on wild bird populations and/or poultry farms: Highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza virus (AIV) of subtype H5 (HPAIV H5), Usutu virus (USUV), and West Nile virus (WNV). Whereas HPAIV H5 has been mainly related to epizootic outbreaks in winter, the arthropod-borne viruses USUV and WNV have been detected more frequently during summer months corresponding to peak mosquito activity. Since 2021, tendencies of a potentially year-round, i.e. enzootic, status of HPAIV in Germany have raised concerns that Orthomyxoviruses (AIV) and Flaviviruses (USUV, WNV) may not only circulate in the same region, but also at the same time and in the same avian host range. In search of a host species group suitable for a combined surveillance approach for all mentioned pathogens, we retrospectively screened and summarized case reports, mainly provided by the respective German National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) from 2006 to 2021. Our dataset revealed an overlap of reported infections among nine avian genera. We identified raptors as a particularly affected host group, as the genera Accipiter , Bubo , Buteo , Falco , and Strix represented five of the nine genera, and highlighted their role in passive surveillance. This study may provide a basis for broader, pan-European studies that could deepen our understanding of reservoir and vector species, as HPAIV, USUV, and WNV are expected to further become established and/or spread in Europe in the future and thus improved surveillance measures are of high importance.
Published: 2023
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38. Participatory survey of risk factors and pathways for Rift Valley fever in pastoral and agropastoral communities of Uganda.

Author: Tumusiime D, Nijhof AM, Groschup MH, Lutwama J, Roesel K, and Bett B
Subjects: Pregnancy, Female, Animals, Cattle, Humans, Uganda epidemiology, Animals, Domestic, Risk Factors, Livestock, Rift Valley Fever epidemiology, Rift Valley fever virus, Culicidae
Abstract: To assess pastoralists' and agropastoralists' knowledge on Rift Valley fever (RVF), participatory epidemiological studies were conducted with 215 livestock keepers and 27 key informants in Napak, Butebo, Isingiro and Lyantonde districts, Uganda, between January and February 2022. Livestock keepers in all four districts had knowledge of RVF and even had local names or descriptions for it. Pastoralists and agropastoralists possessed valuable knowledge of RVF clinical descriptions and epidemiological risk factors such as the presence of infected mosquitoes, living in flood-prone areas, and excessive rainfall. RVF was ranked among the top ten most important cattle diseases. Pastoralists called RVF Lonyang, symbolizing a disease associated with jaundice, high fever, abortions in pregnant cows, and sudden death in calves. Key informants identified infected domestic animals, the presence of infected mosquitoes, livestock movement and trade, and infected wild animals as risk pathways for the introduction of RVF into an area. Drinking raw blood and milk was perceived as the most likely pathway for human exposure to RVF virus; while the highest consequence was high treatment costs. The results indicate that pastoralists provided key epidemiological information that could be essential for designing an effective national RVF surveillance and early warning system., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicting interests that may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this original research article., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2023
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39. Author Correction: Anti-HEV seroprevalence and rate of viremia in a German cohort of dogs, cats, and horses.

Author: Pischke S, Knoop EV, Mader M, Kling L, Wolski A, Wagner A, Mueller K, Horvatits T, Stiller J, Wisnewski K, Kohn B, Schulze Zur Wiesch J, Groschup MH, and Eiden M
Published: 2023
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40. Correction: Rivas et al. Tendon-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (TDSCs) as an In Vitro Model for Virological Studies in Wild Birds. Viruses 2023, 15 , 1455.

Author: Rivas J, Dubois A, Blanquer A, Gérardy M, Ziegler U, Groschup MH, Grobet L, and Garigliany MM
Abstract: In the original publication [...].
Published: 2023
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41. Hepatitis E virus neutralization by porcine serum antibodies.

Author: Gremmel N, Keuling O, Eiden M, Groschup MH, Johne R, Becher P, and Baechlein C
Subjects: Swine, Animals, Humans, Sus scrofa genetics, Hepatitis Antibodies, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, RNA, Viral, Hepatitis E virus genetics, Hepatitis E, Swine Diseases
Abstract: The consumption of raw or undercooked meat products poses a serious risk for human hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections. In many high-income countries, domestic pigs and wild boars represent the main animal reservoirs for HEV and are usually identified by reverse transcription-PCR and antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In order to characterize the humoral immune response in more detail, a cell culture-based serum neutralization assay using a culture-adapted HEV strain was established here. Measurement of neutralizing antibodies was only possible after removing the viral quasi-envelope by detergent treatment. Serum samples of 343 wild boars from Northern Germany were first analyzed for anti-HEV IgG using an in-house ELISA, resulting in 19% positive samples. Subsequently, a subset of 41 representative samples was tested with the neutralization assay, and the results correlated well with those obtained by ELISA. Not only the human HEV strain 47832c but also two porcine HEV strains were shown to be neutralized by porcine serum antibodies. Neutralizing activity was also found in samples containing both HEV-specific antibodies and HEV RNA. Testing of serum samples derived from two experimentally infected domestic pigs showed a steep increase in neutralizing activity at 24 or 51 days post infection, dependent on the used infectious dose. The developed assay can be useful for characterization of the humoral immune response after HEV infection and for assessing the efficiency of HEV vaccine candidates., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Published: 2023
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42. Anti-HEV seroprevalence and rate of viremia in a German cohort of dogs, cats, and horses.

Author: Pischke S, Knoop EV, Mader M, Kling L, Wolski A, Wagner A, Mueller K, Horvatits T, Stiller J, Wisnewski K, Kohn B, Schulze Zur Wiesch J, Groschup MH, and Eiden M
Subjects: Animals, Cats, Dogs, Horses, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Viremia, Cat Diseases, Dog Diseases epidemiology, Hepatitis E epidemiology, Hepatitis E veterinary, Hepatitis E virus
Abstract: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 infections in Germany are mainly transmitted zoonotically through the consumption of swine meat. Furthermore, there is evidence that pets might come into contact with HEV, but the relevance of companion animals as possible sources of HEV transmission in Germany still needs to be defined. A monitoring study was therefore carried out on dogs, cats, and horses from Germany. In total 365 serum samples from pets (124 dogs, 119 cats, and 122 horses) were tested for HEV by PCR and for anti-HEV antibodies by a commercial ELISA. The HEV seroprevalence determined by the sero-assay varied significantly between dogs (10%), cats (6%), and horses (2%). Liver injury-related enzymes, alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) showed no differences between HEV-positive or negative animals. None of the pet serum samples tested positive for PCR. This serological study suggests that dogs and cats are significantly exposed to HEV in Germany, while horses are of minor relevance., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
Published: 2023
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43. Cellular co-infections of West Nile virus and Usutu virus influence virus growth kinetics.

Author: Körsten C, Reemtsma H, Ziegler U, Fischer S, Tews BA, Groschup MH, Silaghi C, Vasic A, and Holicki CM
Subjects: Animals, Humans, Birds, Mosquito Vectors, Mammals, West Nile virus, Coinfection veterinary, West Nile Fever epidemiology, West Nile Fever veterinary, Flavivirus Infections epidemiology, Flavivirus Infections veterinary, Flavivirus, Culicidae
Abstract: The mosquito-borne flaviviruses West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) pose a significant threat to the health of humans and animals. Both viruses co-circulate in numerous European countries including Germany. Due to their overlapping host and vector ranges, there is a high risk of co-infections. However, it is largely unknown if WNV and USUV interact and how this might influence their epidemiology. Therefore, in-vitro infection experiments in mammalian (Vero B4), goose (GN-R) and mosquito cell lines (C6/36, CT) were performed to investigate potential effects of co-infections in vectors and vertebrate hosts. The growth kinetics of German and other European WNV and USUV strains were determined and compared. Subsequently, simultaneous co-infections were performed with selected WNV and USUV strains. The results show that the growth of USUV was suppressed by WNV in all cell lines. This effect was independent of the virus lineage but depended on the set WNV titre. The replication of WNV also decreased in co-infection scenarios on vertebrate cells. Overall, co-infections might lead to a decreased growth of USUV in mosquitoes and of both viruses in vertebrate hosts. These interactions can strongly affect the epidemiology of USUV and WNV in areas where they co-circulate., (© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)
Published: 2023
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44. Reconstruction of the molecular evolution of Usutu virus in Germany: Insights into virus emersion and circulation.

Author: Bergmann F, Holicki CM, Michel F, Bock S, Scuda N, Priemer G, Kenklies S, Siempelkamp T, Skuballa J, Sauerwald C, Herms L, Muluneh A, Peters M, Hlinak A, Groschup MH, Sadeghi B, and Ziegler U
Subjects: Animals, Humans, Phylogeny, Mosquito Vectors, Germany, Birds, Evolution, Molecular, Mammals, Flavivirus Infections epidemiology, Flavivirus Infections veterinary, Flavivirus, Culicidae
Abstract: Usutu virus (USUV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is widely distributed in southern and central Europe. The zoonotic virus circulates primarily between birds and mosquitoes, can, however, in rare cases infect other mammals including humans. In the past, USUV has been repeatedly associated with mass mortalities in birds, primarily blackbirds and owls. Birds commonly succumb either due to the peracute nature of the infection or due to severe encephalitis. In Germany, USUV has spread rapidly since its first detection in 2010 in mosquitoes under the presence of susceptible host and vector species. Nonetheless, there is to date limited access to whole genome sequences resulting in the absence of in-depth phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses. In this study, 118 wild and captive birds were sequenced using a nanopore sequencing platform with prior target enrichment via amplicons. Due to the high abundancy of Europe 3 and Africa 3 in Germany an ample quantity of associated whole genome sequences was generated and the most recent common ancestor could be determined for each lineage. The corresponding clock phylogeny revealed an introduction of USUV Europe 3 and Africa 3 into Germany three years prior to their first isolation in the avifauna in 2011 and 2014, respectively. Based on the clustering and temporal history of the lineages, evidence exists for the genetic evolution of USUV within Germany as well as new introductions thereof into the country., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Bergmann et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
Published: 2023
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45. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Phenuiviridae 2023.

Author: Sasaya T, Palacios G, Briese T, Di Serio F, Groschup MH, Neriya Y, Song JW, and Tomitaka Y
Subjects: Animals, Humans, Virion, RNA, RNA Viruses genetics, Arthropods
Abstract: The family Phenuiviridae comprises viruses with 2-8 segments of negative-sense or ambisense RNA, comprising 8.1-25.1 kb in total. Virions are typically enveloped with spherical or pleomorphic morphology but can also be non-enveloped filaments. Phenuivirids infect animals including livestock and humans, birds, plants or fungi, as well as arthropods that serve as single hosts or act as biological vectors for transmission to animals or plants. Phenuivirids include important pathogens of humans, livestock, seafood and agricultural crops. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Phenuiviridae , which is available at ictv.global/report/phenuiviridae.
Published: 2023
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46. Annual (2023) taxonomic update of RNA-directed RNA polymerase-encoding negative-sense RNA viruses (realm Riboviria : kingdom Orthornavirae : phylum Negarnaviricota ).

Author: Kuhn JH, Abe J, Adkins S, Alkhovsky SV, Avšič-Županc T, Ayllón MA, Bahl J, Balkema-Buschmann A, Ballinger MJ, Kumar Baranwal V, Beer M, Bejerman N, Bergeron É, Biedenkopf N, Blair CD, Blasdell KR, Blouin AG, Bradfute SB, Briese T, Brown PA, Buchholz UJ, Buchmeier MJ, Bukreyev A, Burt F, Büttner C, Calisher CH, Cao M, Casas I, Chandran K, Charrel RN, Kumar Chaturvedi K, Chooi KM, Crane A, Dal Bó E, Carlos de la Torre J, de Souza WM, de Swart RL, Debat H, Dheilly NM, Di Paola N, Di Serio F, Dietzgen RG, Digiaro M, Drexler JF, Duprex WP, Dürrwald R, Easton AJ, Elbeaino T, Ergünay K, Feng G, Firth AE, Fooks AR, Formenty PBH, Freitas-Astúa J, Gago-Zachert S, Laura García M, García-Sastre A, Garrison AR, Gaskin TR, Gong W, Gonzalez JJ, de Bellocq J, Griffiths A, Groschup MH, Günther I, Günther S, Hammond J, Hasegawa Y, Hayashi K, Hepojoki J, Higgins CM, Hongō S, Horie M, Hughes HR, Hume AJ, Hyndman TH, Ikeda K, Jiāng D, Jonson GB, Junglen S, Klempa B, Klingström J, Kondō H, Koonin EV, Krupovic M, Kubota K, Kurath G, Laenen L, Lambert AJ, Lǐ J, Li JM, Liu R, Lukashevich IS, MacDiarmid RM, Maes P, Marklewitz M, Marshall SH, Marzano SL, McCauley JW, Mirazimi A, Mühlberger E, Nabeshima T, Naidu R, Natsuaki T, Navarro B, Navarro JA, Neriya Y, Netesov SV, Neumann G, Nowotny N, Nunes MRT, Ochoa-Corona FM, Okada T, Palacios G, Pallás V, Papa A, Paraskevopoulou S, Parrish CR, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Pawęska JT, Pérez DR, Pfaff F, Plemper RK, Postler TS, Rabbidge LO, Radoshitzky SR, Ramos-González PL, Rehanek M, Resende RO, Reyes CA, Rodrigues TCS, Romanowski V, Rubbenstroth D, Rubino L, Runstadler JA, Sabanadzovic S, Sadiq S, Salvato MS, Sasaya T, Schwemmle M, Sharpe SR, Shi M, Shimomoto Y, Kavi Sidharthan V, Sironi M, Smither S, Song JW, Spann KM, Spengler JR, Stenglein MD, Takada A, Takeyama S, Tatara A, Tesh RB, Thornburg NJ, Tian X, Tischler ND, Tomitaka Y, Tomonaga K, Tordo N, Tu C, Turina M, Tzanetakis IE, Maria Vaira A, van den Hoogen B, Vanmechelen B, Vasilakis N, Verbeek M, von Bargen S, Wada J, Wahl V, Walker PJ, Waltzek TB, Whitfield AE, Wolf YI, Xia H, Xylogianni E, Yanagisawa H, Yano K, Ye G, Yuan Z, Zerbini FM, Zhang G, Zhang S, Zhang YZ, Zhao L, and Økland AL
Subjects: RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase genetics, Negative-Sense RNA Viruses, RNA Viruses genetics
Abstract: In April 2023, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by one new family, 14 new genera, and 140 new species. Two genera and 538 species were renamed. One species was moved, and four were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.
Published: 2023
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47. A Prior Usutu Virus Infection Can Protect Geese from Severe West Nile Disease.

Author: Reemtsma H, Holicki CM, Fast C, Bergmann F, Groschup MH, and Ziegler U
Abstract: Usutu virus (USUV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are closely related pathogens circulating between mosquitoes and birds, but also infecting mammals as dead-end hosts. Both viruses share the same susceptible hosts, vectors, and even distribution areas in Central Europe. The aim of the study was, therefore, to understand their amplification potential and interference upon a successive infection. Two-week old geese were initially infected with an USUV isolate from Germany and with a German WNV isolate17 days later. The geese were susceptible to the USUV and the WNV infections, as evidenced by specific flavivirus antibodies in all of the birds. Furthermore, in half of the USUV-inoculated geese, USUV genomes were detected in the blood and swab samples 2-4 days post-infection. Additionally, most of the examined organs contained USUV genomes and showed signs of encephalitis and ganglioneuritis. Interestingly, upon a sequential infection with WNV, the genome copy numbers in all of the examined samples were significantly lower and less frequent than after a WNV mono-infection. Similarly, the histopathological lesions were less severe. Therefore, it can be concluded that a previous USUV infection can protect birds from clinical disease in a subsequent WNV infection.
Published: 2023
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48. Tendon-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (TDSCs) as an In Vitro Model for Virological Studies in Wild Birds.

Author: Rivas J, Dubois A, Blanquer A, Gérardy M, Ziegler U, Groschup MH, Grobet L, and Garigliany MM
Subjects: Animals, Animals, Wild, Birds, Flavivirus Infections, Flavivirus
Abstract: The use of wild animals in research is complicated due to the capture and housing conditions, as well as to legal aspects, making it difficult to develop in vivo and in vitro models for the study of pathologies that affect these species. Here we validate an in vitro model of tendon-derived mesenchymal cells (TDSC) from Eurasian blackbird ( Turdus merula ) cadaveric samples. Through the expression of surface markers and the ability to differentiate into multiple lineages, the nature of the cells was confirmed. We then evaluated Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) as an infection model for the Usutu Flavivirus. To this aim, blackbird TDSCs were compared to Vero E6 cells, commonly used in Flavivirus studies. Both cells showed permissiveness to USUV infection as confirmed by immunocytochemistry. Moreover, TDSCs exhibited replication kinetics similar to, although slightly lower than, Vero E6, confirming these cells as a pertinent study model for the study of the pathogenesis of USUV. In this work, we isolated and characterized tendon-derived mesenchymal stem cells, which represent an interesting and convenient in vitro model for the study of wildlife species in laboratories., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Published: 2023
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49. Longitudinal Study of the Occurrence of Usutu Virus and West Nile Virus Infections in Birds in a Zoological Garden in Northern Germany.

Author: Bergmann F, Schmoock-Wellhausen M, Fast C, Holicki CM, Michel F, Wysocki P, Sadeghi B, Groschup MH, and Ziegler U
Abstract: Usutu virus (USUV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are known to cause diseases and mortalities in bird populations. Since 2010/2011, USUV has circulated in Germany and spread nationwide, while WNV was only introduced into East Germany in 2018. The zoological garden investigated is located in Northern Germany, where USUV infections in wild birds have been detected for several years. In this longitudinal study conducted over a four-year period, zoo birds were sampled biannually and screened for molecular and serological evidence of USUV and WNV. USUV genomes were detected in eight of the sampled birds and whole-genome sequences revealed the circulation of USUV lineages Europe 3 and Africa 3. Of the eight birds infected with USUV during the study period, four died after the infection, while four survived without displaying clinical signs. Furthermore, in a few of the birds, a USUV (re-)infection was confirmed on a serological level with three birds producing USUV-neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) over a period of four years. Nonetheless, in two birds sampled throughout this longitudinal study, neither a USUV nor a WNV infection was evident. In 2022, WNV nAbs were detected for the first time in a juvenile zoo bird, indicating the introduction of the virus into this region.
Published: 2023
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50. The proprotein convertase SKI-1/S1P is a critical host factor for Nairobi sheep disease virus infectivity.

Author: Bost C, Hartlaub J, Pinho Dos Reis V, Strecker T, Seidah NG, Groschup MH, Diederich S, and Fischer K
Subjects: Cricetinae, Animals, Sheep, Humans, Proprotein Convertases genetics, Proprotein Convertases metabolism, Glycoproteins metabolism, Serine Endopeptidases genetics, Serine Endopeptidases metabolism, Cricetulus, Nairobi sheep disease virus metabolism, Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo, Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean
Abstract: Nairobi sheep disease virus (NSDV) belongs to the Orthonairovirus genus in the Bunyavirales order and is genetically related to human-pathogenic Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). NSDV is a zoonotic pathogen transmitted by ticks and primarily affects naïve small ruminants in which infection leads to severe and often fatal hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. Despite its veterinary importance and the striking similarities in the clinical picture between NSDV-infected ruminants and CCHFV patients, the molecular pathogenesis of NSDV and its interactions with the host cell are largely unknown. Here, we identify the membrane-bound proprotein convertase site-1 protease (S1P), also known as subtilisin/kexin-isozyme-1 (SKI-1), as a host factor affecting NSDV infectivity. Absence of S1P in SRD-12B cells, a clonal CHO-K1 cell variant with a genetic defect in the S1P gene (MBTPS1), results in significantly decreased NSDV infectivity while transient complementation of SKI-1/S1P rescues NSDV infection. SKI-1/S1P is dispensable for virus uptake but critically required for production of infectious virus progeny. Moreover, we provide evidence that SKI-1/S1P is involved in the posttranslational processing of the NSDV glycoprotein precursor. Our results demonstrate the role of SKI-1/S1P in the virus life cycle of NSDV and suggest that this protease is a common host factor for orthonairoviruses and may thus represent a promising broadly-effective, indirect antiviral target., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
Published: 2023
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