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29 results on '"Grimshaw, Jenna"'

1. Vocal learning-associated convergent evolution in mammalian proteins and regulatory elements.

Author

Wirthlin, Morgan, Schmid, Tobias, Elie, Julie, Zhang, Xiaomeng, Kowalczyk, Amanda, Redlich, Ruby, Shvareva, Varvara, Rakuljic, Ashley, Ji, Maria, Bhat, Ninad, Kaplow, Irene, Schäffer, Daniel, Lawler, Alyssa, Wang, Andrew, Phan, BaDoi, Annaldasula, Siddharth, Brown, Ashley, Lu, Tianyu, Lim, Byung, Azim, Eiman, Clark, Nathan, Meyer, Wynn, Pond, Sergei, Chikina, Maria, Yartsev, Michael, Pfenning, Andreas, Andrews, Gregory, Armstrong, Joel, Bianchi, Matteo, Birren, Bruce, Bredemeyer, Kevin, Breit, Ana, Christmas, Matthew, Clawson, Hiram, Damas, Joana, Di Palma, Federica, Diekhans, Mark, Dong, Michael, Eizirik, Eduardo, Fan, Kaili, Fanter, Cornelia, Foley, Nicole, Forsberg-Nilsson, Karin, Garcia, Carlos, Gatesy, John, Gazal, Steven, Genereux, Diane, Goodman, Linda, Grimshaw, Jenna, Halsey, Michaela, Harris, Andrew, Hickey, Glenn, Hiller, Michael, Hindle, Allyson, Hubley, Robert, Hughes, Graham, Johnson, Jeremy, Juan, David, Karlsson, Elinor, Keough, Kathleen, Kirilenko, Bogdan, Koepfli, Klaus-Peter, Korstian, Jennifer, Kozyrev, Sergey, Lawless, Colleen, Lehmann, Thomas, Levesque, Danielle, Lewin, Harris, Li, Xue, Lind, Abigail, Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin, Mackay-Smith, Ava, Marinescu, Voichita, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Mason, Victor, Meadows, Jennifer, Moore, Jill, Moreira, Lucas, Moreno-Santillan, Diana, Morrill, Kathleen, Muntané, Gerard, Murphy, William, Navarro, Arcadi, Nweeia, Martin, Ortmann, Sylvia, Osmanski, Austin, Paten, Benedict, Paulat, Nicole, Pollard, Katherine, Pratt, Henry, Ray, David, Reilly, Steven, Rosen, Jeb, and Ruf, Irina

Subjects
Animals, Chiroptera, Vocalization, Animal, Motor Cortex, Chromatin, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Motor Neurons, Larynx, Epigenesis, Genetic, Genome, Gene Expression Regulation, Evolution, Molecular, Proteins, Amino Acid Sequence, Eutheria, Machine Learning
Abstract

Vocal production learning (vocal learning) is a convergently evolved trait in vertebrates. To identify brain genomic elements associated with mammalian vocal learning, we integrated genomic, anatomical, and neurophysiological data from the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) with analyses of the genomes of 215 placental mammals. First, we identified a set of proteins evolving more slowly in vocal learners. Then, we discovered a vocal motor cortical region in the Egyptian fruit bat, an emergent vocal learner, and leveraged that knowledge to identify active cis-regulatory elements in the motor cortex of vocal learners. Machine learning methods applied to motor cortex open chromatin revealed 50 enhancers robustly associated with vocal learning whose activity tended to be lower in vocal learners. Our research implicates convergent losses of motor cortex regulatory elements in mammalian vocal learning evolution.

Published
2024

2. Insights into mammalian TE diversity through the curation of 248 genome assemblies.

Author

Osmanski, Austin, Paulat, Nicole, Korstian, Jenny, Grimshaw, Jenna, Halsey, Michaela, Sullivan, Kevin, Moreno-Santillán, Diana, Crookshanks, Claudia, Roberts, Jacquelyn, Garcia, Carlos, Johnson, Matthew, Densmore, Llewellyn, Stevens, Richard, Rosen, Jeb, Storer, Jessica, Hubley, Robert, Smit, Arian, Dávalos, Liliana, Karlsson, Elinor, Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin, and Ray, David

Subjects
Animals, Female, Pregnancy, DNA Transposable Elements, Evolution, Molecular, Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements, Eutheria, Datasets as Topic, Feeding Behavior, Genetic Variation
Abstract

We examined transposable element (TE) content of 248 placental mammal genome assemblies, the largest de novo TE curation effort in eukaryotes to date. We found that although mammals resemble one another in total TE content and diversity, they show substantial differences with regard to recent TE accumulation. This includes multiple recent expansion and quiescence events across the mammalian tree. Young TEs, particularly long interspersed elements, drive increases in genome size, whereas DNA transposons are associated with smaller genomes. Mammals tend to accumulate only a few types of TEs at any given time, with one TE type dominating. We also found association between dietary habit and the presence of DNA transposon invasions. These detailed annotations will serve as a benchmark for future comparative TE analyses among placental mammals.

Published
2023

3. A genomic timescale for placental mammal evolution

Author

Foley, Nicole M, Mason, Victor C, Harris, Andrew J, Bredemeyer, Kevin R, Damas, Joana, Lewin, Harris A, Eizirik, Eduardo, Gatesy, John, Karlsson, Elinor K, Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin, Springer, Mark S, Murphy, William J, Andrews, Gregory, Armstrong, Joel C, Bianchi, Matteo, Birren, Bruce W, Breit, Ana M, Christmas, Matthew J, Clawson, Hiram, Di Palma, Federica, Diekhans, Mark, Dong, Michael X, Fan, Kaili, Fanter, Cornelia, Forsberg-Nilsson, Karin, Garcia, Carlos J, Gazal, Steven, Genereux, Diane P, Goodman, Linda, Grimshaw, Jenna, Halsey, Michaela K, Hickey, Glenn, Hiller, Michael, Hindle, Allyson G, Hubley, Robert M, Hughes, Graham M, Johnson, Jeremy, Juan, David, Kaplow, Irene M, Keough, Kathleen C, Kirilenko, Bogdan, Koepfli, Klaus-Peter, Korstian, Jennifer M, Kowalczyk, Amanda, Kozyrev, Sergey V, Lawler, Alyssa J, Lawless, Colleen, Lehmann, Thomas, Levesque, Danielle L, Li, Xue, Lind, Abigail, Mackay-Smith, Ava, Marinescu, Voichita D, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Meadows, Jennifer RS, Meyer, Wynn K, Moore, Jill E, Moreira, Lucas R, Moreno-Santillan, Diana D, Morrill, Kathleen M, Muntané, Gerard, Navarro, Arcadi, Nweeia, Martin, Ortmann, Sylvia, Osmanski, Austin, Paten, Benedict, Paulat, Nicole S, Pfenning, Andreas R, Phan, BaDoi N, Pollard, Katherine S, Pratt, Henry E, Ray, David A, Reilly, Steven K, Rosen, Jeb R, Ruf, Irina, Ryan, Louise, Ryder, Oliver A, Sabeti, Pardis C, Schäffer, Daniel E, Serres, Aitor, Shapiro, Beth, Smit, Arian FA, Springer, Mark, Srinivasan, Chaitanya, Steiner, Cynthia, Storer, Jessica M, Sullivan, Kevin AM, Sullivan, Patrick F, and Sundström, Elisabeth

Subjects
Genetics, Human Genome, Biotechnology, Animals, Female, Biological Evolution, Eutheria, Evolution, Molecular, Fossils, Genomics, Phylogeny, Genetic Variation, Time Factors, Zoonomia Consortium‡, General Science & Technology
Abstract

The precise pattern and timing of speciation events that gave rise to all living placental mammals remain controversial. We provide a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of genetic variation across an alignment of 241 placental mammal genome assemblies, addressing prior concerns regarding limited genomic sampling across species. We compared neutral genome-wide phylogenomic signals using concatenation and coalescent-based approaches, interrogated phylogenetic variation across chromosomes, and analyzed extensive catalogs of structural variants. Interordinal relationships exhibit relatively low rates of phylogenomic conflict across diverse datasets and analytical methods. Conversely, X-chromosome versus autosome conflicts characterize multiple independent clades that radiated during the Cenozoic. Genomic time trees reveal an accumulation of cladogenic events before and immediately after the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary, implying important roles for Cretaceous continental vicariance and the K-Pg extinction in the placental radiation.

Published
2023

4. Comparative genomics of Balto, a famous historic dog, captures lost diversity of 1920s sled dogs

Author

Moon, Katherine L, Huson, Heather J, Morrill, Kathleen, Wang, Ming-Shan, Li, Xue, Srikanth, Krishnamoorthy, Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin, Svenson, Gavin J, Karlsson, Elinor K, Shapiro, Beth, Andrews, Gregory, Armstrong, Joel C, Bianchi, Matteo, Birren, Bruce W, Bredemeyer, Kevin R, Breit, Ana M, Christmas, Matthew J, Clawson, Hiram, Damas, Joana, Di Palma, Federica, Diekhans, Mark, Dong, Michael X, Eizirik, Eduardo, Fan, Kaili, Fanter, Cornelia, Foley, Nicole M, Forsberg-Nilsson, Karin, Garcia, Carlos J, Gatesy, John, Gazal, Steven, Genereux, Diane P, Goodman, Linda, Grimshaw, Jenna, Halsey, Michaela K, Harris, Andrew J, Hickey, Glenn, Hiller, Michael, Hindle, Allyson G, Hubley, Robert M, Hughes, Graham M, Johnson, Jeremy, Juan, David, Kaplow, Irene M, Keough, Kathleen C, Kirilenko, Bogdan, Koepfli, Klaus-Peter, Korstian, Jennifer M, Kowalczyk, Amanda, Kozyrev, Sergey V, Lawler, Alyssa J, Lawless, Colleen, Lehmann, Thomas, Levesque, Danielle L, Lewin, Harris A, Lind, Abigail, Mackay-Smith, Ava, Marinescu, Voichita D, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Mason, Victor C, Meadows, Jennifer RS, Meyer, Wynn K, Moore, Jill E, Moreira, Lucas R, Moreno-Santillan, Diana D, Morrill, Kathleen M, Muntané, Gerard, Murphy, William J, Navarro, Arcadi, Nweeia, Martin, Ortmann, Sylvia, Osmanski, Austin, Paten, Benedict, Paulat, Nicole S, Pfenning, Andreas R, Phan, BaDoi N, Pollard, Katherine S, Pratt, Henry E, Ray, David A, Reilly, Steven K, Rosen, Jeb R, Ruf, Irina, Ryan, Louise, Ryder, Oliver A, Sabeti, Pardis C, Schäffer, Daniel E, Serres, Aitor, Smit, Arian FA, Springer, Mark, Srinivasan, Chaitanya, Steiner, Cynthia, Storer, Jessica M, Sullivan, Kevin AM, Sullivan, Patrick F, Sundström, Elisabeth, Supple, Megan A, and Swofford, Ross

Subjects
Agricultural, Veterinary and Food Sciences, Biological Sciences, Genetics, Animals, Dogs, Male, Genome, Genomics, Genotype, Phenotype, Wolves, Biodiversity, Genetic Variation, Zoonomia Consortium, General Science & Technology
Abstract

We reconstruct the phenotype of Balto, the heroic sled dog renowned for transporting diphtheria antitoxin to Nome, Alaska, in 1925, using evolutionary constraint estimates from the Zoonomia alignment of 240 mammals and 682 genomes from dogs and wolves of the 21st century. Balto shares just part of his diverse ancestry with the eponymous Siberian husky breed. Balto's genotype predicts a combination of coat features atypical for modern sled dog breeds, and a slightly smaller stature. He had enhanced starch digestion compared with Greenland sled dogs and a compendium of derived homozygous coding variants at constrained positions in genes connected to bone and skin development. We propose that Balto's population of origin, which was less inbred and genetically healthier than that of modern breeds, was adapted to the extreme environment of 1920s Alaska.

Published
2023

5. The contribution of historical processes to contemporary extinction risk in placental mammals

Author

Wilder, Aryn P, Supple, Megan A, Subramanian, Ayshwarya, Mudide, Anish, Swofford, Ross, Serres-Armero, Aitor, Steiner, Cynthia, Koepfli, Klaus-Peter, Genereux, Diane P, Karlsson, Elinor K, Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Munoz Fuentes, Violeta, Foley, Kathleen, Meyer, Wynn K, Ryder, Oliver A, Shapiro, Beth, Andrews, Gregory, Armstrong, Joel C, Bianchi, Matteo, Birren, Bruce W, Bredemeyer, Kevin R, Breit, Ana M, Christmas, Matthew J, Clawson, Hiram, Damas, Joana, Di Palma, Federica, Diekhans, Mark, Dong, Michael X, Eizirik, Eduardo, Fan, Kaili, Fanter, Cornelia, Foley, Nicole M, Forsberg-Nilsson, Karin, Garcia, Carlos J, Gatesy, John, Gazal, Steven, Goodman, Linda, Grimshaw, Jenna, Halsey, Michaela K, Harris, Andrew J, Hickey, Glenn, Hiller, Michael, Hindle, Allyson G, Hubley, Robert M, Hughes, Graham M, Johnson, Jeremy, Juan, David, Kaplow, Irene M, Keough, Kathleen C, Kirilenko, Bogdan, Korstian, Jennifer M, Kowalczyk, Amanda, Kozyrev, Sergey V, Lawler, Alyssa J, Lawless, Colleen, Lehmann, Thomas, Levesque, Danielle L, Lewin, Harris A, Li, Xue, Lind, Abigail, Mackay-Smith, Ava, Marinescu, Voichita D, Mason, Victor C, Meadows, Jennifer RS, Moore, Jill E, Moreira, Lucas R, Moreno-Santillan, Diana D, Morrill, Kathleen M, Muntané, Gerard, Murphy, William J, Navarro, Arcadi, Nweeia, Martin, Ortmann, Sylvia, Osmanski, Austin, Paten, Benedict, Paulat, Nicole S, Pfenning, Andreas R, Phan, BaDoi N, Pollard, Katherine S, Pratt, Henry E, Ray, David A, Reilly, Steven K, Rosen, Jeb R, Ruf, Irina, Ryan, Louise, Sabeti, Pardis C, Schäffer, Daniel E, Serres, Aitor, Smit, Arian FA, Springer, Mark, and Srinivasan, Chaitanya

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Evolutionary Biology, Genetics, Behavioral and Social Science, Human Genome, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, Life on Land, Animals, Female, Pregnancy, Eutheria, Extinction, Biological, Genetic Variation, Genome, Population Density, Risk, Zoonomia Consortium‡, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Species persistence can be influenced by the amount, type, and distribution of diversity across the genome, suggesting a potential relationship between historical demography and resilience. In this study, we surveyed genetic variation across single genomes of 240 mammals that compose the Zoonomia alignment to evaluate how historical effective population size (Ne) affects heterozygosity and deleterious genetic load and how these factors may contribute to extinction risk. We find that species with smaller historical Ne carry a proportionally larger burden of deleterious alleles owing to long-term accumulation and fixation of genetic load and have a higher risk of extinction. This suggests that historical demography can inform contemporary resilience. Models that included genomic data were predictive of species' conservation status, suggesting that, in the absence of adequate census or ecological data, genomic information may provide an initial risk assessment.

Published
2023

6. The functional and evolutionary impacts of human-specific deletions in conserved elements

Author

Xue, James R, Mackay-Smith, Ava, Mouri, Kousuke, Garcia, Meilin Fernandez, Dong, Michael X, Akers, Jared F, Noble, Mark, Li, Xue, Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin, Karlsson, Elinor K, Noonan, James P, Capellini, Terence D, Brennand, Kristen J, Tewhey, Ryan, Sabeti, Pardis C, Reilly, Steven K, Andrews, Gregory, Armstrong, Joel C, Bianchi, Matteo, Birren, Bruce W, Bredemeyer, Kevin R, Breit, Ana M, Christmas, Matthew J, Clawson, Hiram, Damas, Joana, Di Palma, Federica, Diekhans, Mark, Eizirik, Eduardo, Fan, Kaili, Fanter, Cornelia, Foley, Nicole M, Forsberg-Nilsson, Karin, Garcia, Carlos J, Gatesy, John, Gazal, Steven, Genereux, Diane P, Goodman, Linda, Grimshaw, Jenna, Halsey, Michaela K, Harris, Andrew J, Hickey, Glenn, Hiller, Michael, Hindle, Allyson G, Hubley, Robert M, Hughes, Graham M, Johnson, Jeremy, Juan, David, Kaplow, Irene M, Keough, Kathleen C, Kirilenko, Bogdan, Koepfli, Klaus-Peter, Korstian, Jennifer M, Kowalczyk, Amanda, Kozyrev, Sergey V, Lawler, Alyssa J, Lawless, Colleen, Lehmann, Thomas, Levesque, Danielle L, Lewin, Harris A, Lind, Abigail, Marinescu, Voichita D, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Mason, Victor C, Meadows, Jennifer RS, Meyer, Wynn K, Moore, Jill E, Moreira, Lucas R, Moreno-Santillan, Diana D, Morrill, Kathleen M, Muntané, Gerard, Murphy, William J, Navarro, Arcadi, Nweeia, Martin, Ortmann, Sylvia, Osmanski, Austin, Paten, Benedict, Paulat, Nicole S, Pfenning, Andreas R, Phan, BaDoi N, Pollard, Katherine S, Pratt, Henry E, Ray, David A, Rosen, Jeb R, Ruf, Irina, Ryan, Louise, Ryder, Oliver A, Schäffer, Daniel E, Serres, Aitor, Shapiro, Beth, Smit, Arian FA, Springer, Mark, Srinivasan, Chaitanya, and Steiner, Cynthia

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genetics, Biotechnology, Neurosciences, Human Genome, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, Underpinning research, Generic health relevance, Neurological, Humans, Conserved Sequence, Evolution, Molecular, Genome, Genomics, RNA-Binding Proteins, Sequence Deletion, Brain, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Zoonomia Consortium†, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Conserved genomic sequences disrupted in humans may underlie uniquely human phenotypic traits. We identified and characterized 10,032 human-specific conserved deletions (hCONDELs). These short (average 2.56 base pairs) deletions are enriched for human brain functions across genetic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic datasets. Using massively parallel reporter assays in six cell types, we discovered 800 hCONDELs conferring significant differences in regulatory activity, half of which enhance rather than disrupt regulatory function. We highlight several hCONDELs with putative human-specific effects on brain development, including HDAC5, CPEB4, and PPP2CA. Reverting an hCONDEL to the ancestral sequence alters the expression of LOXL2 and developmental genes involved in myelination and synaptic function. Our data provide a rich resource to investigate the evolutionary mechanisms driving new traits in humans and other species.

Published
2023

7. Integrating gene annotation with orthology inference at scale

Author

Kirilenko, Bogdan M, Munegowda, Chetan, Osipova, Ekaterina, Jebb, David, Sharma, Virag, Blumer, Moritz, Morales, Ariadna E, Ahmed, Alexis-Walid, Kontopoulos, Dimitrios-Georgios, Hilgers, Leon, Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin, Karlsson, Elinor K, Hiller, Michael, Andrews, Gregory, Armstrong, Joel C, Bianchi, Matteo, Birren, Bruce W, Bredemeyer, Kevin R, Breit, Ana M, Christmas, Matthew J, Clawson, Hiram, Damas, Joana, Di Palma, Federica, Diekhans, Mark, Dong, Michael X, Eizirik, Eduardo, Fan, Kaili, Fanter, Cornelia, Foley, Nicole M, Forsberg-Nilsson, Karin, Garcia, Carlos J, Gatesy, John, Gazal, Steven, Genereux, Diane P, Goodman, Linda, Grimshaw, Jenna, Halsey, Michaela K, Harris, Andrew J, Hickey, Glenn, Hindle, Allyson G, Hubley, Robert M, Hughes, Graham M, Johnson, Jeremy, Juan, David, Kaplow, Irene M, Keough, Kathleen C, Kirilenko, Bogdan, Koepfli, Klaus-Peter, Korstian, Jennifer M, Kowalczyk, Amanda, Kozyrev, Sergey V, Lawler, Alyssa J, Lawless, Colleen, Lehmann, Thomas, Levesque, Danielle L, Lewin, Harris A, Li, Xue, Lind, Abigail, Mackay-Smith, Ava, Marinescu, Voichita D, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Mason, Victor C, Meadows, Jennifer RS, Meyer, Wynn K, Moore, Jill E, Moreira, Lucas R, Moreno-Santillan, Diana D, Morrill, Kathleen M, Muntané, Gerard, Murphy, William J, Navarro, Arcadi, Nweeia, Martin, Ortmann, Sylvia, Osmanski, Austin, Paten, Benedict, Paulat, Nicole S, Pfenning, Andreas R, Phan, BaDoi N, Pollard, Katherine S, Pratt, Henry E, Ray, David A, Reilly, Steven K, Rosen, Jeb R, Ruf, Irina, Ryan, Louise, Ryder, Oliver A, Sabeti, Pardis C, Schäffer, Daniel E, Serres, Aitor, Shapiro, Beth, Smit, Arian FA, Springer, Mark, Srinivasan, Chaitanya, Steiner, Cynthia, Storer, Jessica M, Sullivan, Kevin AM, and Sullivan, Patrick F

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genetics, Biotechnology, Human Genome, Generic health relevance, Animals, Female, Mice, Eutheria, Genome, Genomics, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Birds, Zoonomia Consortium‡, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Annotating coding genes and inferring orthologs are two classical challenges in genomics and evolutionary biology that have traditionally been approached separately, limiting scalability. We present TOGA (Tool to infer Orthologs from Genome Alignments), a method that integrates structural gene annotation and orthology inference. TOGA implements a different paradigm to infer orthologous loci, improves ortholog detection and annotation of conserved genes compared with state-of-the-art methods, and handles even highly fragmented assemblies. TOGA scales to hundreds of genomes, which we demonstrate by applying it to 488 placental mammal and 501 bird assemblies, creating the largest comparative gene resources so far. Additionally, TOGA detects gene losses, enables selection screens, and automatically provides a superior measure of mammalian genome quality. TOGA is a powerful and scalable method to annotate and compare genes in the genomic era.

Published
2023

8. Relating enhancer genetic variation across mammals to complex phenotypes using machine learning

Author

Kaplow, Irene M, Lawler, Alyssa J, Schäffer, Daniel E, Srinivasan, Chaitanya, Sestili, Heather H, Wirthlin, Morgan E, Phan, BaDoi N, Prasad, Kavya, Brown, Ashley R, Zhang, Xiaomeng, Foley, Kathleen, Genereux, Diane P, Karlsson, Elinor K, Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin, Meyer, Wynn K, Pfenning, Andreas R, Andrews, Gregory, Armstrong, Joel C, Bianchi, Matteo, Birren, Bruce W, Bredemeyer, Kevin R, Breit, Ana M, Christmas, Matthew J, Clawson, Hiram, Damas, Joana, Di Palma, Federica, Diekhans, Mark, Dong, Michael X, Eizirik, Eduardo, Fan, Kaili, Fanter, Cornelia, Foley, Nicole M, Forsberg-Nilsson, Karin, Garcia, Carlos J, Gatesy, John, Gazal, Steven, Goodman, Linda, Grimshaw, Jenna, Halsey, Michaela K, Harris, Andrew J, Hickey, Glenn, Hiller, Michael, Hindle, Allyson G, Hubley, Robert M, Hughes, Graham M, Johnson, Jeremy, Juan, David, Keough, Kathleen C, Kirilenko, Bogdan, Koepfli, Klaus-Peter, Korstian, Jennifer M, Kowalczyk, Amanda, Kozyrev, Sergey V, Lawless, Colleen, Lehmann, Thomas, Levesque, Danielle L, Lewin, Harris A, Li, Xue, Lind, Abigail, Mackay-Smith, Ava, Marinescu, Voichita D, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Mason, Victor C, Meadows, Jennifer RS, Moore, Jill E, Moreira, Lucas R, Moreno-Santillan, Diana D, Morrill, Kathleen M, Muntané, Gerard, Murphy, William J, Navarro, Arcadi, Nweeia, Martin, Ortmann, Sylvia, Osmanski, Austin, Paten, Benedict, Paulat, Nicole S, Pollard, Katherine S, Pratt, Henry E, Ray, David A, Reilly, Steven K, Rosen, Jeb R, Ruf, Irina, Ryan, Louise, Ryder, Oliver A, Sabeti, Pardis C, Serres, Aitor, Shapiro, Beth, Smit, Arian FA, Springer, Mark, and Steiner, Cynthia

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Genetics, Pediatric, Human Genome, Rare Diseases, Congenital Structural Anomalies, Underpinning research, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, Neurological, Mental health, Animals, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Genetic Variation, Machine Learning, Mammals, Phenotype, Zoonomia Consortium**, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Protein-coding differences between species often fail to explain phenotypic diversity, suggesting the involvement of genomic elements that regulate gene expression such as enhancers. Identifying associations between enhancers and phenotypes is challenging because enhancer activity can be tissue-dependent and functionally conserved despite low sequence conservation. We developed the Tissue-Aware Conservation Inference Toolkit (TACIT) to associate candidate enhancers with species' phenotypes using predictions from machine learning models trained on specific tissues. Applying TACIT to associate motor cortex and parvalbumin-positive interneuron enhancers with neurological phenotypes revealed dozens of enhancer-phenotype associations, including brain size-associated enhancers that interact with genes implicated in microcephaly or macrocephaly. TACIT provides a foundation for identifying enhancers associated with the evolution of any convergently evolved phenotype in any large group of species with aligned genomes.

Published
2023

9. Three-dimensional genome rewiring in loci with human accelerated regions

Author

Keough, Kathleen C, Whalen, Sean, Inoue, Fumitaka, Przytycki, Pawel F, Fair, Tyler, Deng, Chengyu, Steyert, Marilyn, Ryu, Hane, Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin, Karlsson, Elinor, Nowakowski, Tomasz, Ahituv, Nadav, Pollen, Alex, Pollard, Katherine S, Andrews, Gregory, Armstrong, Joel C, Bianchi, Matteo, Birren, Bruce W, Bredemeyer, Kevin R, Breit, Ana M, Christmas, Matthew J, Clawson, Hiram, Damas, Joana, Di Palma, Federica, Diekhans, Mark, Dong, Michael X, Eizirik, Eduardo, Fan, Kaili, Fanter, Cornelia, Foley, Nicole M, Forsberg-Nilsson, Karin, Garcia, Carlos J, Gatesy, John, Gazal, Steven, Genereux, Diane P, Goodman, Linda, Grimshaw, Jenna, Halsey, Michaela K, Harris, Andrew J, Hickey, Glenn, Hiller, Michael, Hindle, Allyson G, Hubley, Robert M, Hughes, Graham M, Johnson, Jeremy, Juan, David, Kaplow, Irene M, Karlsson, Elinor K, Kirilenko, Bogdan, Koepfli, Klaus-Peter, Korstian, Jennifer M, Kowalczyk, Amanda, Kozyrev, Sergey V, Lawler, Alyssa J, Lawless, Colleen, Lehmann, Thomas, Levesque, Danielle L, Lewin, Harris A, Li, Xue, Lind, Abigail, Mackay-Smith, Ava, Marinescu, Voichita D, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Mason, Victor C, Meadows, Jennifer RS, Meyer, Wynn K, Moore, Jill E, Moreira, Lucas R, Moreno-Santillan, Diana D, Morrill, Kathleen M, Muntané, Gerard, Murphy, William J, Navarro, Arcadi, Nweeia, Martin, Ortmann, Sylvia, Osmanski, Austin, Paten, Benedict, Paulat, Nicole S, Pfenning, Andreas R, Phan, BaDoi N, Pratt, Henry E, Ray, David A, Reilly, Steven K, Rosen, Jeb R, Ruf, Irina, Ryan, Louise, Ryder, Oliver A, Sabeti, Pardis C, Schäffer, Daniel E, Serres, Aitor, Shapiro, Beth, Smit, Arian FA, Springer, Mark, Srinivasan, Chaitanya, Steiner, Cynthia, Storer, Jessica M, and Sullivan, Kevin AM

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genetics, Stem Cell Research, Human Genome, Biotechnology, Underpinning research, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, Animals, Humans, Chromatin, Genome, Human, Genomics, Pan troglodytes, Genetic Loci, Neurogenesis, Deep Learning, Zoonomia Consortium§, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Human accelerated regions (HARs) are conserved genomic loci that evolved at an accelerated rate in the human lineage and may underlie human-specific traits. We generated HARs and chimpanzee accelerated regions with an automated pipeline and an alignment of 241 mammalian genomes. Combining deep learning with chromatin capture experiments in human and chimpanzee neural progenitor cells, we discovered a significant enrichment of HARs in topologically associating domains containing human-specific genomic variants that change three-dimensional (3D) genome organization. Differential gene expression between humans and chimpanzees at these loci suggests rewiring of regulatory interactions between HARs and neurodevelopmental genes. Thus, comparative genomics together with models of 3D genome folding revealed enhancer hijacking as an explanation for the rapid evolution of HARs.

Published
2023

10. Evolutionary constraint and innovation across hundreds of placental mammals

Author

Christmas, Matthew J, Kaplow, Irene M, Genereux, Diane P, Dong, Michael X, Hughes, Graham M, Li, Xue, Sullivan, Patrick F, Hindle, Allyson G, Andrews, Gregory, Armstrong, Joel C, Bianchi, Matteo, Breit, Ana M, Diekhans, Mark, Fanter, Cornelia, Foley, Nicole M, Goodman, Daniel B, Goodman, Linda, Keough, Kathleen C, Kirilenko, Bogdan, Kowalczyk, Amanda, Lawless, Colleen, Lind, Abigail L, Meadows, Jennifer RS, Moreira, Lucas R, Redlich, Ruby W, Ryan, Louise, Swofford, Ross, Valenzuela, Alejandro, Wagner, Franziska, Wallerman, Ola, Brown, Ashley R, Damas, Joana, Fan, Kaili, Gatesy, John, Grimshaw, Jenna, Johnson, Jeremy, Kozyrev, Sergey V, Lawler, Alyssa J, Marinescu, Voichita D, Morrill, Kathleen M, Osmanski, Austin, Paulat, Nicole S, Phan, BaDoi N, Reilly, Steven K, Schäffer, Daniel E, Steiner, Cynthia, Supple, Megan A, Wilder, Aryn P, Wirthlin, Morgan E, Xue, James R, Birren, Bruce W, Gazal, Steven, Hubley, Robert M, Koepfli, Klaus-Peter, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Meyer, Wynn K, Nweeia, Martin, Sabeti, Pardis C, Shapiro, Beth, Smit, Arian FA, Springer, Mark S, Teeling, Emma C, Weng, Zhiping, Hiller, Michael, Levesque, Danielle L, Lewin, Harris A, Murphy, William J, Navarro, Arcadi, Paten, Benedict, Pollard, Katherine S, Ray, David A, Ruf, Irina, Ryder, Oliver A, Pfenning, Andreas R, Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin, Karlsson, Elinor K, Bredemeyer, Kevin R, Clawson, Hiram, Di Palma, Federica, Eizirik, Eduardo, Forsberg-Nilsson, Karin, Garcia, Carlos J, and Halsey, Michaela K

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genetics, Biotechnology, Human Genome, Animals, Female, Humans, Conserved Sequence, Eutheria, Evolution, Molecular, Genome, Human, Zoonomia Consortium§, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Zoonomia is the largest comparative genomics resource for mammals produced to date. By aligning genomes for 240 species, we identify bases that, when mutated, are likely to affect fitness and alter disease risk. At least 332 million bases (~10.7%) in the human genome are unusually conserved across species (evolutionarily constrained) relative to neutrally evolving repeats, and 4552 ultraconserved elements are nearly perfectly conserved. Of 101 million significantly constrained single bases, 80% are outside protein-coding exons and half have no functional annotations in the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) resource. Changes in genes and regulatory elements are associated with exceptional mammalian traits, such as hibernation, that could inform therapeutic development. Earth's vast and imperiled biodiversity offers distinctive power for identifying genetic variants that affect genome function and organismal phenotypes.

Published
2023

11. Leveraging base-pair mammalian constraint to understand genetic variation and human disease

Author

Sullivan, Patrick F, Meadows, Jennifer RS, Gazal, Steven, Phan, BaDoi N, Li, Xue, Genereux, Diane P, Dong, Michael X, Bianchi, Matteo, Andrews, Gregory, Sakthikumar, Sharadha, Nordin, Jessika, Roy, Ananya, Christmas, Matthew J, Marinescu, Voichita D, Wang, Chao, Wallerman, Ola, Xue, James, Yao, Shuyang, Sun, Quan, Szatkiewicz, Jin, Wen, Jia, Huckins, Laura M, Lawler, Alyssa, Keough, Kathleen C, Zheng, Zhili, Zeng, Jian, Wray, Naomi R, Li, Yun, Johnson, Jessica, Chen, Jiawen, Paten, Benedict, Reilly, Steven K, Hughes, Graham M, Weng, Zhiping, Pollard, Katherine S, Pfenning, Andreas R, Forsberg-Nilsson, Karin, Karlsson, Elinor K, Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin, Armstrong, Joel C, Birren, Bruce W, Bredemeyer, Kevin R, Breit, Ana M, Clawson, Hiram, Damas, Joana, Di Palma, Federica, Diekhans, Mark, Eizirik, Eduardo, Fan, Kaili, Fanter, Cornelia, Foley, Nicole M, Garcia, Carlos J, Gatesy, John, Goodman, Linda, Grimshaw, Jenna, Halsey, Michaela K, Harris, Andrew J, Hickey, Glenn, Hiller, Michael, Hindle, Allyson G, Hubley, Robert M, Johnson, Jeremy, Juan, David, Kaplow, Irene M, Kirilenko, Bogdan, Koepfli, Klaus-Peter, Korstian, Jennifer M, Kowalczyk, Amanda, Kozyrev, Sergey V, Lawler, Alyssa J, Lawless, Colleen, Lehmann, Thomas, Levesque, Danielle L, Lewin, Harris A, Lind, Abigail, Mackay-Smith, Ava, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Mason, Victor C, Meyer, Wynn K, Moore, Jill E, Moreira, Lucas R, Moreno-Santillan, Diana D, Morrill, Kathleen M, Muntané, Gerard, Murphy, William J, and Navarro, Arcadi

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genetics, Biotechnology, Clinical Research, Human Genome, Brain Disorders, Generic health relevance, Animals, Humans, Biological Evolution, Genetic Variation, Genome, Human, Genome-Wide Association Study, Genomics, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Disease, Zoonomia Consortium§, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Thousands of genomic regions have been associated with heritable human diseases, but attempts to elucidate biological mechanisms are impeded by an inability to discern which genomic positions are functionally important. Evolutionary constraint is a powerful predictor of function, agnostic to cell type or disease mechanism. Single-base phyloP scores from 240 mammals identified 3.3% of the human genome as significantly constrained and likely functional. We compared phyloP scores to genome annotation, association studies, copy-number variation, clinical genetics findings, and cancer data. Constrained positions are enriched for variants that explain common disease heritability more than other functional annotations. Our results improve variant annotation but also highlight that the regulatory landscape of the human genome still needs to be further explored and linked to disease.

Published
2023

12. Evolution of the ancestral mammalian karyotype and syntenic regions

Author

Damas, Joana, Corbo, Marco, Kim, Jaebum, Turner-Maier, Jason, Farré, Marta, Larkin, Denis M, Ryder, Oliver A, Steiner, Cynthia, Houck, Marlys L, Hall, Shaune, Shiue, Lily, Thomas, Stephen, Swale, Thomas, Daly, Mark, Korlach, Jonas, Uliano-Silva, Marcela, Mazzoni, Camila J, Birren, Bruce W, Genereux, Diane P, Johnson, Jeremy, Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin, Karlsson, Elinor K, Nweeia, Martin T, Johnson, Rebecca N, Lewin, Harris A, Andrews, Gregory, Armstrong, Joel C, Bianchi, Matteo, Bredemeyer, Kevin R, Breit, Ana M, Christmas, Matthew J, Clawson, Hiram, Di Palma, Federica, Diekhans, Mark, Dong, Michael X, Eizirik, Eduardo, Fan, Kaili, Fanter, Cornelia, Foley, Nicole M, Forsberg-Nilsson, Karin, Garcia, Carlos J, Gatesy, John, Gazal, Steven, Goodman, Linda, Grimshaw, Jenna, Halsey, Michaela K, Harris, Andrew J, Hickey, Glenn, Hiller, Michael, Hindle, Allyson G, Hubley, Robert M, Hughes, Graham M, Juan, David, Kaplow, Irene M, Keough, Kathleen C, Kirilenko, Bogdan, Koepfli, Klaus-Peter, Korstian, Jennifer M, Kowalczyk, Amanda, Kozyrev, Sergey V, Lawler, Alyssa J, Lawless, Colleen, Lehmann, Thomas, Levesque, Danielle L, Li, Xue, Lind, Abigail, Mackay-Smith, Ava, Marinescu, Voichita D, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Mason, Victor C, Meadows, Jennifer RS, Meyer, Wynn K, Moore, Jill E, Moreira, Lucas R, Moreno-Santillan, Diana D, Morrill, Kathleen M, Muntané, Gerard, Murphy, William J, Navarro, Arcadi, Nweeia, Martin, Ortmann, Sylvia, Osmanski, Austin, Paten, Benedict, Paulat, Nicole S, Pfenning, Andreas R, Phan, BaDoi N, Pollard, Katherine S, Pratt, Henry E, Ray, David A, Reilly, Steven K, Rosen, Jeb R, Ruf, Irina, and Ryan, Louise

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Evolutionary Biology, Genetics, Human Genome, Generic health relevance, Animals, Cattle, Chromosomes, Mammalian, Eutheria, Evolution, Molecular, Humans, Karyotype, Mammals, Phylogeny, Sloths, Synteny, chromosome evolution, mammals, synteny conservation, ancestral genome reconstruction, topologically associating domains, Zoonomia Consortium
Abstract

Decrypting the rearrangements that drive mammalian chromosome evolution is critical to understanding the molecular bases of speciation, adaptation, and disease susceptibility. Using 8 scaffolded and 26 chromosome-scale genome assemblies representing 23/26 mammal orders, we computationally reconstructed ancestral karyotypes and syntenic relationships at 16 nodes along the mammalian phylogeny. Three different reference genomes (human, sloth, and cattle) representing phylogenetically distinct mammalian superorders were used to assess reference bias in the reconstructed ancestral karyotypes and to expand the number of clades with reconstructed genomes. The mammalian ancestor likely had 19 pairs of autosomes, with nine of the smallest chromosomes shared with the common ancestor of all amniotes (three still conserved in extant mammals), demonstrating a striking conservation of synteny for ∼320 My of vertebrate evolution. The numbers and types of chromosome rearrangements were classified for transitions between the ancestral mammalian karyotype, descendent ancestors, and extant species. For example, 94 inversions, 16 fissions, and 14 fusions that occurred over 53 My differentiated the therian from the descendent eutherian ancestor. The highest breakpoint rate was observed between the mammalian and therian ancestors (3.9 breakpoints/My). Reconstructed mammalian ancestor chromosomes were found to have distinct evolutionary histories reflected in their rates and types of rearrangements. The distributions of genes, repetitive elements, topologically associating domains, and actively transcribed regions in multispecies homologous synteny blocks and evolutionary breakpoint regions indicate that purifying selection acted over millions of years of vertebrate evolution to maintain syntenic relationships of developmentally important genes and regulatory landscapes of gene-dense chromosomes.

Published
2022

14. Disentangling genetic diversity of Myotis septentrionalis: population structure, demographic history, and effective population size.

Author

Grimshaw, Jenna R, Donner, Deahn, Perry, Roger, Ford, W Mark, Silvis, Alex, Garcia, Carlos J, Stevens, Richard D, and Ray, David A

Subjects
*PRINCIPAL components analysis, *WHITE-nose syndrome, *GENETIC variation, *DISCRIMINANT analysis, *MYOTIS
Abstract

Myotis septentrionalis (Northern Long-eared Bat) has recently suffered a >90% decline in population size in North America due to white-nose syndrome (WNS). We assessed genetic diversity, population structure, current effective population size, and demographic history of M. septentrionalis distributed across the United States to determine baseline levels pre-WNS. We analyzed RADseq data from 81 individuals from Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, Oklahoma, and Wisconsin. Additionally, we examined population genetic structure using discriminant analysis of principal components, fastStructure, and STRUCTURE. We then estimated effective population size and demographic history using fastsimcoal2. Similar levels of genetic diversity were found across all samples. We found no population genetic structure in the varied analyses from these contemporary samples. The best model for demographic history estimated a rapid population expansion followed by a slower expansion approximately 340,000 years ago. The vagility of M. septentrionalis , along with male dispersal and random mating, may provide a buffer against serious bottleneck effects stemming from rapid population declines due to WNS. This research provides a baseline for tracking and monitoring the influence of WNS on genetic diversity such as potential reduced diversity or increased population structuring in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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18. Interspecific variation in lower temperature thresholds of an assemblage of wintering bats.

Author

Andersen, Brett R, Stevens, Richard D, Grimshaw, Jenna R, and McGuire, Liam P

Subjects
LOW temperatures, ACOUSTIC transducers, BATS, WHITE-nose syndrome, COLD (Temperature), WINTER
Abstract

Winter presents environmental and energetic challenges for temperate insectivorous bats as colder temperatures increase metabolic rates while simultaneously reducing resource availability. While bats in northern regions typically hibernate or migrate to circumvent these adverse conditions, there is growing evidence of winter bat activity as weather permits. Bats at lower latitudes may experience shorter, milder winters, increasing opportunities for activity. To better understand the relationship between ambient temperature and winter bat activity, we deployed acoustic detectors in central Louisiana and eastern Texas and examined data at 3 levels of biological organization: overall bat activity, species richness, and species-specific activity. Across 1,576 detector-nights, we recorded 37,435 bat passes. Bats responded positively to warmer temperatures but the temperature threshold for winter activity varied among species, ranging from 7.2 to 15.6 °C. Consequently, observed species richness increased at warmer ambient temperatures. With activity linked to environmental conditions in a species-specific manner, different subsets of the winter bat assemblage may be active from night to night. Additionally, our study adds to a rather limited body of literature of winter bat activity and provides a baseline for future studies as white-nose syndrome and climate change affect North American bat populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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19. Insights into mammalian TE diversity through the curation of 248 genome assemblies

Author

Osmanski, Austin B., Paulat, Nicole S., Korstian, Jenny, Grimshaw, Jenna R., Halsey, Michaela, Sullivan, Kevin A. M., Moreno-Santillan, Diana D., Crookshanks, Claudia, Roberts, Jacquelyn, Garcia, Carlos, Johnson, Matthew G., Densmore, Llewellyn D., Stevens, Richard D., Rosen, Jeb, Storer, Jessica M., Hubley, Robert, Smit, Arian F. A., Davalos, Liliana M., Karlsson, Elinor K., Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin, Ray, David A., Osmanski, Austin B., Paulat, Nicole S., Korstian, Jenny, Grimshaw, Jenna R., Halsey, Michaela, Sullivan, Kevin A. M., Moreno-Santillan, Diana D., Crookshanks, Claudia, Roberts, Jacquelyn, Garcia, Carlos, Johnson, Matthew G., Densmore, Llewellyn D., Stevens, Richard D., Rosen, Jeb, Storer, Jessica M., Hubley, Robert, Smit, Arian F. A., Davalos, Liliana M., Karlsson, Elinor K., Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin, and Ray, David A.

Abstract

We examined transposable element (TE) content of 248 placental mammal genome assemblies, the largest de novo TE curation effort in eukaryotes to date. We found that although mammals resemble one another in total TE content and diversity, they show substantial differences with regard to recent TE accumulation. This includes multiple recent expansion and quiescence events across the mammalian tree. Young TEs, particularly long interspersed elements, drive increases in genome size, whereas DNA transposons are associated with smaller genomes. Mammals tend to accumulate only a few types of TEs at any given time, with one TE type dominating. We also found association between dietary habit and the presence of DNA transposon invasions. These detailed annotations will serve as a benchmark for future comparative TE analyses among placental mammals.

Published
2023
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20. Evolutionary constraint and innovation across hundreds of placental mammals

Author

Christmas, Matthew, Kaplow, Irene M., Genereux, Diane P., Dong, Michael X., Hughes, Graham M., Li, Xue, Sullivan, Patrick F., Hindle, Allyson G., Andrews, Gregory, Armstrong, Joel C., Bianchi, Matteo, Breit, Ana M., Diekhans, Mark, Fanter, Cornelia, Foley, Nicole M., Goodman, Daniel B., Goodman, Linda, Keough, Kathleen C., Kirilenko, Bogdan, Kowalczyk, Amanda, Lawless, Colleen, Lind, Abigail L., Meadows, Jennifer R.S., Moreira, Lucas R., Redlich, Ruby W., Ryan, Louise, Swofford, Ross, Valenzuela, Alejandro, Wagner, Franziska, Wallerman, Ola, Brown, Ashley R., Damas, Joana, Fan, Kaili, Gatesy, John, Grimshaw, Jenna, Johnson, Jeremy, Kozyrev, Sergey V., Lawler, Alyssa J., Marinescu, Voichita, Morrill, Kathleen M., Osmanski, Austin, Paulat, Nicole S., Phan, BaDoi N., Reilly, Steven K., Schäffer, Daniel E., Steiner, Cynthia, Supple, Megan A., Wilder, Aryn P., Wirthlin, Morgan E., Xue, James R., Birren, Bruce W., Gazal, Steven, Hubley, Robert M., Koepfli, Klaus-Peter, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Meyer, Wynn K., Nweela, Martin, Sabeti, Pardis C., Shapiro, Beth, Smit, Arian F. A., Springer, Mark S., Teeling, Emma C., Weng, Zhiping, Hiller, Michael, Levesque, Danielle L., Lewin, Harris A., Murphy, William J., Navarro, Arcadi, Paten, Benedict, Pollard, Katherine S., Ray, David A., Ruf, Irina, Ryder, Oliver A., Pfenning, Andreas R., Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin, Karlsson, Elinor K., Christmas, Matthew, Kaplow, Irene M., Genereux, Diane P., Dong, Michael X., Hughes, Graham M., Li, Xue, Sullivan, Patrick F., Hindle, Allyson G., Andrews, Gregory, Armstrong, Joel C., Bianchi, Matteo, Breit, Ana M., Diekhans, Mark, Fanter, Cornelia, Foley, Nicole M., Goodman, Daniel B., Goodman, Linda, Keough, Kathleen C., Kirilenko, Bogdan, Kowalczyk, Amanda, Lawless, Colleen, Lind, Abigail L., Meadows, Jennifer R.S., Moreira, Lucas R., Redlich, Ruby W., Ryan, Louise, Swofford, Ross, Valenzuela, Alejandro, Wagner, Franziska, Wallerman, Ola, Brown, Ashley R., Damas, Joana, Fan, Kaili, Gatesy, John, Grimshaw, Jenna, Johnson, Jeremy, Kozyrev, Sergey V., Lawler, Alyssa J., Marinescu, Voichita, Morrill, Kathleen M., Osmanski, Austin, Paulat, Nicole S., Phan, BaDoi N., Reilly, Steven K., Schäffer, Daniel E., Steiner, Cynthia, Supple, Megan A., Wilder, Aryn P., Wirthlin, Morgan E., Xue, James R., Birren, Bruce W., Gazal, Steven, Hubley, Robert M., Koepfli, Klaus-Peter, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Meyer, Wynn K., Nweela, Martin, Sabeti, Pardis C., Shapiro, Beth, Smit, Arian F. A., Springer, Mark S., Teeling, Emma C., Weng, Zhiping, Hiller, Michael, Levesque, Danielle L., Lewin, Harris A., Murphy, William J., Navarro, Arcadi, Paten, Benedict, Pollard, Katherine S., Ray, David A., Ruf, Irina, Ryder, Oliver A., Pfenning, Andreas R., Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin, and Karlsson, Elinor K.

Abstract

Zoonomia is the largest comparative genomics resource for mammals produced to date. By aligning genomes for 240 species, we identify bases that, when mutated, are likely to affect fitness and alter disease risk. At least 332 million bases (similar to 10.7%) in the human genome are unusually conserved across species (evolutionarily constrained) relative to neutrally evolving repeats, and 4552 ultraconserved elements are nearly perfectly conserved. Of 101 million significantly constrained single bases, 80% are outside protein-coding exons and half have no functional annotations in the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) resource. Changes in genes and regulatory elements are associated with exceptional mammalian traits, such as hibernation, that could inform therapeutic development. Earth's vast and imperiled biodiversity offers distinctive power for identifying genetic variants that affect genome function and organismal phenotypes.

Published
2023
Full Text
View/download PDF

21. Insights into mammalian TE diversity through the curation of 248 genome assemblies

Author

National Science Foundation (US), National Institutes of Health (US), Swedish Research Council, Juan, David [0000-0003-1912-9667], Marqués-Bonet, Tomàs [0000-0002-5597-3075], Muntané, Gerard [0000-0003-1541-8365], Navarro, Arcadi [0000-0003-2162-8246], Valenzuela, Alejandro [0000-0001-6120-6246], Osmanski, Austin B., Paulat, Nicole S., Korstian, Jenny, Grimshaw, Jenna R., Halsey, Michaela, Sullivan, Kevin A. M., Moreno-Santillán, Diana D., Crookshanks, Claudia, Roberts, Jacquelyn, Garcia, Carlos, Johnson, Matthew G., Densmore, Llewellyn D., Stevens, Richard D., Zoonomia Consortium, Juan, David, Marqués-Bonet, Tomàs, Muntané, Gerard, Navarro, Arcadi, Serres-Armero, Aitor, Valenzuela, Alejandro, Rosen, Jeb, Storer, Jessica M., Hubley, Robert, Smit, Arian F. A., Dávalos, Liliana M., Karlsson, Elinor K., Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin, Ray, David A., National Science Foundation (US), National Institutes of Health (US), Swedish Research Council, Juan, David [0000-0003-1912-9667], Marqués-Bonet, Tomàs [0000-0002-5597-3075], Muntané, Gerard [0000-0003-1541-8365], Navarro, Arcadi [0000-0003-2162-8246], Valenzuela, Alejandro [0000-0001-6120-6246], Osmanski, Austin B., Paulat, Nicole S., Korstian, Jenny, Grimshaw, Jenna R., Halsey, Michaela, Sullivan, Kevin A. M., Moreno-Santillán, Diana D., Crookshanks, Claudia, Roberts, Jacquelyn, Garcia, Carlos, Johnson, Matthew G., Densmore, Llewellyn D., Stevens, Richard D., Zoonomia Consortium, Juan, David, Marqués-Bonet, Tomàs, Muntané, Gerard, Navarro, Arcadi, Serres-Armero, Aitor, Valenzuela, Alejandro, Rosen, Jeb, Storer, Jessica M., Hubley, Robert, Smit, Arian F. A., Dávalos, Liliana M., Karlsson, Elinor K., Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin, and Ray, David A.

Abstract

[INTRODUCTION] An estimated 160 million years have passed since the first placental mammals evolved. These eutherians are categorized into 19 orders consisting of nearly 4000 extant species, with ~70% being bats or rodents. Broad, in-depth, and comparative genomic studies across Eutheria have previously been unachievable because of the lack of genomic resources. The collaboration of the Zoonomia Consortium made available hundreds of high-quality genome assemblies for comparative analysis. Our focus within the consortium was to investigate the evolution of transposable elements (TEs) among placental mammals. Using these data, we identified previously known TEs, described previously unknown TEs, and analyzed the TE distribution among multiple taxonomic levels., [RATIONALE] The emergence of accurate and affordable sequencing technology has propelled efforts to sequence increasingly more nonmodel mammalian genomes in the past decade. Most of these efforts have traditionally focused on genic regions searching for patterns of selection or variation in gene regulation. The common trend of ignoring or trivializing TE annotation with newly published genomes has resulted in severe lag of TE analyses, leading to extensive undiscovered TE variation. This oversight has neglected an important source of evolution because the accumulation of TEs is attributable to drastic alterations in genome architecture, including insertions, deletions, duplications, translocations, and inversions. Our approach to the Zoonomia dataset was to provide future inquirers accurate and meticulous TE curations and to describe taxonomic variation among eutherians., [RESULTS] We annotated the TE content of 248 mammalian genome assemblies, which yielded a library of 25,676 consensus TE sequences, 8263 of which were previously unidentified TE sequences (available at https://dfam.org). We affirmed that the largest component of a typical mammalian genome is comprised of TEs (average 45.6%). Of the 248 assemblies, the lowest genomic percentage of TEs was found in the star-nosed mole (27.6%), and the largest percentage was seen in the aardvark (74.5%), whose increase in TE accumulation drove a corresponding increase in genome size—a correlation we observed across Eutheria. The overall genomic proportions of recently accumulated TEs were roughly similar across most mammals in the dataset, with a few notable exceptions (see the figure). Diversity of recently accumulated TEs is highest among multiple families of bats, mostly driven by substantial DNA transposon activity. Our data also exhibit an increase of recently accumulated DNA transposons among carnivore lineages over their herbivorous counterparts, which suggests that diet may play a role in determining the genomic content of TEs., [CONCLUSION] The copious TE data provided in this work emanated from the largest comprehensive TE curation effort to date. Considering the wide-ranging effects that TEs impose on genomic architecture, these data are an important resource for future inquiries into mammalian genomics and evolution and suggest avenues for continued study of these important yet understudied genomic denizens.

Published
2023

22. Evolutionary constraint and innovation across hundreds of placental mammals

Author

National Institutes of Health (US), National Science Foundation (US), European Research Council, European Commission, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Science Foundation Ireland, Irish Research Council, Swedish Research Council, Carnegie Mellon University, Roddenberry Foundation, Gladstone Institutes, LOEWE Center for Insect Biotechnology & Bioresources, Robert and Rosabel Osborne Endowment, SFI Research Centre in Applied Geosciences (Ireland), Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, UMaine Institute of Medicine, University College Dublin, Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Lehigh University, Valenzuela, Alejandro [0000-0001-6120-6246], Marqués-Bonet, Tomàs [0000-0002-5597-3075], Navarro, Arcadi [0000-0003-2162-8246], Christmas, Matthew J., Kaplow, Irene M., Genereux, Diane P., Dong, Michael X., Hughes, Graham M., Li, Xue, Sullivan, Patrick F., Hindle, Allyson G., Andrews,Gregory, Armstrong, Joel C., Bianchi, Matteo, Breit, Ana M., Diekhans, Mark, Fanter, Cornelia, Foley, Nicole M., Goodman, Daniel B., Goodman, Linda, Keough, Kathleen C., Kirilenko, Bogdan, Kowalczyk, Amanda, Lawless, Colleen, Lind, Abigail L., Meadows, Jennifer R. S., Moreira, Lucas R., Redlich, Ruby W., Ryan, Louise, Swofford, Ross, Valenzuela, Alejandro, Wagner, Franziska, Wallerman, Ola, Brown, Ashley R., Damas, Joana, Fan, Kaili, Gatesy, John, Grimshaw, Jenna, Johnson, Jeremy, Kozyrev, Sergey V., Lawler, Alyssa J., Marinescu, Voichita D., Morrill, Kathleen M., Osmanski, Austin, Paulat, Nicole S., Phan, BaDoi N., Reilly, Steven K., Schäffer, Daniel E., Steiner, Cynthia, Supple, Megan A., Wilder, Aryn P., Wirthlin, Morgan E., Xue, James R., Zoonomia Consortium, Birren, Bruce W., Gazal, Steven, Hubley, Robert M., Koepfli, Klaus-Peter, Marqués-Bonet, Tomàs, Meyer, Wynn K., Nweeia, Martin, Sabeti, Pardis C., Shapiro, Beth, Smit, Arian F. A., Springer, Mark S., Teeling, Emma C., Weng, Zhiping, Hiller, Michael, Levesque, Danielle L., Lewin, Harris A., Murphy, William J., Navarro, Arcadi, Paten, Benedict, Pollard, Katherine S., Ray, David A., Ruf, Irina, Ryder, Oliver A., Pfenning , Andreas R., Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin, Karlsson, Elinor K., National Institutes of Health (US), National Science Foundation (US), European Research Council, European Commission, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Science Foundation Ireland, Irish Research Council, Swedish Research Council, Carnegie Mellon University, Roddenberry Foundation, Gladstone Institutes, LOEWE Center for Insect Biotechnology & Bioresources, Robert and Rosabel Osborne Endowment, SFI Research Centre in Applied Geosciences (Ireland), Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, UMaine Institute of Medicine, University College Dublin, Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Lehigh University, Valenzuela, Alejandro [0000-0001-6120-6246], Marqués-Bonet, Tomàs [0000-0002-5597-3075], Navarro, Arcadi [0000-0003-2162-8246], Christmas, Matthew J., Kaplow, Irene M., Genereux, Diane P., Dong, Michael X., Hughes, Graham M., Li, Xue, Sullivan, Patrick F., Hindle, Allyson G., Andrews,Gregory, Armstrong, Joel C., Bianchi, Matteo, Breit, Ana M., Diekhans, Mark, Fanter, Cornelia, Foley, Nicole M., Goodman, Daniel B., Goodman, Linda, Keough, Kathleen C., Kirilenko, Bogdan, Kowalczyk, Amanda, Lawless, Colleen, Lind, Abigail L., Meadows, Jennifer R. S., Moreira, Lucas R., Redlich, Ruby W., Ryan, Louise, Swofford, Ross, Valenzuela, Alejandro, Wagner, Franziska, Wallerman, Ola, Brown, Ashley R., Damas, Joana, Fan, Kaili, Gatesy, John, Grimshaw, Jenna, Johnson, Jeremy, Kozyrev, Sergey V., Lawler, Alyssa J., Marinescu, Voichita D., Morrill, Kathleen M., Osmanski, Austin, Paulat, Nicole S., Phan, BaDoi N., Reilly, Steven K., Schäffer, Daniel E., Steiner, Cynthia, Supple, Megan A., Wilder, Aryn P., Wirthlin, Morgan E., Xue, James R., Zoonomia Consortium, Birren, Bruce W., Gazal, Steven, Hubley, Robert M., Koepfli, Klaus-Peter, Marqués-Bonet, Tomàs, Meyer, Wynn K., Nweeia, Martin, Sabeti, Pardis C., Shapiro, Beth, Smit, Arian F. A., Springer, Mark S., Teeling, Emma C., Weng, Zhiping, Hiller, Michael, Levesque, Danielle L., Lewin, Harris A., Murphy, William J., Navarro, Arcadi, Paten, Benedict, Pollard, Katherine S., Ray, David A., Ruf, Irina, Ryder, Oliver A., Pfenning , Andreas R., Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin, and Karlsson, Elinor K.

Abstract

[INTRODUCTION] A major challenge in genomics is discerning which bases among billions alter organismal phenotypes and affect health and disease risk. Evidence of past selective pressure on a base, whether highly conserved or fast evolving, is a marker of functional importance. Bases that are unchanged in all mammals may shape phenotypes that are essential for organismal health. Bases that are evolving quickly in some species, or changed only in species that share an adaptive trait, may shape phenotypes that support survival in specific niches. Identifying bases associated with exceptional capacity for cellular recovery, such as in species that hibernate, could inform therapeutic discovery., [RATIONALE] The power and resolution of evolutionary analyses scale with the number and diversity of species compared. By analyzing genomes for hundreds of placental mammals, we can detect which individual bases in the genome are exceptionally conserved (constrained) and likely to be functionally important in both coding and noncoding regions. By including species that represent all orders of placental mammals and aligning genomes using a method that does not require designating humans as the reference species, we explore unusual traits in other species., [RESULTS] Zoonomia’s mammalian comparative genomics resources are the most comprehensive and statistically well-powered produced to date, with a protein-coding alignment of 427 mammals and a whole-genome alignment of 240 placental mammals representing all orders. We estimate that at least 10.7% of the human genome is evolutionarily conserved relative to neutrally evolving repeats and identify about 101 million significantly constrained single bases (false discovery rate < 0.05). We cataloged 4552 ultraconserved elements at least 20 bases long that are identical in more than 98% of the 240 placental mammals. Many constrained bases have no known function, illustrating the potential for discovery using evolutionary measures. Eighty percent are outside protein-coding exons, and half have no functional annotations in the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) resource. Constrained bases tend to vary less within human populations, which is consistent with purifying selection. Species threatened with extinction have few substitutions at constrained sites, possibly because severely deleterious alleles have been purged from their small populations. By pairing Zoonomia’s genomic resources with phenotype annotations, we find genomic elements associated with phenotypes that differ between species, including olfaction, hibernation, brain size, and vocal learning. We associate genomic traits, such as the number of olfactory receptor genes, with physical phenotypes, such as the number of olfactory turbinals. By comparing hibernators and nonhibernators, we implicate genes involved in mitochondrial disorders, protection against heat stress, and longevity in this physiologically intriguing phenotype. Using a machine learning–based approach that predicts tissue-specific cis-regulatory activity in hundreds of species using data from just a few, we associate changes in noncoding sequence with traits for which humans are exceptional: brain size and vocal learning., [CONCLUSION] Large-scale comparative genomics opens new opportunities to explore how genomes evolved as mammals adapted to a wide range of ecological niches and to discover what is shared across species and what is distinctively human. High-quality data for consistently defined phenotypes are necessary to realize this potential. Through partnerships with researchers in other fields, comparative genomics can address questions in human health and basic biology while guiding efforts to protect the biodiversity that is essential to these discoveries.

Published
2023

23. Chiropterans are a hotspot for horizontal transfer of DNA transposons in mammalia

Author

Paulat, Nicole S, Storer, Jessica M, Moreno-Santillán, Diana D, Osmanski, Austin B, Sullivan, Kevin A M, Grimshaw, Jenna R, Korstian, Jennifer, Halsey, Michaela, Garcia, Carlos J, Crookshanks, Claudia, Roberts, Jaquelyn, Smit, Arian F A, Hubley, Robert, Rosen, Jeb, Teeling, Emma C, Vernes, Sonja C, Myers, Eugene, Pippel, Martin, Brown, Thomas, Hiller, Michael, Consortium, Zoonomia, Rojas, Danny, Dávalos, Liliana M, Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin, Karlsson, Elinor K, Ray, David A, UK Research and Innovation, University of St Andrews. School of Biology, University of St Andrews. Institute of Behavioural and Neural Sciences, and University of St Andrews. St Andrews Bioinformatics Unit

Subjects
MCC, Fusogenic envelope protein, Echidna, Endogenous retrovirus, DAS, QH426 Genetics, Monotremes, Platypus, QH426, AC
Abstract

Funding: This project was supported by the National Science Foundation (grant numbers DEB 1838283 and IOS 2032006 to D.M.-S. and Dav.R. and DEB 1838273 and DGE 1633299 to L.D.), National Institutes of Health (grant numbers R01HG002939 and U24HG010136 to J.S., R.H., A.F.A.S., and Je.R.), NHGRI (grant number R01HG008742 to Z.C.), Irish Research Council (grant number IRCLA/ 2017/58 to E.T.), Science Foundation Ireland (grant number 19/FFP/6790 to E.T.), Max Planck Research Group awarded by the Max Planck Gesellschaft to S.V., Human Frontiers Science Program (grant number RGP0058/2016 to S.V.), UK Research and Innovation (grant number MR/T021985/1 to S.V.), and the Swedish Research Council Distinguished Professor Award to K.L.-T. Horizontal transfer of transposable elements (TEs) is an important mechanism contributing to genetic diversity and innovation. Bats (order Chiroptera) have repeatedly been shown to experience horizontal transfer of TEs at what appears to be a high rate compared with other mammals. We investigated the occurrence of horizontally transferred (HT) DNA transposons involving bats. We found over 200 putative HT elements within bats; 16 transposons were shared across distantly related mammalian clades, and 2 other elements were shared with a fish and two lizard species. Our results indicate that bats are a hotspot for horizontal transfer of DNA transposons. These events broadly coincide with the diversification of several bat clades, supporting the hypothesis that DNA transposon invasions have contributed to genetic diversification of bats. Publisher PDF

Published
2023

24. Evolutionary constraint and innovation across hundreds of placental mammals

Author

Christmas, Matthew J., Kaplow, Irene M., Genereux, Diane P., Dong, Michael X., Hughes, Graham M., Li, Xue, Sullivan, Patrick F., Hindle, Allyson G., Andrews, Gregory, Armstrong, Joel C., Bianchi, Matteo, Breit, Ana M., Diekhans, Mark, Fanter, Cornelia, Foley, Nicole M., Goodman, Daniel B., Goodman, Linda, Keough, Kathleen C., Kirilenko, Bogdan, Kowalczyk, Amanda, Lawless, Colleen, Lind, Abigail L., Meadows, Jennifer R. S., Moreira, Lucas R., Redlich, Ruby W., Ryan, Louise, Swofford, Ross, Valenzuela, Alejandro, Wagner, Franziska, Wallerman, Ola, Brown, Ashley R., Damas, Joana, Fan, Kaili, Gatesy, John, Grimshaw, Jenna, Johnson, Jeremy, Kozyrev, Sergey V., Lawler, Alyssa J., Marinescu, Voichita D., Morrill, Kathleen M., Osmanski, Austin, Paulat, Nicole S., Phan, BaDoi N., Reilly, Steven K., Schäffer, Daniel E., Steiner, Cynthia, Supple, Megan A., Wilder, Aryn P., Wirthlin, Morgan E., Xue, James R., Birren, Bruce W., Gazal, Steven, Hubley, Robert M., Koepfli, Klaus-Peter, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Meyer, Wynn K., Nweeia, Martin, Sabeti, Pardis C., Shapiro, Beth, Smit, Arian F. A., Springer, Mark S., Teeling, Emma C., Weng, Zhiping, Hiller, Michael, Levesque, Danielle L., Lewin, Harris A., Murphy, William J., Navarro, Arcadi, Paten, Benedict, Pollard, Katherine S., Ray, David A., Ruf, Irina, Ryder, Oliver A., Pfenning, Andreas R., Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin, and Karlsson, Elinor K.

Subjects
Article
Abstract

Zoonomia is the largest comparative genomics resource for mammals produced to date. By aligning genomes for 240 species, we identify bases that, when mutated, are likely to affect fitness and alter disease risk. At least 332 million bases (~10.7%) in the human genome are unusually conserved across species (evolutionarily constrained) relative to neutrally evolving repeats, and 4552 ultraconserved elements are nearly perfectly conserved. Of 101 million significantly constrained single bases, 80% are outside protein-coding exons and half have no functional annotations in the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) resource. Changes in genes and regulatory elements are associated with exceptional mammalian traits, such as hibernation, that could inform therapeutic development. Earth’s vast and imperiled biodiversity offers distinctive power for identifying genetic variants that affect genome function and organismal phenotypes.

Published
2023

26. Simultaneous TE Analysis of 19 Heliconiine Butterflies Yields Novel Insights into Rapid TE-Based Genome Diversification and Multiple SINE Births and Deaths

Author

Ray, David A, primary, Grimshaw, Jenna R, additional, Halsey, Michaela K, additional, Korstian, Jennifer M, additional, Osmanski, Austin B, additional, Sullivan, Kevin A M, additional, Wolf, Kristen A, additional, Reddy, Harsith, additional, Foley, Nicole, additional, Stevens, Richard D, additional, Knisbacher, Binyamin A, additional, Levy, Orr, additional, Counterman, Brian, additional, Edelman, Nathaniel B, additional, and Mallet, James, additional

Published
2019
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27. Analysis of 19 Heliconiine Butterflies Shows Rapid TE-based Diversification and Multiple SINE Births and Deaths

Author

Ray, David A, primary, Grimshaw, Jenna R, additional, Halsey, Michaela K, additional, Korstian, Jennifer M, additional, Osmanski, Austin B, additional, Sullivan, Kevin AM, additional, Wolf, Kristen A, additional, Reddy, Harsith, additional, Foley, Nicole, additional, Stevens, Richard D, additional, Knisbacher, Binyamin, additional, Levy, Orr, additional, Counterman, Brian, additional, Edelman, Nathan B, additional, and Mallet, James, additional

Published
2019
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28. Vocal learning-associated convergent evolution in mammalian proteins and regulatory elements.

Author

Wirthlin ME, Schmid TA, Elie JE, Zhang X, Kowalczyk A, Redlich R, Shvareva VA, Rakuljic A, Ji MB, Bhat NS, Kaplow IM, Schäffer DE, Lawler AJ, Wang AZ, Phan BN, Annaldasula S, Brown AR, Lu T, Lim BK, Azim E, Clark NL, Meyer WK, Pond SLK, Chikina M, Yartsev MM, Pfenning AR, Andrews G, Armstrong JC, Bianchi M, Birren BW, Bredemeyer KR, Breit AM, Christmas MJ, Clawson H, Damas J, Di Palma F, Diekhans M, Dong MX, Eizirik E, Fan K, Fanter C, Foley NM, Forsberg-Nilsson K, Garcia CJ, Gatesy J, Gazal S, Genereux DP, Goodman L, Grimshaw J, Halsey MK, Harris AJ, Hickey G, Hiller M, Hindle AG, Hubley RM, Hughes GM, Johnson J, Juan D, Kaplow IM, Karlsson EK, Keough KC, Kirilenko B, Koepfli KP, Korstian JM, Kowalczyk A, Kozyrev SV, Lawler AJ, Lawless C, Lehmann T, Levesque DL, Lewin HA, Li X, Lind A, Lindblad-Toh K, Mackay-Smith A, Marinescu VD, Marques-Bonet T, Mason VC, Meadows JRS, Meyer WK, Moore JE, Moreira LR, Moreno-Santillan DD, Morrill KM, Muntané G, Murphy WJ, Navarro A, Nweeia M, Ortmann S, Osmanski A, Paten B, Paulat NS, Pfenning AR, Phan BN, Pollard KS, Pratt HE, Ray DA, Reilly SK, Rosen JR, Ruf I, Ryan L, Ryder OA, Sabeti PC, Schäffer DE, Serres A, Shapiro B, Smit AFA, Springer M, Srinivasan C, Steiner C, Storer JM, Sullivan KAM, Sullivan PF, Sundström E, Supple MA, Swofford R, Talbot JE, Teeling E, Turner-Maier J, Valenzuela A, Wagner F, Wallerman O, Wang C, Wang J, Weng Z, Wilder AP, Wirthlin ME, Xue JR, and Zhang X

Subjects
Animals, Chiroptera genetics, Chiroptera physiology, Chromatin metabolism, Larynx physiology, Epigenesis, Genetic, Genome, Amino Acid Sequence, Machine Learning, Vocalization, Animal physiology, Motor Cortex cytology, Motor Cortex physiology, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Motor Neurons physiology, Gene Expression Regulation, Evolution, Molecular, Proteins genetics, Proteins metabolism, Eutheria genetics, Eutheria physiology
Abstract

Vocal production learning ("vocal learning") is a convergently evolved trait in vertebrates. To identify brain genomic elements associated with mammalian vocal learning, we integrated genomic, anatomical, and neurophysiological data from the Egyptian fruit bat ( Rousettus aegyptiacus ) with analyses of the genomes of 215 placental mammals. First, we identified a set of proteins evolving more slowly in vocal learners. Then, we discovered a vocal motor cortical region in the Egyptian fruit bat, an emergent vocal learner, and leveraged that knowledge to identify active cis-regulatory elements in the motor cortex of vocal learners. Machine learning methods applied to motor cortex open chromatin revealed 50 enhancers robustly associated with vocal learning whose activity tended to be lower in vocal learners. Our research implicates convergent losses of motor cortex regulatory elements in mammalian vocal learning evolution.

Published
2024
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29. Insights into mammalian TE diversity through the curation of 248 genome assemblies.

Author

Osmanski AB, Paulat NS, Korstian J, Grimshaw JR, Halsey M, Sullivan KAM, Moreno-Santillán DD, Crookshanks C, Roberts J, Garcia C, Johnson MG, Densmore LD, Stevens RD, Rosen J, Storer JM, Hubley R, Smit AFA, Dávalos LM, Karlsson EK, Lindblad-Toh K, and Ray DA

Subjects
Animals, Female, Pregnancy, Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements, Datasets as Topic, Feeding Behavior, DNA Transposable Elements, Evolution, Molecular, Eutheria genetics, Genetic Variation
Abstract

We examined transposable element (TE) content of 248 placental mammal genome assemblies, the largest de novo TE curation effort in eukaryotes to date. We found that although mammals resemble one another in total TE content and diversity, they show substantial differences with regard to recent TE accumulation. This includes multiple recent expansion and quiescence events across the mammalian tree. Young TEs, particularly long interspersed elements, drive increases in genome size, whereas DNA transposons are associated with smaller genomes. Mammals tend to accumulate only a few types of TEs at any given time, with one TE type dominating. We also found association between dietary habit and the presence of DNA transposon invasions. These detailed annotations will serve as a benchmark for future comparative TE analyses among placental mammals.

Published
2023
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