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2. Synergistic China–US Ecological Research is Essential for Global Emerging Infectious Disease Preparedness

Author

Smiley Evans, Tierra, Shi, Zhengli, Boots, Michael, Liu, Wenjun, Olival, Kevin J, Xiao, Xiangming, Vandewoude, Sue, Brown, Heidi, Chen, Ji-Long, Civitello, David J, Escobar, Luis, Grohn, Yrjo, Li, Hongying, Lips, Karen, Liu, Qiyoung, Lu, Jiahai, Martínez-López, Beatriz, Shi, Jishu, Shi, Xiaolu, Xu, Biao, Yuan, Lihong, Zhu, Guoqiang, and Getz, Wayne M

Subjects
Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural, Veterinary and Food Sciences, Biological Sciences, Ecology, Prevention, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Clinical Research, Infectious Diseases, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Animals, Animals, Wild, China, Communicable Diseases, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Global Health, Humans, International Cooperation, Pandemics, Zoonoses, USA, Emerging infectious diseases, Pandemic, Preparedness, Training, Public Health and Health Services, Veterinary sciences
Abstract

The risk of a zoonotic pandemic disease threatens hundreds of millions of people. Emerging infectious diseases also threaten livestock and wildlife populations around the world and can lead to devastating economic damages. China and the USA-due to their unparalleled resources, widespread engagement in activities driving emerging infectious diseases and national as well as geopolitical imperatives to contribute to global health security-play an essential role in our understanding of pandemic threats. Critical to efforts to mitigate risk is building upon existing investments in global capacity to develop training and research focused on the ecological factors driving infectious disease spillover from animals to humans. International cooperation, particularly between China and the USA, is essential to fully engage the resources and scientific strengths necessary to add this ecological emphasis to the pandemic preparedness strategy. Here, we review the world's current state of emerging infectious disease preparedness, the ecological and evolutionary knowledge needed to anticipate disease emergence, the roles that China and the USA currently play as sources and solutions to mitigating risk, and the next steps needed to better protect the global community from zoonotic disease.

Published
2020

10. Farm animal contact as risk factor for transmission of bovine-associated salmonella subtypes

Author

Cummings, Kevin J., Warnick, Lorin D., Davis, Margaret A., Eckmann, Kaye, Grohn, Yrjo T., Hoelzer, Karin, MacDonald, Kathryn, Root, Timothy P., Siler, Julie D., McGuire, Suzanne M., Wiedmann, Martin, Wright, Emily M., Zansky, Shelley M., and Besser, Thomas E.

Subjects
United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Disease transmission -- Risk factors, Cattle, Livestock, Salmonella, Health
Abstract

Salmonella enterica remains a formidable public health challenge, resulting in [approximately equals] 1.2 million illnesses and 400 deaths annually in the United States alone (1). Disease manifestations include diarrhea, fever, [...]

Published
2012
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11. Economic Effects of a Potential Foodborne Disease: Potential Relationship between Mycobacterium Avium Subs. Paratuberculosis (MAP) in Dairy and Crohn’s in Humans

Author

Chiu, Leslie J. Verteramo, Tauer, Loren W., Smith, Rebecca L., and Grohn, Yrjo T.

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, 03 medical and health sciences, fluids and secretions, 030104 developmental biology, 0402 animal and dairy science, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 040201 dairy & animal science, Food Shock, Crohn’s Disease, Food Contamination, Milk Demand, Food Scare, health care economics and organizations
Abstract

Welfare costs of a potential food shock were estimated by disseminating information to milk drinkers on the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium sub. paratuberculosis (MAP) in the U.S. milk supply, its potential linkage to Crohn’s disease in humans, and subsequent government intervention to minimize MAP in the milk supply. We found that 19.6% of milk consumers exposed to MAP information would stop milk consumption at current market prices, and that only 5% of those would return to their original milk consumption levels after the government intervention. Societal costs of the food shock after the intervention were estimated at $18.2 billion., International Journal on Food System Dynamics, Vol 11, No 5 (2020)

Published
2020
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13. Microarray identification of Clostridium difficile core components and divergent regions associated with host origin

Author

Janvilisri, Tavan, Scaria, Joy, Thompson, Angela D., Nicholson, Ainsley, Limbago, Brandi M., Arroyo, Luis G., Songer, J. Glenn, Grohn, Yrjo T., and Chang, Yung-Fu

Subjects
Clostridium difficile -- Genetic aspects, Clostridium difficile -- Research, Biological diversity -- Reports, DNA microarrays -- Research, Biological sciences
Abstract

Clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming enteric anaerobe which can infect humans and a wide variety of animal species. Recently, the incidence and severity of human C. difficile infection has markedly increased. In this study, we evaluated the genomic content of 73 C. difficile strains isolated from humans, horses, cattle, and pigs by comparative genomic hybridization with microarrays containing coding sequences from C. difficile strains 630 and QCD-32g58. The sequenced genome of C. difficile strain 630 was used as a reference to define a candidate core genome of C. difficile and to explore correlations between host origins and genetic diversity. Approximately 16% of the genes in strain 630 were highly conserved among all strains, representing the core complement of functional genes defining C. difficile. Absent or divergent genes in the tested strains were distributed across the entire C. difficile 630 genome and across all the predicted functional categories. Interestingly, certain genes were conserved among strains from a specific host species, but divergent in isolates with other host origins. This information provides insight into the genomic changes which might contribute to host adaptation. Due to a high degree of divergence among C. difficile strains, a core gene list from this study offers the first step toward the construction of diagnostic arrays for C. difficile.

Published
2009

14. Evolutionary Genomic and Bacterial Genome-Wide Association Study of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Dairy Cattle Johne's Disease Phenotypes

Author

Richards, Vincent P., primary, Nigsch, Annette, additional, Pavinski Bitar, Paulina, additional, Sun, Qi, additional, Stuber, Tod, additional, Ceres, Kristina, additional, Smith, Rebecca L., additional, Robbe Austerman, Suelee, additional, Schukken, Ynte, additional, Grohn, Yrjo T., additional, and Stanhope, Michael J., additional

Published
2021
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15. EcoHealth

Author

Smiley Evans, Tierra, Shi, Zhengli, Boots, Michael, Liu, Wenjun, Olival, Kevin J., Xiao, Xiangming, VandeWoude, Sue, Brown, Heidi E., Chen, Ji-Long, Civitello, David J., Escobar, Luis E., Grohn, Yrjo, Li, Hongying, Lips, Karen, Liu, Qiyoung, Lu, Jiahai, Martinez-Lopez, Beatriz, Shi, Jishu, Shi, Xiaolu, Xu, Biao, Yuan, Lihong, Zhu, Guoqiang, Getz, Wayne M., and Fish and Wildlife Conservation

Subjects
Emerging infectious diseases, China, Preparedness, International Cooperation, Biodiversity & Conservation, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, Animals, Wild, CORONAVIRUS, Global Health, Communicable Diseases, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, EMERGENCE, Zoonoses, Training, Animals, Humans, Pandemics, USA, CLIMATE-CHANGE, Ecology, Pandemic, 0602 Ecology, ORIGIN, 0707 Veterinary Sciences, ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE, WILDLIFE TRADE, GENOMIC CHARACTERIZATION, HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER, BATS, BIODIVERSITY LOSS, Biodiversity Conservation, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Environmental Sciences
Abstract

The risk of a zoonotic pandemic disease threatens hundreds of millions of people. Emerging infectious diseases also threaten livestock and wildlife populations around the world and can lead to devastating economic damages. China and the USA—due to their unparalleled resources, widespread engagement in activities driving emerging infectious diseases and national as well as geopolitical imperatives to contribute to global health security—play an essential role in our understanding of pandemic threats. Critical to efforts to mitigate risk is building upon existing investments in global capacity to develop training and research focused on the ecological factors driving infectious disease spillover from animals to humans. International cooperation, particularly between China and the USA, is essential to fully engage the resources and scientific strengths necessary to add this ecological emphasis to the pandemic preparedness strategy. Here, we review the world’s current state of emerging infectious disease preparedness, the ecological and evolutionary knowledge needed to anticipate disease emergence, the roles that China and the USA currently play as sources and solutions to mitigating risk, and the next steps needed to better protect the global community from zoonotic disease. Published version

Published
2020

16. Is Salmonella enterica shared between wildlife and cattle in cattle farming areas? An 11‐year retrospective study in Tokachi district, Hokkaido, Japan.

Author

Yamaguchi, Emi, Fujii, Kei, Kayano, Mitsunori, Sakurai, Yoshie, Nakatani, Atsuko, Sasaki, Motoki, Hertl, Julia A., and Grohn, Yrjo T.

Subjects
SALMONELLA enterica, CROWS, PULSED-field gel electrophoresis, CATTLE, LIVESTOCK farms, POLYMERASE chain reaction
Abstract

Background: Salmonella enterica in cattle has long been problematic and suspected to be transmitted by wildlife in Tokachi, Hokkaido, a major cattle farming area in Japan. Understanding the role of wildlife in S. enterica transmission would be helpful for developing control strategies of bovine salmonellosis. Objectives: We aimed to elucidate the possibility of S. enterica transmission between sympatric wildlife, including raccoons and crows and cattle, in Tokachi from 2008 to 2018 by analysing S. enterica detection records, and the genetic relatedness of serotypes shared between wildlife and cattle. Methods: S. enterica detection records were based on the results of a field survey and existing cattle records at relevant organisations, including clinical reports, a monitoring survey and quarantine for introduced calves at growing farms and public calving farms. S. enterica was identified by polymerase chain reaction assay and serotyped by agglutination assay. The detection records were organised chronologically to investigate whether common serotypes in wildlife and cattle were detected in the same year. The isolates corresponding to detection records were assessed for their genetic patterns by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis. Results: The prevalence of S. enterica in raccoons and crows was 10.7% (17/159) and 5.7% (55/967), respectively. The following serotypes were detected from both wildlife and cattle: Braenderup, Dublin, Infantis, Mbandaka, Montevideo, 4,[5],12:i:‐ and Typhimurium. Genetically similar isolates for S. Braenderup, S. Dublin, S. Montevideo and S. 4,[5],12:i:‐ were detected from both species in the same year. Conclusions: Our long‐term retrospective observations supported that S. enterica was shared between wildlife and cattle. Wildlife invasions should be controlled at farms to prevent inter‐species transmission of S. enterica from livestock farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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18. Optimal levels of inputs to control Listeria monocytogenes contamination at a smoked fish plant

Author

Tauer, Loren W., Nightingale, Cameron, Ivanek, Renata, Grohn, Yrjo T., and Wiedmann, Martin

Subjects
Food processing plants -- Economic aspects, Food processing plants -- Management, Decontamination (from gases, chemicals, etc.) -- Economic aspects, Decontamination (from gases, chemicals, etc.) -- Methods, Listeria monocytogenes -- Control, Company business management, Agricultural industry, Business
Abstract

The optimal cost levels of inputs to reduce Listeria monocytogenes contamination in the finished product of a cold smoked fish plant are estimated and results are discussed.

Published
2007

20. Economic Effects of a Potential Foodborne Disease: Potential Relationship between Mycobacterium Avium Subs. Paratuberculosis (MAP) in Dairy and Crohn's in Humans.

Author

Verteramo Chiu, Leslie J., Tauer, Loren W., Smith, Rebecca L., and Grohn, Yrjo T.

Subjects
MYCOBACTERIUM avium, FOODBORNE diseases, MYCOBACTERIUM avium paratuberculosis, CROHN'S disease, PARATUBERCULOSIS
Abstract

Welfare costs of a potential food shock were estimated by disseminating information to milk drinkers on the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium sub. paratuberculosis (MAP) in the U.S. milk supply, its potential linkage to Crohn's disease in humans, and subsequent government intervention to minimize MAP in the milk supply. We found that 19.6% of milk consumers exposed to MAP information would stop milk consumption at current market prices, and that only 5% of those would return to their original milk consumption levels after the government intervention. Societal costs of the food shock after the intervention were estimated at $18.2 billion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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29. Compartment Model for Controlling Infectious Livestock Disease: Cost-Effective Control Strategies for Johne's Disease In Dairy Herds

Author

Cho, Jaesung, Tauer, Loren W., Schukken, Ynte H., Smith, Rebecca L., Lu, Zhao, and Grohn, Yrjo T.

Subjects
animal compartment model, dairy cattle disease, Johne’s disease, livestock disease control, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, Farm Management, Livestock Production/Industries
Abstract

Replaced with revised version of paper 06/08/11.

Published
2011

32. Economic Analysis of Johne's Disease Control Strategies in Dairy Herds

Author

Cho, Jaesung, Tauer, Loren W., Schukken, Ynte H., Smith, Rebecca L., Lu, Zhao, and Grohn, Yrjo T.

Subjects
Animal disease control, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, dairy herd model, paratuberculosis, optimal control model, Livestock Production/Industries, Farm Management, Agribusiness, Johne's disease
Abstract

Infectious diseases play a critical role in determining the profitability of individual farms and maintaining the viability of livestock industries, international trade, and trade policies. Thus, it is critical to analyze the economic consequences of infectious diseases, and the effects of producer strategies to control or eliminate diseases in a cost efficient approach. Also, important is the goal to rally support for the development of public disease control programs. This study examined the long-term feasibility and effectiveness of various producer strategies to prevent and control Johne’s disease in dairy herds, an infectious and incurable disease which has significant economic repercussions for the dairy industry. There are few previous studies available on the economic aspects of Johne’s disease and there remains a knowledge gap with regard to the economics of the disease and the economic justification of the disease controls associated with the biological characteristics of the disease. This study contributes to this body of knowledge. We constructed an optimal control model integrating the biology of animals and disease into an economic framework to estimate the best control method in terms of maximizing an individual farm’s profit and minimizing disease elimination periods. Our results show that any Johne’s disease control method yields a higher net present value compared to no control. Implementing a single control strategy can control the disease, but a combination of control strategies in different categories is the most profitable and effective way to reduce the infection rate in a disease-infected herd. The results of the study are directly applicable to managing this disease on US dairy farms and contribute to controlling a high-priority pathogen in an important industry.

Published
2010
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36. The Cost and Benefit of Listeria Monocytogenes Food Safety Measures

Author

Ivanek, Renata, Grohn, Yrjo T., Tauer, Loren W., and Wiedmann, Martin

Subjects
foodborne pathogen, optimal level of food safety, cost-of-illness, willingness-to-pay, event study, cost function, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, health care economics and organizations
Abstract

The objectives of this review were to evaluate economic techniques used to determine the cost and benefit of Listeria monocytogenes control and to estimate the economic optimum of L. monocytogenes food safety measures. The level of food safety measures is optimal if marginal benefit and marginal cost equate. Estimates of benefit and cost of L. monocytogenes food safety measures, from available published literature, are derived from different methods of economic analysis (willingness-to-pay, cost-of-illness, cost function, event study methods). The estimated annual benefit and cost of L. monocytogenes food safety measures ranged from $2.3 billion to $22 billion and from $0.01 billion to $2.4 billion, respectively. The estimated marginal benefit exceeds the estimated marginal cost, which implies that more food safety measures are warranted before the optimal level of L. monocytogenes food safety can be reached. However, due to considerable lack of data the optimal level of L. monocytogenes food safety measures could not be estimated. When better data become available, this study can serve as a template for estimating the optimal level of food safety. The understanding of the economic optimum of food safety level will contribute to designing a control program that is economical and acceptable for US society.

Published
2003

40. Prevalence, Distribution, and Diversity of Listeria monocytogenes in Retail Environments, Focusing on Small Establishments and Establishments with a History of Failed Inspections

Author

Hoelzer, Karin, primary, Sauders, Brian D., additional, Sanchez, Maria D., additional, Olsen, Peter T., additional, Pickett, Michele M., additional, Mangione, Kurt J., additional, Rice, Daniel H., additional, Corby, Joe, additional, Stich, Stephen, additional, Fortes, Esther D., additional, Roof, Sherry E., additional, Grohn, Yrjo T., additional, Wiedmann, Martin, additional, and Oliver, Haley F., additional

Published
2011
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46. Evaluation of multiple radiographic predictors of cartilage lesions in the hip joints of eight-month-old dogs

Author

Todhunter, Rory J., primary, Grohn, Yrjo T., additional, Bliss, Stuart P., additional, Wilfand, Ashley, additional, Williams, Alma J., additional, Vernier-Singer, Margaret, additional, Burton-Wurster, Nancy I., additional, Dykes, Nathan L., additional, Wu, Rongling, additional, Casella, George, additional, Acland, Gregory M., additional, and Lust, George, additional

Published
2003
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47. Cost-Effective Control Strategies for Johne's Disease in Dairy Herds.

Author

Cho, Jaesung, Tauer, Loren W., Schukken, Ynte H., Smith, Rebecca L., Lu, Zhao, and Grohn, Yrjo T.

Subjects
DAIRY farms, COST effectiveness, STRATEGIC planning, MYCOBACTERIUM avium paratuberculosis, OPTIMAL control theory, ECONOMIC models
Abstract

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2013
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48. Quantitative Risk Assessment of Listeriosis Due to Consumption of Raw Milk†

Author

Latorre, Alejandra A., Pradhan, Abani K., Van Kessel, Jo Ann S., Karns, Jeffrey S., Boor, Kathryn J., Rice, Daniel H., Mangione, Kurt J., Grohn, Yrjo T., and Schukken, Ynte H.

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to estimate the risk of illness for raw milk consumers due to Listeria monocytogenesin raw milk sold by permitted dealers, and the risk for people on farms who consume raw milk. Three scenarios were evaluated for raw milk sold by dealers: raw milk purchased directly from bulk tanks, from on-farm stores, and from retail. To assess the effect of mandatory testing of raw milk by regulatory agencies, the number of listeriosis cases per year was compared where no raw milk testing was done, only a screening test to issue a permit was conducted, and routine testing was conducted and milk was recalled if it was L. monocytogenespositive. The median number of listeriosis cases associated with consumption of raw milk from bulk tanks, farm stores, and retail for an intermediate-age population was 6.6 × 10–7, 3.8 × 10–5, and 5.1 × 10–5cases per year, respectively. In populations with high susceptibility, the estimated median number of cases per year was 2.7 × 10–7(perinatal, i.e., pregnant women and their fetuses or newborns) and 1.4 × 10–6(elderly) for milk purchased from bulk tanks, 1.5 × 10–5(perinatal) and 7.8 × 10–5(elderly) for milk from farm stores, and 2.1 × 10–5(perinatal) and 1.0 × 10–4(elderly) for milk from retail. For raw milk consumed on farms, the median number of listeriosis cases was 1.4 × 10–7cases per year. A greater risk of listeriosis was associated with consumption of raw milk obtained from retail and farm stores as compared with milk obtained from bulk tanks. This was likely due to additional time-temperature combination steps in the retail and farm store models, which increased the chances for growth of L. monocytogenesin raw milk. A close relationship between prevalence of L. monocytogenesin raw milk and the values of disease incidence was observed. Hence, a reduction in the number of cases per year in all populations was observed when a raw milk-testing program was in place, especially when routine testing and recalling of milk was conducted.

Published
2011
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49. Prevalence, Distribution, and Diversity of Listeriamonocytogenes in Retail Environments, Focusing on Small Establishments and Establishments with a History of Failed Inspections

Author

Hoelzer, Karin, Sauders, Brian D., Sanchez, Maria D., Olsen, Peter T., Pickett, Michele M., Mangione, Kurt J., Rice, Daniel H., Corby, Joe, Stich, Stephen, Fortes, Esther D., Roof, Sherry E., Grohn, Yrjo T., Wiedmann, Martin, and Oliver, Haley F.

Abstract

Despite growing concerns about cross-contamination of ready-to-eat foods with Listeria monocytogenes, our knowledge about the ecology and transmission of L. monocytogenesin retail establishments has remained limited. We conducted a cross-sectional study to characterize the prevalence, distribution, and subtype diversity of L. monocytogenesin 120 New York State retail deli establishments that were hypothesized to present an increased risk for environmental L. monocytogenescontamination (i.e., small establishments and establishments with a history of failed New York State Agriculture and Markets inspections). Analysis of these data along with previously reported data for 121 predominantly larger retail establishments in New York State identified establishment size, geographic location, and inspection history as significant predictors of L. monocytogenespresence and prevalence. The odds of an establishment being L. monocytogenespositive were approximately twice as high for large establishments, establishments located in New York City, or establishments with poor inspection history (as compared with establishments without these attributes), even though correlation between location and inspection history complicated interpretation of results. Within an establishment, L. monocytogeneswas significantly more prevalent on nonfood contact surfaces than on food contact surfaces; prevalence was particularly high for floors and in floor drains, sinks, the dairy case, and milk crates. L. monocytogenessubtype diversity differed between sites, with lineage I isolates significantly associated with nonfood contact surfaces and lineage II isolates significantly associated with food contact surfaces. Isolates belonging to the same ribotype were often found dispersed across multiple sites within an operation.

Published
2011
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50. Association of Escherichia coliJ5-Specific Serum Antibody Responses with Clinical Mastitis Outcome for J5 Vaccinate and Control Dairy Cattle

Author

Wilson, David J., Mallard, Bonnie A., Burton, Jeanne L., Schukken, Ynte H., and Grohn, Yrjo T.

Abstract

ABSTRACTDairy cattle in two commercial Holstein herds were randomly selected to be vaccinated twice with J5, at approximately 60 days and 28 days before the expected calving date, or to be untreated controls. Based on whether milk production changed following clinical mastitis or whether cows were culled or died within 30 days after onset, 51 mastitis cases were classified as severe or mild. J5-specific antibody responses were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of all 32 severe and 19 mild cases. The amounts of J5-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG1, and IgG2 antibodies in sera from the 27 J5 vaccinates were compared with those of the 24 controls. At drying off (before J5 vaccination), all cows had similar amounts of J5-specific antibody. Immediately after calving (approximately 28 days after the second vaccination), J5 vaccinates had significantly higher production of J5-specific IgG1 and IgG2 than controls. When cows were tested following clinical mastitis, none of the three antibody classes differed significantly between the controls and the vaccinates. Vaccinates that contracted Escherichia colimastitis had 75% less milk loss than controls. The cows that contracted clinical mastitis later in lactation, the unvaccinated controls, and those infected with E. colihad more milk loss following mastitis. The hazards of being culled for all reasons and of being culled for mastitis were significantly lower for J5 vaccinates. Vaccination with J5 was associated with protection against milk production loss and culling following clinical mastitis, and it was also significantly associated with changes in J5-specific IgM, IgG1, and IgG2 antibodies in sera of vaccinated cows.

Published
2009
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