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1. Development of the 220/270 GHz Receiver of BICEP Array

Author

Collaboration, The BICEP/Keck, Nakato, Y., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Amiri, M., Barkats, D., Thakur, R. Basu, Bischoff, C. A., Beck, D., Bock, J. J., Buza, V., Cantrall, B., Cheshire IV, J. R., Cornelison, J., Crumrine, M., Cukierman, A. J., Denison, E., Dierickx, M., Duband, L., Eiben, M., Elwood, B. D., Fatigoni, S., Filippini, J. P., Fortes, A., Gao, M., Giannakopoulos, C., Goeckner-Wald, N., Goldfinger, D. C., Grayson, J. A., Grimes, P. K., Hall, G., Halal, G., Halpern, M., Hand, E., Harrison, S., Henderson, S., Hubmayr, J., Hui, H., Irwin, K. D., Kang, J., Karkare, K. S., Karpel, E., Kefeli, S., Kovac, J. M., Kuo, C. L., Lau, K., Lautzenhiser, M., Lennox, A., Liu, T., Megerian, K. G., Miller, M., Minutolo, L., Moncelsi, L., Nguyen, H. T., O'Brient, R., Patel, A., Petroff, M., Polish, A. R., Prouve, T., Pryke, C., Reintsema, C. D., Romand, T., Salatino, M., Schillaci, A., Schmitt, B. L., Singari, B., Soliman, A., Germaine, T. St., Steiger, A., Steinbach, B., Sudiwala, R., Thompson, K. L., Tucker, C., Turner, A. D., Vergès, C., Wandui, A., Weber, A. C., Willmert, J., Wu, W. L. K., Yang, H., Young, E., Yu, C., Zeng, L., Zhang, C., and Zhang, S.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

Measurements of B-mode polarization in the CMB sourced from primordial gravitational waves would provide information on the energy scale of inflation and its potential form. To achieve these goals, one must carefully characterize the Galactic foregrounds, which can be distinguished from the CMB by conducting measurements at multiple frequencies. BICEP Array is the latest-generation multi-frequency instrument of the BICEP/Keck program, which specifically targets degree-scale primordial B-modes in the CMB. In its final configuration, this telescope will consist of four small-aperture receivers, spanning frequency bands from 30 to 270 GHz. The 220/270 GHz receiver designed to characterize Galactic dust is currently undergoing commissioning at Stanford University and is scheduled to deploy to the South Pole during the 2024--2025 austral summer. Here, we will provide an overview of this high-frequency receiver and discuss the integration status and test results as it is being commissioned.

Published
2024

2. Coulomb Excitation of $^{80}$Sr and the limits of the $N = Z = 40$ island of deformation

Author

Russell, R., Heery, J., Henderson, J., Wadsworth, R., Kaneko, K., Shimizu, N., Mizusaki, T., Sun, Y., Andreoiu, C., Annen, D. W., Avaa, A. A., Ball, G. C., Bildstein, V., Buck, S., Cousins, C., Garnsworthy, A. B., Gillespie, S. A., Greaves, B., Grimes, A., Hackman, G., Hughes, R. O., Jenkins, D. G., Kowalewski, T. M., Martin, M. S., Müller-Gatermann, C., Murias, J. R., Murillo-Morales, S., Pascu, S., Rhodes, D. M., Smallcombe, J., Spagnoletti, P., Svensson, C. E., Wallis, B., Williams, J., Wu, C. Y., and Yates, D.

Subjects
Nuclear Experiment, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

The region of $N\approx Z\approx 40$ has long been associated with strongly deformed nuclear configurations. The presence of this strong deformation was recently confirmed through lifetime measurements in $N\approx Z$ Sr and Zr nuclei. Theoretically, however, these nuclei present a challenge due to the vast valence space required to incorporate all deformation driving interactions. Recent state-of-the-art predictions indicate a near axial prolate deformation for $N=Z$ and $N=Z+2$ nuclei between $N=Z=36$ and $N=Z=40$. In this work we investigate the shores of this island of deformation through a sub-barrier Coulomb excitation study of the $N=Z+4$ nucleus, \textsuperscript{80}Sr. Extracting a spectroscopic quadrupole moment of $Q_s(2^+_1) = 0.45^{+0.83}_{-0.88}$~eb, we find that \textsuperscript{80}Sr is inconsistent with significant axial prolate deformation. This indicates that the predicted region of strong prolate deformation around $N=Z=40$ is tightly constrained to the quartet of nuclei: \textsuperscript{76,78}Sr and \textsuperscript{78,80}Zr., Comment: Submitted to Physics Letters B

Published
2024

3. Multi-layer anti-reflection coats using ePTFE membrane for mm-wavelength plastic optics

Author

Eiben, Miranda, Carter, Keara, Dierickx, Marion, Elwood, Brodi, Grimes, Paul, Kovac, John, Miller, Matthew, Petroff, Matthew A., Polish, Annie, and Vergès, Clara

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Optics
Abstract

Future millimeter wavelength experiments aim to both increase aperture diameters and broaden bandwidths to increase the sensitivity of the receivers. These changes produce a challenging anti-reflection (AR) design problem for refracting and transmissive optics. The higher frequency plastic optics require consistently thin polymer coats across a wide area, while wider bandwidths require multilayer designs. We present multilayer AR coats for plastic optics of the high frequency BICEP Array receiver (200-300 GHz) utilizing an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membrane, layered and compressively heat-bonded to itself. This process allows for a range of densities (from 0.3g/cc to 1g/cc) and thicknesses (>0.05mm) over a wide radius (33cm), opening the parameter space of potential AR coats in interesting directions. The layered ePTFE membrane has been combined with other polymer layers to produce band average reflections between 0.2% and 0.6% on high density polyethylene and a thin high modulus polyethylene window, respectively.

Published
2024

4. Neural Compression of Atmospheric States

Author

Mirowski, Piotr, Warde-Farley, David, Rosca, Mihaela, Grimes, Matthew Koichi, Hasson, Yana, Kim, Hyunjik, Rey, Mélanie, Osindero, Simon, Ravuri, Suman, and Mohamed, Shakir

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Physics - Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Abstract

Atmospheric states derived from reanalysis comprise a substantial portion of weather and climate simulation outputs. Many stakeholders -- such as researchers, policy makers, and insurers -- use this data to better understand the earth system and guide policy decisions. Atmospheric states have also received increased interest as machine learning approaches to weather prediction have shown promising results. A key issue for all audiences is that dense time series of these high-dimensional states comprise an enormous amount of data, precluding all but the most well resourced groups from accessing and using historical data and future projections. To address this problem, we propose a method for compressing atmospheric states using methods from the neural network literature, adapting spherical data to processing by conventional neural architectures through the use of the area-preserving HEALPix projection. We investigate two model classes for building neural compressors: the hyperprior model from the neural image compression literature and recent vector-quantised models. We show that both families of models satisfy the desiderata of small average error, a small number of high-error reconstructed pixels, faithful reproduction of extreme events such as hurricanes and heatwaves, preservation of the spectral power distribution across spatial scales. We demonstrate compression ratios in excess of 1000x, with compression and decompression at a rate of approximately one second per global atmospheric state., Comment: 44 pages, 25 figures

Published
2024

5. Applying the Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) Model to Promote Collaborative and Effective School Mental Health Services

Author

Michael D. Lyons, Faith Zabek, Tameka O. Grimes, Sarah K. Downey, Julia V. Taylor, and Kathryn L. Zeanah

Abstract

School staff increasingly seek to implement evidence-based school mental health services to promote student mental health. However, barriers to accessing programming and support mean that implementing these programs is difficult. Popular strategies to address these challenges, like one time professional development, often fail to be effective or sustainable. This study used mixed methods to evaluate how a set of training activities--sequential online learning modules combined with interprofessional telementoring, following the extension for community healthcare outcomes (ECHO) model--influenced provision of school mental health services. School counselors, nurses, psychologists, and social workers (n = 46) participated in training activities, which included nine, cohort-based ECHO sessions and 12 modules. We used a concurrent mixed methods design in which quantitative (implementation data and pre-post surveys) and qualitative (posttraining focus groups with a subset of participants, n = 11) data were used to evaluate training. Quantitative results indicated statistically significant pre-post improvements in participants' clinical self-efficacy (d = 0.83) and knowledge of evidence-based practices (d = 0.37). Qualitative data corroborated quantitative results. Post training, focus groups described positive reactions, learning, and behavior change, particularly with respect to equitable service provision and interprofessional teaming. ECHO appeared to facilitate the application of evidence-based strategies to real-life practice and improved participants' understanding of effective coordination of services. Taken together, findings suggest that group-based telementoring may be a high-impact strategy for supporting the implementation of effective, culturally specific, and collaborative school mental health services.

Published
2024
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6. Upgrading the Submillimeter Array: wSMA and beyond

Author

Grimes, Paul K., Keating, Garrett K., Blundell, Raymond, Christensen, Robert D., Gurwell, Mark, Kovacs, Attila, Norton, Timothy, Paine, Scott N., Rao, Ramprasad, Tong, Edward C. -Y., Weintroub, Jonathan, Wilner, David, Wilson, Robert W., Zeng, Lingzhen, and Zhang, Qizhou

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The Submillimeter Array (SMA) is an array of 8 antennas operating at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths on Maunakea, Hawaii, operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Taiwan. Over the past several years, we have been preparing a major upgrade to the SMA that will replace the aging original receiver cryostats and receiver cartridges with all new cryostats and new 230 and 345 GHz receiver designs. This wideband upgrade (wSMA) will also include significantly increased instantaneous bandwidth, improved sensitivity, and greater capabilities for dual frequency observations. In this paper, we will describe the wSMA receiver upgrade and status, as well as the future upgrades that will be enabled by the deployment of the wSMA receivers., Comment: To be published in the proceedings of SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2024, paper number 13096-122

Published
2024

7. The Precursor Small Aperture Telescope (PreSAT) CMB polarimeter

Author

Petroff, Matthew A., Ahmed, Zeeshan, Bock, James J., Dierickx, Marion, Fatigoni, Sofia, Goldfinger, David C., Grimes, Paul K., Henderson, Shawn W., Karkare, Kirit S., Kovac, John M., Nguyen, Hien T., Paine, Scott N., Polish, Anna R., Pryke, Clement, Romand, Thibault, Schmitt, Benjamin L., and Vieregg, Abigail G.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The search for the polarized imprint of primordial gravitational waves in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) as direct evidence of cosmic inflation requires exquisite sensitivity and control over systematics. The next-generation CMB-S4 project intends to improve upon current-generation experiments by deploying a significantly greater number of highly-sensitive detectors, combined with refined instrument components based on designs from field-proven instruments. The Precursor Small Aperture Telescope (PreSAT) is envisioned as an early step to this next generation, which will test prototype CMB-S4 components and technologies within an existing BICEP Array receiver, with the aim of enabling full-stack laboratory testing and early risk retirement, along with direct correlation of laboratory component-level performance measurements with deployed system performance. The instrument will utilize new 95/155GHz dichroic dual-linear-polarization prototype detectors developed for CMB-S4, cooled to 100mK via the installation of an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator, along with a prototype readout chain and prototype optics manufactured with wide-band anti-reflection coatings. The experience gained by integrating, deploying, and calibrating PreSAT will also help inform planning for CMB-S4 small aperture telescope commissioning, calibration, and operations well in advance of the fabrication of CMB-S4 production hardware., Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Proc. SPIE

Published
2024

8. The Black Hole Explorer: Instrument System Overview

Author

Marrone, Daniel P., Houston, Janice, Akiyama, Kazunori, Bilyeu, Bryan, Boroson, Don, Grimes, Paul, Haworth, Kari, Lehmensiek, Robert, Peretz, Eliad, Rana, Hannah, Sinclair, Laura C., Kumara, Sridharan Tirupati, Srinivasan, Ranjani, Tong, Edward, Wang, Jade, Weintroub, Jonathan, and Johnson, Michael D.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) is a space very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) mission concept that is currently under development. BHEX will study supermassive black holes at unprecedented resolution, isolating the signature of the "photon ring" - light that has orbited the black hole before escaping - to probe physics at the edge of the observable universe. It will also measure black hole spins, study the energy extraction and acceleration mechanisms for black hole jets, and characterize the black hole mass distribution. BHEX achieves high angular resolution by joining with ground-based millimeter-wavelength VLBI arrays, extending the size, and therefore improving the angular resolution of the earthbound telescopes. Here we discuss the science instrument concept for BHEX. The science instrument for BHEX is a dual-band, coherent receiver system for 80-320 GHz, coupled to a 3.5-meter antenna. BHEX receiver front end will observe simultaneously with dual polarizations in two bands, one sampling 80-106 GHz and one sampling 240-320 GHz. An ultra-stable quartz oscillator provides the master frequency reference and ensures coherence for tens of seconds. To achieve the required sensitivity, the front end will instantaneously receive 32 GHz of frequency bandwidth, which will be digitized to 64 Gbits/sec of incompressible raw data. These data will be buffered and transmitted to the ground via laser data link, for correlation with data recorded simultaneously at radio telescopes on the ground. We describe the challenges associated with the instrument concept and the solutions that have been incorporated into the baseline design., Comment: SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, 2024

Published
2024

9. The Black Hole Explorer Cryocooling Instrument

Author

Rana, Hannah, Akiyama, Kazunori, Canavan, Edgar, DiPirro, Michael, Freeman, Mark, Galison, Peter, Grimes, Paul, Honma, Mareki, Houston, Janice, Johnson, Michael, Kimball, Mark, Marrone, Daniel, and Tong, Edward

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

The Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) is a space-based very-long baseline interferometry (VLBI) mission aimed at precision black hole measurements, detecting the photon ring around black holes, exploring spacetime, spin, and mass properties, and validating predictions of General Relativity. These objectives are achieved using cryogenic receivers with quantum-limited sensitivities across a broad frequency range. Dual-band receivers at 80-106 GHz and 240-320 GHz require operating temperatures of 20 K and 4.5 K, respectively. A cryocooling system with two cold stages will be employed: a 20 K stage handling a 125 mW heat load and a 4.5 K stage handling a 10 mW heat load. To design the cryocooling system, the mission leverages existing space industry technology at high Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs), informed by missions such as Planck, JEM/SMILES, Hitomi, and XRISM, and advancements from the ACTDP/JWST program. Integrating the cryocooler with the receivers and broader instrument involves careful consideration of thermal challenges, including linking the cold ends of each cooling stage to minimize heat losses and ensuring adequate passive cooling for the cryocooler warm end heat rejection. Key challenges and trade-offs include sizing the mass and reducing power consumption while meeting the receiver cold temperature requirements, which impact the scientific objectives. This paper addresses efforts to balance the scientific requirements with the limitations of technical cryocooling capabilities within the framework of a small-class (SMEX) space mission, presenting an overview of cooling needs, initial design considerations, a survey of 4 K spaceflight cryocooler developments, and trade-offs.

Published
2024

10. The Black Hole Explorer: Motivation and Vision

Author

Johnson, Michael D., Akiyama, Kazunori, Baturin, Rebecca, Bilyeu, Bryan, Blackburn, Lindy, Boroson, Don, Cardenas-Avendano, Alejandro, Chael, Andrew, Chan, Chi-kwan, Chang, Dominic, Cheimets, Peter, Chou, Cathy, Doeleman, Sheperd S., Farah, Joseph, Galison, Peter, Gamble, Ronald, Gammie, Charles F., Gelles, Zachary, Gomez, Jose L., Gralla, Samuel E., Grimes, Paul, Gurvits, Leonid I., Hadar, Shahar, Haworth, Kari, Hada, Kazuhiro, Hecht, Michael H., Honma, Mareki, Houston, Janice, Hudson, Ben, Issaoun, Sara, Jia, He, Jorstad, Svetlana, Kauffmann, Jens, Kovalev, Yuri Y., Kurczynski, Peter, Lafon, Robert, Lupsasca, Alexandru, Lehmensiek, Robert, Ma, Chung-Pei, Marrone, Daniel P., Marscher, Alan P., Melnick, Gary J., Narayan, Ramesh, Niinuma, Kotaro, Noble, Scott C., Palmer, Eric J., Palumbo, Daniel C. M., Paritsky, Lenny, Peretz, Eliad, Pesce, Dominic, Plavin, Alexander, Quataert, Eliot, Rana, Hannah, Ricarte, Angelo, Roelofs, Freek, Shtyrkova, Katia, Sinclair, Laura C., Small, Jeffrey, Kumara, Sridharan Tirupati, Srinivasan, Ranjani, Strominger, Andrew, Tiede, Paul, Tong, Edward, Wang, Jade, Weintroub, Jonathan, Wielgus, Maciek, Wong, George, and Zhang, Xinyue Alice

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

We present the Black Hole Explorer (BHEX), a mission that will produce the sharpest images in the history of astronomy by extending submillimeter Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) to space. BHEX will discover and measure the bright and narrow "photon ring" that is predicted to exist in images of black holes, produced from light that has orbited the black hole before escaping. This discovery will expose universal features of a black hole's spacetime that are distinct from the complex astrophysics of the emitting plasma, allowing the first direct measurements of a supermassive black hole's spin. In addition to studying the properties of the nearby supermassive black holes M87* and Sgr A*, BHEX will measure the properties of dozens of additional supermassive black holes, providing crucial insights into the processes that drive their creation and growth. BHEX will also connect these supermassive black holes to their relativistic jets, elucidating the power source for the brightest and most efficient engines in the universe. BHEX will address fundamental open questions in the physics and astrophysics of black holes that cannot be answered without submillimeter space VLBI. The mission is enabled by recent technological breakthroughs, including the development of ultra-high-speed downlink using laser communications, and it leverages billions of dollars of existing ground infrastructure. We present the motivation for BHEX, its science goals and associated requirements, and the pathway to launch within the next decade., Comment: Proceedings for SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation

Published
2024

11. Receivers for the Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) Mission

Author

Tong, C. Edward, Akiyama, Kazunori, Grimes, Paul, Honma, Mareki, Houston, Janice, Johnson, Michael D., Marrone, Daniel P., Rana, Hannah, and Uzawa, Yoshinori

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Condensed Matter - Superconductivity
Abstract

In this paper, we introduce the receiver architecture for the Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) Mission, designed to reveal the photon ring of black holes. The primary instrument is a dual-polarization receiver operating over the 240-320 GHz frequency range, utilizing a Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor (SIS) mixer. This Double-Side-Band (DSB) receiver has an intermediate frequency (IF) range of 4-12 GHz and operates at a bath temperature of 4.5 K, for optimal performance, which necessitates the integration of a cryocooler. Complementing the primary receiver is a secondary unit covering the 80-106 GHz spectrum, featuring a cryogenic low noise amplifier. This secondary receiver, affixed to the 20 K stage of the cryocooler, serves to augment the SIS receiver performance by employing the Frequency Phase Transfer technique to boost the signal-to-noise ratio at the correlator output. Together, this sophisticated receiver duo is engineered to achieve the quantum-limited sensitivity required to detect the photon ring of black holes, marking a breakthrough in astrophysical observation., Comment: To be presented at the SPIE Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Waves, June 2024, Yokohama, Japan

Published
2024

12. Constraining Inflation with the BICEP/Keck CMB Polarization Experiments

Author

Collaboration, The BICEP/Keck, Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Amiri, M., Barkats, D., Thakur, R. Basu, Bischoff, C. A., Beck, D., Bock, J. J., Boenish, H., Buza, V., Cheshire IV, J. R., Connors, J., Cornelison, J., Crumrine, M., Cukierman, A., Denison, E. V., Dierickx, M., Duband, L., Eiben, M., Elwood, B., Fatigoni, S., Filippini, J. P., Gao, M., Giannakopoulos, C., Goeckner-Wald, N., Goldfinger, D. C., Grayson, J., Grimes, P., Hall, G., Halal, G., Halpern, M., Hand, E., Harrison, S., Henderson, S., Hubmayr, J., Hui, H., Irwin, K. D., Kang, J., Karkare, K. S., Kefeli, S., Kovac, J. M., Kuo, C L., Lau, K., Lennox, A., Liu, T., Megerian, K. G., Minutolo, L., Moncelsi, L., Nakato, Y., Namikawa, T., Nguyen, H. T., O'Brient, R., Palladino, S., Petroff, M., Polish, A., Precup, N., Prouve, T., Pryke, C., Racine, B., Reintsema, C. D., Romand, T., Salatino, M., Schillaci, A., Schmitt, B. L., Singari, B., Soliman, A., Germaine, T. St., Steiger, A., Steinbach, B., Sudiwala, R. V., Thompson, K. L., Tucker, C., Turner, A. D., Vergès, C., Vieregg, A. G., Wandui, A., Weber, A. C., Willmert, J., Wu, W. L. K., Yang, H., Yoon, K. W., Young, E., Yu, C., Zeng, L., Zhang, C., and Zhang, S.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The BICEP/$\textit{Keck}$ (BK) series of cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization experiments has, over the past decade and a half, produced a series of field-leading constraints on cosmic inflation via measurements of the "B-mode" polarization of the CMB. Primordial B modes are directly tied to the amplitude of primordial gravitational waves (PGW), their strength parameterized by the tensor-to-scalar ratio, $r$, and thus the energy scale of inflation. Having set the most sensitive constraints to-date on $r$, $\sigma(r)=0.009$ ($r_{0.05}<0.036, 95\%$ C.L.) using data through the 2018 observing season ("BK18"), the BICEP/$\textit{Keck}$ program has continued to improve its dataset in the years since. We give a brief overview of the BK program and the "BK18" result before discussing the program's ongoing efforts, including the deployment and performance of the $\textit{Keck Array}$'s successor instrument, BICEP Array, improvements to data processing and internal consistency testing, new techniques such as delensing, and how those will ultimately serve to allow BK reach $\sigma(r) \lesssim 0.003$ using data through the 2027 observing season., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures. Contribution to the 2024 Cosmology session of the 58th Rencontres de Moriond

Published
2024

13. Gone but Not Forgotten: Improved Benchmarks for Machine Unlearning

Author

Grimes, Keltin, Abidi, Collin, Frank, Cole, and Gallagher, Shannon

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract

Machine learning models are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, including attacks that leak information about the model's training data. There has recently been an increase in interest about how to best address privacy concerns, especially in the presence of data-removal requests. Machine unlearning algorithms aim to efficiently update trained models to comply with data deletion requests while maintaining performance and without having to resort to retraining the model from scratch, a costly endeavor. Several algorithms in the machine unlearning literature demonstrate some level of privacy gains, but they are often evaluated only on rudimentary membership inference attacks, which do not represent realistic threats. In this paper we describe and propose alternative evaluation methods for three key shortcomings in the current evaluation of unlearning algorithms. We show the utility of our alternative evaluations via a series of experiments of state-of-the-art unlearning algorithms on different computer vision datasets, presenting a more detailed picture of the state of the field.

Published
2024

14. The SaTML '24 CNN Interpretability Competition: New Innovations for Concept-Level Interpretability

Author

Casper, Stephen, Yun, Jieun, Baek, Joonhyuk, Jung, Yeseong, Kim, Minhwan, Kwon, Kiwan, Park, Saerom, Moore, Hayden, Shriver, David, Connor, Marissa, Grimes, Keltin, Nicolson, Angus, Tagade, Arush, Rumbelow, Jessica, Nguyen, Hieu Minh, and Hadfield-Menell, Dylan

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence
Abstract

Interpretability techniques are valuable for helping humans understand and oversee AI systems. The SaTML 2024 CNN Interpretability Competition solicited novel methods for studying convolutional neural networks (CNNs) at the ImageNet scale. The objective of the competition was to help human crowd-workers identify trojans in CNNs. This report showcases the methods and results of four featured competition entries. It remains challenging to help humans reliably diagnose trojans via interpretability tools. However, the competition's entries have contributed new techniques and set a new record on the benchmark from Casper et al., 2023., Comment: Competition for SaTML 2024

Published
2024

15. Repositioning the Early Pathology of Type 1 Diabetes to the Extraislet Vasculature.

Author

Costanzo, Anne, Clarke, Don, Holt, Marie, Sharma, Siddhartha, Nagy, Kenna, Tan, Xuqian, Kain, Lisa, Abe, Brian, Luce, Sandrine, Boitard, Christian, Wyseure, Tine, Mosnier, Laurent, Su, Andrew, Grimes, Catherine, Finn, M, Savage, Paul, Gottschalk, Michael, Pettus, Jeremy, and Teyton, Luc

Subjects
Humans, Mice, Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Islets of Langerhans, Endothelial Cells, Histocompatibility Antigens Class II, Inflammation, Mice, Inbred NOD
Abstract

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a prototypic T cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Because the islets of Langerhans are insulated from blood vessels by a double basement membrane and lack detectable lymphatic drainage, interactions between endocrine and circulating T cells are not permitted. Thus, we hypothesized that initiation and progression of anti-islet immunity required islet neolymphangiogenesis to allow T cell access to the islet. Combining microscopy and single cell approaches, the timing of this phenomenon in mice was situated between 5 and 8 wk of age when activated anti-insulin CD4 T cells became detectable in peripheral blood while peri-islet pathology developed. This peri-insulitis, dominated by CD4 T cells, respected the islet basement membrane and was limited on the outside by lymphatic endothelial cells that gave it the attributes of a tertiary lymphoid structure. As in most tissues, lymphangiogenesis seemed to be secondary to local segmental endothelial inflammation at the collecting postcapillary venule. In addition to classic markers of inflammation such as CD29, V-CAM, and NOS, MHC class II molecules were expressed by nonhematopoietic cells in the same location both in mouse and human islets. This CD45- MHC class II+ cell population was capable of spontaneously presenting islet Ags to CD4 T cells. Altogether, these observations favor an alternative model for the initiation of T1D, outside of the islet, in which a vascular-associated cell appears to be an important MHC class II-expressing and -presenting cell.

Published
2024

16. Rurality of patient residence and access to transplantation among children with kidney failure in the United States.

Author

Accetta-Rojas, Gabriela, Copeland, Timothy, Grimes, Barbara, Ku, Elaine, Mcculloch, Charles, and Whelan, Adrian

Subjects
Deceased kidney donor, Living kidney donor, Pediatric transplantation, Rural, Child, Humans, United States, Kidney Failure, Chronic, Retrospective Studies, Kidney Transplantation, Living Donors, Renal Insufficiency
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Residence in rural areas is often a barrier to health care access. To date, differences in access to kidney transplantation among children who reside in rural and micropolitan areas of the US have not been explored. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of children

Published
2024

17. Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context

Author

Gemini Team, Georgiev, Petko, Lei, Ving Ian, Burnell, Ryan, Bai, Libin, Gulati, Anmol, Tanzer, Garrett, Vincent, Damien, Pan, Zhufeng, Wang, Shibo, Mariooryad, Soroosh, Ding, Yifan, Geng, Xinyang, Alcober, Fred, Frostig, Roy, Omernick, Mark, Walker, Lexi, Paduraru, Cosmin, Sorokin, Christina, Tacchetti, Andrea, Gaffney, Colin, Daruki, Samira, Sercinoglu, Olcan, Gleicher, Zach, Love, Juliette, Voigtlaender, Paul, Jain, Rohan, Surita, Gabriela, Mohamed, Kareem, Blevins, Rory, Ahn, Junwhan, Zhu, Tao, Kawintiranon, Kornraphop, Firat, Orhan, Gu, Yiming, Zhang, Yujing, Rahtz, Matthew, Faruqui, Manaal, Clay, Natalie, Gilmer, Justin, Co-Reyes, JD, Penchev, Ivo, Zhu, Rui, Morioka, Nobuyuki, Hui, Kevin, Haridasan, Krishna, Campos, Victor, Mahdieh, Mahdis, Guo, Mandy, Hassan, Samer, Kilgour, Kevin, Vezer, Arpi, Cheng, Heng-Tze, de Liedekerke, Raoul, Goyal, Siddharth, Barham, Paul, Strouse, DJ, Noury, Seb, Adler, Jonas, Sundararajan, Mukund, Vikram, Sharad, Lepikhin, Dmitry, Paganini, Michela, Garcia, Xavier, Yang, Fan, Valter, Dasha, Trebacz, Maja, Vodrahalli, Kiran, Asawaroengchai, Chulayuth, Ring, Roman, Kalb, Norbert, Soares, Livio Baldini, Brahma, Siddhartha, Steiner, David, Yu, Tianhe, Mentzer, Fabian, He, Antoine, Gonzalez, Lucas, Xu, Bibo, Kaufman, Raphael Lopez, Shafey, Laurent El, Oh, Junhyuk, Hennigan, Tom, Driessche, George van den, Odoom, Seth, Lucic, Mario, Roelofs, Becca, Lall, Sid, Marathe, Amit, Chan, Betty, Ontanon, Santiago, He, Luheng, Teplyashin, Denis, Lai, Jonathan, Crone, Phil, Damoc, Bogdan, Ho, Lewis, Riedel, Sebastian, Lenc, Karel, Yeh, Chih-Kuan, Chowdhery, Aakanksha, Xu, Yang, Kazemi, Mehran, Amid, Ehsan, Petrushkina, Anastasia, Swersky, Kevin, Khodaei, Ali, Chen, Gowoon, Larkin, Chris, Pinto, Mario, Yan, Geng, Badia, Adria Puigdomenech, Patil, Piyush, Hansen, Steven, Orr, Dave, Arnold, Sebastien M. R., Grimstad, Jordan, Dai, Andrew, Douglas, Sholto, Sinha, Rishika, Yadav, Vikas, Chen, Xi, Gribovskaya, Elena, Austin, Jacob, Zhao, Jeffrey, Patel, Kaushal, Komarek, Paul, Austin, Sophia, Borgeaud, Sebastian, Friso, Linda, Goyal, Abhimanyu, Caine, Ben, Cao, Kris, Chung, Da-Woon, Lamm, Matthew, Barth-Maron, Gabe, Kagohara, Thais, Olszewska, Kate, Chen, Mia, Shivakumar, Kaushik, Agarwal, Rishabh, Godhia, Harshal, Rajwar, Ravi, Snaider, Javier, Dotiwalla, Xerxes, Liu, Yuan, Barua, Aditya, Ungureanu, Victor, Zhang, Yuan, Batsaikhan, Bat-Orgil, Wirth, Mateo, Qin, James, Danihelka, Ivo, Doshi, Tulsee, Chadwick, Martin, Chen, Jilin, Jain, Sanil, Le, Quoc, Kar, Arjun, Gurumurthy, Madhu, Li, Cheng, Sang, Ruoxin, Liu, Fangyu, Lamprou, Lampros, Munoz, Rich, Lintz, Nathan, Mehta, Harsh, Howard, Heidi, Reynolds, Malcolm, Aroyo, Lora, Wang, Quan, Blanco, Lorenzo, Cassirer, Albin, Griffith, Jordan, Das, Dipanjan, Lee, Stephan, Sygnowski, Jakub, Fisher, Zach, Besley, James, Powell, Richard, Ahmed, Zafarali, Paulus, Dominik, Reitter, David, Borsos, Zalan, Joshi, Rishabh, Pope, Aedan, Hand, Steven, Selo, Vittorio, Jain, Vihan, Sethi, Nikhil, Goel, Megha, Makino, Takaki, May, Rhys, Yang, Zhen, Schalkwyk, Johan, Butterfield, Christina, Hauth, Anja, Goldin, Alex, Hawkins, Will, Senter, Evan, Brin, Sergey, Woodman, Oliver, Ritter, Marvin, Noland, Eric, Giang, Minh, Bolina, Vijay, Lee, Lisa, Blyth, Tim, Mackinnon, Ian, Reid, Machel, Sarvana, Obaid, Silver, David, Chen, Alexander, Wang, Lily, Maggiore, Loren, Chang, Oscar, Attaluri, Nithya, Thornton, Gregory, Chiu, Chung-Cheng, Bunyan, Oskar, Levine, Nir, Chung, Timothy, Eltyshev, Evgenii, Si, Xiance, Lillicrap, Timothy, Brady, Demetra, Aggarwal, Vaibhav, Wu, Boxi, Xu, Yuanzhong, McIlroy, Ross, Badola, Kartikeya, Sandhu, Paramjit, Moreira, Erica, Stokowiec, Wojciech, Hemsley, Ross, Li, Dong, Tudor, Alex, Shyam, Pranav, Rahimtoroghi, Elahe, Haykal, Salem, Sprechmann, Pablo, Zhou, Xiang, Mincu, Diana, Li, Yujia, Addanki, Ravi, Krishna, Kalpesh, Wu, Xiao, Frechette, Alexandre, Eyal, Matan, Dafoe, Allan, Lacey, Dave, Whang, Jay, Avrahami, Thi, Zhang, Ye, Taropa, Emanuel, Lin, Hanzhao, Toyama, Daniel, Rutherford, Eliza, Sano, Motoki, Choe, HyunJeong, Tomala, Alex, Safranek-Shrader, Chalence, Kassner, Nora, Pajarskas, Mantas, Harvey, Matt, Sechrist, Sean, Fortunato, Meire, Lyu, Christina, Elsayed, Gamaleldin, Kuang, Chenkai, Lottes, James, Chu, Eric, Jia, Chao, Chen, Chih-Wei, Humphreys, Peter, Baumli, Kate, Tao, Connie, Samuel, Rajkumar, Santos, Cicero Nogueira dos, Andreassen, Anders, Rakićević, Nemanja, Grewe, Dominik, Kumar, Aviral, Winkler, Stephanie, Caton, Jonathan, Brock, Andrew, Dalmia, Sid, Sheahan, Hannah, Barr, Iain, Miao, Yingjie, Natsev, Paul, Devlin, Jacob, Behbahani, Feryal, Prost, Flavien, Sun, Yanhua, Myaskovsky, Artiom, Pillai, Thanumalayan Sankaranarayana, Hurt, Dan, Lazaridou, Angeliki, Xiong, Xi, Zheng, Ce, Pardo, Fabio, Li, Xiaowei, Horgan, Dan, Stanton, Joe, Ambar, Moran, Xia, Fei, Lince, Alejandro, Wang, Mingqiu, Mustafa, Basil, Webson, Albert, Lee, Hyo, Anil, Rohan, Wicke, Martin, Dozat, Timothy, Sinha, Abhishek, Piqueras, Enrique, Dabir, Elahe, Upadhyay, Shyam, Boral, Anudhyan, Hendricks, Lisa Anne, Fry, Corey, Djolonga, Josip, Su, Yi, Walker, Jake, Labanowski, Jane, Huang, Ronny, Misra, Vedant, Chen, Jeremy, Skerry-Ryan, RJ, Singh, Avi, Rijhwani, Shruti, Yu, Dian, Castro-Ros, Alex, Changpinyo, Beer, Datta, Romina, Bagri, Sumit, Hrafnkelsson, Arnar Mar, Maggioni, Marcello, Zheng, Daniel, Sulsky, Yury, Hou, Shaobo, Paine, Tom Le, Yang, Antoine, Riesa, Jason, Rogozinska, Dominika, Marcus, Dror, Badawy, Dalia El, Zhang, Qiao, Wang, Luyu, Miller, Helen, Greer, Jeremy, Sjos, Lars Lowe, Nova, Azade, Zen, Heiga, Chaabouni, Rahma, Rosca, Mihaela, Jiang, Jiepu, Chen, Charlie, Liu, Ruibo, Sainath, Tara, Krikun, Maxim, Polozov, Alex, Lespiau, Jean-Baptiste, Newlan, Josh, Cankara, Zeyncep, Kwak, Soo, Xu, Yunhan, Chen, Phil, Coenen, Andy, Meyer, Clemens, Tsihlas, Katerina, Ma, Ada, Gottweis, Juraj, Xing, Jinwei, Gu, Chenjie, Miao, Jin, Frank, Christian, Cankara, Zeynep, Ganapathy, Sanjay, Dasgupta, Ishita, Hughes-Fitt, Steph, Chen, Heng, Reid, David, Rong, Keran, Fan, Hongmin, van Amersfoort, Joost, Zhuang, Vincent, Cohen, Aaron, Gu, Shixiang Shane, Mohananey, Anhad, Ilic, Anastasija, Tobin, Taylor, Wieting, John, Bortsova, Anna, Thacker, Phoebe, Wang, Emma, Caveness, Emily, Chiu, Justin, Sezener, Eren, Kaskasoli, Alex, Baker, Steven, Millican, Katie, Elhawaty, Mohamed, Aisopos, Kostas, Lebsack, Carl, Byrd, Nathan, Dai, Hanjun, Jia, Wenhao, Wiethoff, Matthew, Davoodi, Elnaz, Weston, Albert, Yagati, Lakshman, Ahuja, Arun, Gao, Isabel, Pundak, Golan, Zhang, Susan, Azzam, Michael, Sim, Khe Chai, Caelles, Sergi, Keeling, James, Sharma, Abhanshu, Swing, Andy, Li, YaGuang, Liu, Chenxi, Bostock, Carrie Grimes, Bansal, Yamini, Nado, Zachary, Anand, Ankesh, Lipschultz, Josh, Karmarkar, Abhijit, Proleev, Lev, Ittycheriah, Abe, Yeganeh, Soheil Hassas, Polovets, George, Faust, Aleksandra, Sun, Jiao, Rrustemi, Alban, Li, Pen, Shivanna, Rakesh, Liu, Jeremiah, Welty, Chris, Lebron, Federico, Baddepudi, Anirudh, Krause, Sebastian, Parisotto, Emilio, Soricut, Radu, Xu, Zheng, Bloxwich, Dawn, Johnson, Melvin, Neyshabur, Behnam, Mao-Jones, Justin, Wang, Renshen, Ramasesh, Vinay, Abbas, Zaheer, Guez, Arthur, Segal, Constant, Nguyen, Duc Dung, Svensson, James, Hou, Le, York, Sarah, Milan, Kieran, Bridgers, Sophie, Gworek, Wiktor, Tagliasacchi, Marco, Lee-Thorp, James, Chang, Michael, Guseynov, Alexey, Hartman, Ale Jakse, Kwong, Michael, Zhao, Ruizhe, Kashem, Sheleem, Cole, Elizabeth, Miech, Antoine, Tanburn, Richard, Phuong, Mary, Pavetic, Filip, Cevey, Sebastien, Comanescu, Ramona, Ives, Richard, Yang, Sherry, Du, Cosmo, Li, Bo, Zhang, Zizhao, Iinuma, Mariko, Hu, Clara Huiyi, Roy, Aurko, Bijwadia, Shaan, Zhu, Zhenkai, Martins, Danilo, Saputro, Rachel, Gergely, Anita, Zheng, Steven, Jia, Dawei, Antonoglou, Ioannis, Sadovsky, Adam, Gu, Shane, Bi, Yingying, Andreev, Alek, Samangooei, Sina, Khan, Mina, Kocisky, Tomas, Filos, Angelos, Kumar, Chintu, Bishop, Colton, Yu, Adams, Hodkinson, Sarah, Mittal, Sid, Shah, Premal, Moufarek, Alexandre, Cheng, Yong, Bloniarz, Adam, Lee, Jaehoon, Pejman, Pedram, Michel, Paul, Spencer, Stephen, Feinberg, Vladimir, Xiong, Xuehan, Savinov, Nikolay, Smith, Charlotte, Shakeri, Siamak, Tran, Dustin, Chesus, Mary, Bohnet, Bernd, Tucker, George, von Glehn, Tamara, Muir, Carrie, Mao, Yiran, Kazawa, Hideto, Slone, Ambrose, Soparkar, Kedar, Shrivastava, Disha, Cobon-Kerr, James, Sharman, Michael, Pavagadhi, Jay, Araya, Carlos, Misiunas, Karolis, Ghelani, Nimesh, Laskin, Michael, Barker, David, Li, Qiujia, Briukhov, Anton, Houlsby, Neil, Glaese, Mia, Lakshminarayanan, Balaji, Schucher, Nathan, Tang, Yunhao, Collins, Eli, Lim, Hyeontaek, Feng, Fangxiaoyu, Recasens, Adria, Lai, Guangda, Magni, Alberto, De Cao, Nicola, Siddhant, Aditya, Ashwood, Zoe, Orbay, Jordi, Dehghani, Mostafa, Brennan, Jenny, He, Yifan, Xu, Kelvin, Gao, Yang, Saroufim, Carl, Molloy, James, Wu, Xinyi, Arnold, Seb, Chang, Solomon, Schrittwieser, Julian, Buchatskaya, Elena, Radpour, Soroush, Polacek, Martin, Giordano, Skye, Bapna, Ankur, Tokumine, Simon, Hellendoorn, Vincent, Sottiaux, Thibault, Cogan, Sarah, Severyn, Aliaksei, Saleh, Mohammad, Thakoor, Shantanu, Shefey, Laurent, Qiao, Siyuan, Gaba, Meenu, Chang, Shuo-yiin, Swanson, Craig, Zhang, Biao, Lee, Benjamin, Rubenstein, Paul Kishan, Song, Gan, Kwiatkowski, Tom, Koop, Anna, Kannan, Ajay, Kao, David, Schuh, Parker, Stjerngren, Axel, Ghiasi, Golnaz, Gibson, Gena, Vilnis, Luke, Yuan, Ye, Ferreira, Felipe Tiengo, Kamath, Aishwarya, Klimenko, Ted, Franko, Ken, Xiao, Kefan, Bhattacharya, Indro, Patel, Miteyan, Wang, Rui, Morris, Alex, Strudel, Robin, Sharma, Vivek, Choy, Peter, Hashemi, Sayed Hadi, Landon, Jessica, Finkelstein, Mara, Jhakra, Priya, Frye, Justin, Barnes, Megan, Mauger, Matthew, Daun, Dennis, Baatarsukh, Khuslen, Tung, Matthew, Farhan, Wael, Michalewski, Henryk, Viola, Fabio, Quitry, Felix de Chaumont, Lan, Charline Le, Hudson, Tom, Wang, Qingze, Fischer, Felix, Zheng, Ivy, White, Elspeth, Dragan, Anca, Alayrac, Jean-baptiste, Ni, Eric, Pritzel, Alexander, Iwanicki, Adam, Isard, Michael, Bulanova, Anna, Zilka, Lukas, Dyer, Ethan, Sachan, Devendra, Srinivasan, Srivatsan, Muckenhirn, Hannah, Cai, Honglong, Mandhane, Amol, Tariq, Mukarram, Rae, Jack W., Wang, Gary, Ayoub, Kareem, FitzGerald, Nicholas, Zhao, Yao, Han, Woohyun, Alberti, Chris, Garrette, Dan, Krishnakumar, Kashyap, Gimenez, Mai, Levskaya, Anselm, Sohn, Daniel, Matak, Josip, Iturrate, Inaki, Chang, Michael B., Xiang, Jackie, Cao, Yuan, Ranka, Nishant, Brown, Geoff, Hutter, Adrian, Mirrokni, Vahab, Chen, Nanxin, Yao, Kaisheng, Egyed, Zoltan, Galilee, Francois, Liechty, Tyler, Kallakuri, Praveen, Palmer, Evan, Ghemawat, Sanjay, Liu, Jasmine, Tao, David, Thornton, Chloe, Green, Tim, Jasarevic, Mimi, Lin, Sharon, Cotruta, Victor, Tan, Yi-Xuan, Fiedel, Noah, Yu, Hongkun, Chi, Ed, Neitz, Alexander, Heitkaemper, Jens, Sinha, Anu, Zhou, Denny, Sun, Yi, Kaed, Charbel, Hulse, Brice, Mishra, Swaroop, Georgaki, Maria, Kudugunta, Sneha, Farabet, Clement, Shafran, Izhak, Vlasic, Daniel, Tsitsulin, Anton, Ananthanarayanan, Rajagopal, Carin, Alen, Su, Guolong, Sun, Pei, V, Shashank, Carvajal, Gabriel, Broder, Josef, Comsa, Iulia, Repina, Alena, Wong, William, Chen, Warren Weilun, Hawkins, Peter, Filonov, Egor, Loher, Lucia, Hirnschall, Christoph, Wang, Weiyi, Ye, Jingchen, Burns, Andrea, Cate, Hardie, Wright, Diana Gage, Piccinini, Federico, Zhang, Lei, Lin, Chu-Cheng, Gog, Ionel, Kulizhskaya, Yana, Sreevatsa, Ashwin, Song, Shuang, Cobo, Luis C., Iyer, Anand, Tekur, Chetan, Garrido, Guillermo, Xiao, Zhuyun, Kemp, Rupert, Zheng, Huaixiu Steven, Li, Hui, Agarwal, Ananth, Ngani, Christel, Goshvadi, Kati, Santamaria-Fernandez, Rebeca, Fica, Wojciech, Chen, Xinyun, Gorgolewski, Chris, Sun, Sean, Garg, Roopal, Ye, Xinyu, Eslami, S. M. Ali, Hua, Nan, Simon, Jon, Joshi, Pratik, Kim, Yelin, Tenney, Ian, Potluri, Sahitya, Thiet, Lam Nguyen, Yuan, Quan, Luisier, Florian, Chronopoulou, Alexandra, Scellato, Salvatore, Srinivasan, Praveen, Chen, Minmin, Koverkathu, Vinod, Dalibard, Valentin, Xu, Yaming, Saeta, Brennan, Anderson, Keith, Sellam, Thibault, Fernando, Nick, Huot, Fantine, Jung, Junehyuk, Varadarajan, Mani, Quinn, Michael, Raul, Amit, Le, Maigo, Habalov, Ruslan, Clark, Jon, Jalan, Komal, Bullard, Kalesha, Singhal, Achintya, Luong, Thang, Wang, Boyu, Rajayogam, Sujeevan, Eisenschlos, Julian, Jia, Johnson, Finchelstein, Daniel, Yakubovich, Alex, Balle, Daniel, Fink, Michael, Agarwal, Sameer, Li, Jing, Dvijotham, Dj, Pal, Shalini, Kang, Kai, Konzelmann, Jaclyn, Beattie, Jennifer, Dousse, Olivier, Wu, Diane, Crocker, Remi, Elkind, Chen, Jonnalagadda, Siddhartha Reddy, Lee, Jong, Holtmann-Rice, Dan, Kallarackal, Krystal, Liu, Rosanne, Vnukov, Denis, Vats, Neera, Invernizzi, Luca, Jafari, Mohsen, Zhou, Huanjie, Taylor, Lilly, Prendki, Jennifer, Wu, Marcus, Eccles, Tom, Liu, Tianqi, Kopparapu, Kavya, Beaufays, Francoise, Angermueller, Christof, Marzoca, Andreea, Sarcar, Shourya, Dib, Hilal, Stanway, Jeff, Perbet, Frank, Trdin, Nejc, Sterneck, Rachel, Khorlin, Andrey, Li, Dinghua, Wu, Xihui, Goenka, Sonam, Madras, David, Goldshtein, Sasha, Gierke, Willi, Zhou, Tong, Liu, Yaxin, Liang, Yannie, White, Anais, Li, Yunjie, Singh, Shreya, Bahargam, Sanaz, Epstein, Mark, Basu, Sujoy, Lao, Li, Ozturel, Adnan, Crous, Carl, Zhai, Alex, Lu, Han, Tung, Zora, Gaur, Neeraj, Walton, Alanna, Dixon, Lucas, Zhang, Ming, Globerson, Amir, Uy, Grant, Bolt, Andrew, Wiles, Olivia, Nasr, Milad, Shumailov, Ilia, Selvi, Marco, Piccinno, Francesco, Aguilar, Ricardo, McCarthy, Sara, Khalman, Misha, Shukla, Mrinal, Galic, Vlado, Carpenter, John, Villela, Kevin, Zhang, Haibin, Richardson, Harry, Martens, James, Bosnjak, Matko, Belle, Shreyas Rammohan, Seibert, Jeff, Alnahlawi, Mahmoud, McWilliams, Brian, Singh, Sankalp, Louis, Annie, Ding, Wen, Popovici, Dan, Simicich, Lenin, Knight, Laura, Mehta, Pulkit, Gupta, Nishesh, Shi, Chongyang, Fatehi, Saaber, Mitrovic, Jovana, Grills, Alex, Pagadora, Joseph, Petrova, Dessie, Eisenbud, Danielle, Zhang, Zhishuai, Yates, Damion, Mittal, Bhavishya, Tripuraneni, Nilesh, Assael, Yannis, Brovelli, Thomas, Jain, Prateek, Velimirovic, Mihajlo, Akbulut, Canfer, Mu, Jiaqi, Macherey, Wolfgang, Kumar, Ravin, Xu, Jun, Qureshi, Haroon, Comanici, Gheorghe, Wiesner, Jeremy, Gong, Zhitao, Ruddock, Anton, Bauer, Matthias, Felt, Nick, GP, Anirudh, Arnab, Anurag, Zelle, Dustin, Rothfuss, Jonas, Rosgen, Bill, Shenoy, Ashish, Seybold, Bryan, Li, Xinjian, Mudigonda, Jayaram, Erdogan, Goker, Xia, Jiawei, Simsa, Jiri, Michi, Andrea, Yao, Yi, Yew, Christopher, Kan, Steven, Caswell, Isaac, Radebaugh, Carey, Elisseeff, Andre, Valenzuela, Pedro, McKinney, Kay, Paterson, Kim, Cui, Albert, Latorre-Chimoto, Eri, Kim, Solomon, Zeng, William, Durden, Ken, Ponnapalli, Priya, Sosea, Tiberiu, Choquette-Choo, Christopher A., Manyika, James, Robenek, Brona, Vashisht, Harsha, Pereira, Sebastien, Lam, Hoi, Velic, Marko, Owusu-Afriyie, Denese, Lee, Katherine, Bolukbasi, Tolga, Parrish, Alicia, Lu, Shawn, Park, Jane, Venkatraman, Balaji, Talbert, Alice, Rosique, Lambert, Cheng, Yuchung, Sozanschi, Andrei, Paszke, Adam, Kumar, Praveen, Austin, Jessica, Li, Lu, Salama, Khalid, Kim, Wooyeol, Dukkipati, Nandita, Baryshnikov, Anthony, Kaplanis, Christos, Sheng, XiangHai, Chervonyi, Yuri, Unlu, Caglar, Casas, Diego de Las, Askham, Harry, Tunyasuvunakool, Kathryn, Gimeno, Felix, Poder, Siim, Kwak, Chester, Miecnikowski, Matt, Dimitriev, Alek, Parisi, Aaron, Liu, Dangyi, Tsai, Tomy, Shevlane, Toby, Kouridi, Christina, Garmon, Drew, Goedeckemeyer, Adrian, Brown, Adam R., Vijayakumar, Anitha, Elqursh, Ali, Jazayeri, Sadegh, Huang, Jin, Carthy, Sara Mc, Hoover, Jay, Kim, Lucy, Kumar, Sandeep, Chen, Wei, Biles, Courtney, Bingham, Garrett, Rosen, Evan, Wang, Lisa, Tan, Qijun, Engel, David, Pongetti, Francesco, de Cesare, Dario, Hwang, Dongseong, Yu, Lily, Pullman, Jennifer, Narayanan, Srini, Levin, Kyle, Gopal, Siddharth, Li, Megan, Aharoni, Asaf, Trinh, Trieu, Lo, Jessica, Casagrande, Norman, Vij, Roopali, Matthey, Loic, Ramadhana, Bramandia, Matthews, Austin, Carey, CJ, Johnson, Matthew, Goranova, Kremena, Shah, Rohin, Ashraf, Shereen, Dasgupta, Kingshuk, Larsen, Rasmus, Wang, Yicheng, Vuyyuru, Manish Reddy, Jiang, Chong, Ijazi, Joana, Osawa, Kazuki, Smith, Celine, Boppana, Ramya Sree, Bilal, Taylan, Koizumi, Yuma, Xu, Ying, Altun, Yasemin, Shabat, Nir, Bariach, Ben, Korchemniy, Alex, Choo, Kiam, Ronneberger, Olaf, Iwuanyanwu, Chimezie, Zhao, Shubin, Soergel, David, Hsieh, Cho-Jui, Cai, Irene, Iqbal, Shariq, Sundermeyer, Martin, Chen, Zhe, Bursztein, Elie, Malaviya, Chaitanya, Biadsy, Fadi, Shroff, Prakash, Dhillon, Inderjit, Latkar, Tejasi, Dyer, Chris, Forbes, Hannah, Nicosia, Massimo, Nikolaev, Vitaly, Greene, Somer, Georgiev, Marin, Wang, Pidong, Martin, Nina, Sedghi, Hanie, Zhang, John, Banzal, Praseem, Fritz, Doug, Rao, Vikram, Wang, Xuezhi, Zhang, Jiageng, Patraucean, Viorica, Du, Dayou, Mordatch, Igor, Jurin, Ivan, Liu, Lewis, Dubey, Ayush, Mohan, Abhi, Nowakowski, Janek, Ion, Vlad-Doru, Wei, Nan, Tojo, Reiko, Raad, Maria Abi, Hudson, Drew A., Keshava, Vaishakh, Agrawal, Shubham, Ramirez, Kevin, Wu, Zhichun, Nguyen, Hoang, Liu, Ji, Sewak, Madhavi, Petrini, Bryce, Choi, DongHyun, Philips, Ivan, Wang, Ziyue, Bica, Ioana, Garg, Ankush, Wilkiewicz, Jarek, Agrawal, Priyanka, Guo, Danhao, Xue, Emily, Shaik, Naseer, Leach, Andrew, Khan, Sadh MNM, Wiesinger, Julia, Jerome, Sammy, Chakladar, Abhishek, Wang, Alek Wenjiao, Ornduff, Tina, Abu, Folake, Ghaffarkhah, Alireza, Wainwright, Marcus, Cortes, Mario, Liu, Frederick, Maynez, Joshua, Terzis, Andreas, Samangouei, Pouya, Mansour, Riham, Kępa, Tomasz, Aubet, François-Xavier, Algymr, Anton, Banica, Dan, Weisz, Agoston, Orban, Andras, Senges, Alexandre, Andrejczuk, Ewa, Geller, Mark, Santo, Niccolo Dal, Anklin, Valentin, Merey, Majd Al, Baeuml, Martin, Strohman, Trevor, Bai, Junwen, Petrov, Slav, Wu, Yonghui, Hassabis, Demis, Kavukcuoglu, Koray, Dean, Jeffrey, and Vinyals, Oriol

Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence
Abstract

In this report, we introduce the Gemini 1.5 family of models, representing the next generation of highly compute-efficient multimodal models capable of recalling and reasoning over fine-grained information from millions of tokens of context, including multiple long documents and hours of video and audio. The family includes two new models: (1) an updated Gemini 1.5 Pro, which exceeds the February version on the great majority of capabilities and benchmarks; (2) Gemini 1.5 Flash, a more lightweight variant designed for efficiency with minimal regression in quality. Gemini 1.5 models achieve near-perfect recall on long-context retrieval tasks across modalities, improve the state-of-the-art in long-document QA, long-video QA and long-context ASR, and match or surpass Gemini 1.0 Ultra's state-of-the-art performance across a broad set of benchmarks. Studying the limits of Gemini 1.5's long-context ability, we find continued improvement in next-token prediction and near-perfect retrieval (>99%) up to at least 10M tokens, a generational leap over existing models such as Claude 3.0 (200k) and GPT-4 Turbo (128k). Finally, we highlight real-world use cases, such as Gemini 1.5 collaborating with professionals on completing their tasks achieving 26 to 75% time savings across 10 different job categories, as well as surprising new capabilities of large language models at the frontier; when given a grammar manual for Kalamang, a language with fewer than 200 speakers worldwide, the model learns to translate English to Kalamang at a similar level to a person who learned from the same content.

Published
2024

18. Neural Architecture Search using Particle Swarm and Ant Colony Optimization

Author

Lankford, Séamus and Grimes, Diarmuid

Subjects
Computer Science - Neural and Evolutionary Computing, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract

Neural network models have a number of hyperparameters that must be chosen along with their architecture. This can be a heavy burden on a novice user, choosing which architecture and what values to assign to parameters. In most cases, default hyperparameters and architectures are used. Significant improvements to model accuracy can be achieved through the evaluation of multiple architectures. A process known as Neural Architecture Search (NAS) may be applied to automatically evaluate a large number of such architectures. A system integrating open source tools for Neural Architecture Search (OpenNAS), in the classification of images, has been developed as part of this research. OpenNAS takes any dataset of grayscale, or RBG images, and generates Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures based on a range of metaheuristics using either an AutoKeras, a transfer learning or a Swarm Intelligence (SI) approach. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) are used as the SI algorithms. Furthermore, models developed through such metaheuristics may be combined using stacking ensembles. In the context of this paper, we focus on training and optimizing CNNs using the Swarm Intelligence (SI) components of OpenNAS. Two major types of SI algorithms, namely PSO and ACO, are compared to see which is more effective in generating higher model accuracies. It is shown, with our experimental design, that the PSO algorithm performs better than ACO. The performance improvement of PSO is most notable with a more complex dataset. As a baseline, the performance of fine-tuned pre-trained models is also evaluated.

Published
2024

19. Interactive Mars Image Content-Based Search with Interpretable Machine Learning

Author

Vasu, Bhavan, Lu, Steven, Dunkel, Emily, Wagstaff, Kiri L., Grimes, Kevin, and McAuley, Michael

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Computer Science - Information Retrieval
Abstract

The NASA Planetary Data System (PDS) hosts millions of images of planets, moons, and other bodies collected throughout many missions. The ever-expanding nature of data and user engagement demands an interpretable content classification system to support scientific discovery and individual curiosity. In this paper, we leverage a prototype-based architecture to enable users to understand and validate the evidence used by a classifier trained on images from the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover mission. In addition to providing explanations, we investigate the diversity and correctness of evidence used by the content-based classifier. The work presented in this paper will be deployed on the PDS Image Atlas, replacing its non-interpretable counterpart., Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures

Published
2024

25. Results and Limits of Time-Division Multiplexing for the BICEP Array High-Frequency Receivers

Author

Fatigoni, S., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Amiri, M., Barkats, D., Thakur, R. Basu, Bischoff, C. A., Beck, D., Bock, J. J., Buza, V., Cheshire, J., Connors, J., Cornelison, J., Crumrine, M., Cukierman, A. J., Denison, E. V., Dierickx, M. I., Duband, L., Eiben, M., Filippini, J. P., Fortes, A., Gao, M., Giannakopoulos, C., Goeckner-Wald, N., Goldfinger, D. C., Grayson, J. A., Grimes, P. K., Hall, G., Halal, G., Halpern, M., Hand, E., Harrison, S. A., Handerson, S., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hilton, G. C., Hubmayr, J., Hui, H., Irwin, K. D., Kang, J. H., Karkare, K. S., Kefeli, S., Kovac, J. M., Kuo, C. L., Lau, K., Lennox, A., Liu, T., Megerian, K. G., Miller, O. Y., Minutolo, L., Moncelsi, L., Nakato, Y., Nguyen, H. T., O’Brient, R., Palladino, S., Petroff, M. A., Polish, A., Prouve, T., Pryke, C., Racine, B., Reintsema, C. D., Romand, T., Salatino, M., Schillaci, A., Schmitt, B. L., Singari, B., Soliman, A., St.Germaine, T., Steiger, A., Steinbach, B., Sudiwala, R., Thompson, K. L., Tsai, C., Tucker, C., Turner, A. D., Umiltà, C., Vèrges, C., Wandui, A., Weber, A. C., Wiebe, D. V., Willmert, J., Wu, W. L. K., Yang, E., Young, E., Yu, C., Zeng, L., Zhang, C., and Zhang, S.

Published
2024
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26. Results and Limits of Time Division Multiplexing for the BICEP Array High Frequency Receivers

Author

Fatigoni, S., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Amiri, M., Barkats, D., Thakur, R. Basu, Bischoff, C. A., Beck, D., Bock, J. J., Buza, V., Cheshire, J., Connors, J., Cornelison, J., Crumrine, M., Cukierman, A. J., Denison, E. V., Dierickx, M. I., Duband, L., Eiben, M., Filippini, J. P., Fortes, A., Gao, M., Giannakopoulos, C., Goeckner-Wald, N., Goldfinger, D. C., Grayson, J. A., Grimes, P. K., Hall, G., Halal, G., Halpern, M., Hand, E., Harrison, S. A., Handerson, S., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hilton, G. C., Hubmayr, J., Hui, H., Irwin, K. D., Kang, J. H., Karkare, K. S., Kefeli, S., Kovac, J. M., Kuo, C. L., Lau, K., Lennox, A., Liu, T., Megerian, K. G., Miller, O. Y., Minutolo, L., Moncelsi, L., Nakato, Y., Nguyen, H. T., Brient, R. O, Palladino, S., Petroff, M. A., Polish, A., Prouve, T., Pryke, C., Racine, B., Reintsema, C. D., Romand, T., Salatino, M., Schillaci, A., Schmitt, B. L., Singari, B., Soliman, A., Germaine, T. St., Steiger, A., Steinbach, B., Sudiwala, R., Thompson, K. L., Tsai, C., Tucker, C., Turner, A. D., Umiltà, C., Vèrges, C., Wandui, A., Weber, A. C., Wiebe, D. V., Willmert, J., Wu, W. L. K., Yang, E., Young, E., Yu, C., Zeng, L., Zhang, C., and Zhang, S.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

Time-Division Multiplexing is the readout architecture of choice for many ground and space experiments, as it is a very mature technology with proven outstanding low-frequency noise stability, which represents a central challenge in multiplexing. Once fully populated, each of the two BICEP Array high frequency receivers, observing at 150GHz and 220/270GHz, will have 7776 TES detectors tiled on the focal plane. The constraints set by these two receivers required a redesign of the warm readout electronics. The new version of the standard Multi Channel Electronics, developed and built at the University of British Columbia, is presented here for the first time. BICEP Array operates Time Division Multiplexing readout technology to the limits of its capabilities in terms of multiplexing rate, noise and crosstalk, and applies them in rigorously demanding scientific application requiring extreme noise performance and systematic error control. Future experiments like CMB-S4 plan to use TES bolometers with Time Division/SQUID-based readout for an even larger number of detectors., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, Submitted to Journal of Low Temperature Physics

Published
2023
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27. Providing Support to First-Year Graduate Teaching Assistants: What Do They Really Need?

Author

Sheri J. Brock, Brenna Cosgrove Miller, Nikki Hollett, Jessica R. Grimes, and Michele Moore

Abstract

Purpose: Graduate teaching assistants (GTAs) often play a vital role in the delivery of university programs, yet GTAs may lack pedagogical experience. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of GTAs during their first semester of university teaching. Specifically, we provide a descriptive account of the GTAs' lived experiences and how departments can best prepare GTAs. Method: Four first-year GTAs at a university in the United States participated in the study. Data collection included participant journals, focus group interviews, and individual interviews. Results: Utilizing situated learning theory as a theoretical frame, data sources generated four themes. GTAs reported positive experiences as ample support was provided, expectations were outlined, experiential learning occurred, and confidence increased through the establishment of routines. Discussion/ Conclusion: Findings indicated that GTAs can acclimate to their new universities and responsibilities with guidance, resources, and support.

Published
2024
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28. The Development and Validation of the Mutation Criterion Referenced Assessment (MuCRA)

Author

Chloe Wasendorf, Joshua W. Reid, Rebecca Seipelt-Thiemann, Z. T. Grimes, Brock Couch, Nick T. Peters, Julia Massimelli Sewall, Audrey L. McCombs, Patrick I. Armstrong, and Nancy Boury

Abstract

Most biology undergraduates learn about mutations in multiple classrooms throughout their college career. Understanding personalised genome test results, genome editing controversies, and the appearance of new variants of viruses or antibiotic resistant bacteria all require foundational knowledge about mutations. However, the abstract nature of molecular processes surrounding mutations makes them one of the more difficult topics for students to understand and apply. Instructors need valid assessment tools to document student understanding and tailor their instructional methods to address student knowledge gaps. We describe here the development and validation of the Mutations Criterion Referenced Assessment (MuCRA). This formative assessment was developed through an iterative process involving expert feedback and student responses to both open-ended and multiple-choice questions. The final MuCRA is composed of 10 multiple-choice questions aligned with three learning objectives. The item difficulty for each question was between 0.32-0.65, while the discrimination index ranged from 0.31-0.75 and the reliability (KR20) for the MuCRA was 0.69. The congruence analyses demonstrated distractors are capturing student misconceptions in 9/10 questions. These data indicate that the MuCRA can be used to reliably assess student learning and common misconceptions about mutations.

Published
2024
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29. The Impact of Social-Emotional Competence on Academic Achievement and Career Success within Urban School Systems

Author

Jamesha Purdiman, LaShanda R. Boone, Keesha Byrd, Susan Grimes, and Cierra Wourman

Abstract

This dissertation investigates the critical role of social-emotional learning (SEL) in urban education through the lens of educators working in a diverse middle school setting in St. Louis, Missouri. With a focus on understanding educators' perceptions and experiences, this study aims to explore the effectiveness of SEL programs in addressing the various needs of students, particularly those from marginalized communities. The researchers use a qualitative approach, utilizing surveys with open-ended questions to gather insights from middle school teachers, counselors, support staff, and administrators. The study dove into various aspects of SEL implementation through rigorous data collection and analysis, including its impact on teaching strategies, classroom dynamics, and professional development initiatives. Ethical considerations are carefully addressed, ensuring participant confidentiality and informed consent throughout the research process. Data analysis follows a systematic approach, including open coding, development of themes, and creation of a comprehensive codebook that includes meaningful insights. The researchers' findings highlight the significance of SEL in promoting whole-child development, fostering positive relationships, and dismantling the adverse effects of socio-economic disparities and trauma experienced by many urban students. Researchers gathered from the research that educators understand the importance of having a SEL curriculum in place and recognize its ability to improve academic success, career readiness, and overall well-being. Overall, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the correlation between SEL, urban education, and student success. Prioritizing educators' voices and experiences offers valuable insights for policymakers, school administrators, and practitioners seeking to create inclusive and supportive learning environments that empower all students to thrive academically, socially, and emotionally. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]

Published
2024

30. The Impact of Social-Emotional Competence on Academic Achievement and Career Success within Urban School Systems

Author

LaShanda R. Boone, Jamesha Purdiman, Cierra Wourman, Keesha Byrd, and Susan Grimes

Abstract

This dissertation investigates the critical role of social-emotional learning (SEL) in urban education through the lens of educators working in a diverse middle school setting in St. Louis, Missouri. With a focus on understanding educators' perceptions and experiences, this study aims to explore the effectiveness of SEL programs in addressing the various needs of students, particularly those from marginalized communities. The researchers use a qualitative approach, utilizing surveys with open-ended questions to gather insights from middle school teachers, counselors, support staff, and administrators. The study dove into various aspects of SEL implementation through rigorous data collection and analysis, including its impact on teaching strategies, classroom dynamics, and professional development initiatives. Ethical considerations are carefully addressed, ensuring participant confidentiality and informed consent throughout the research process. Data analysis follows a systematic approach, including open coding, development of themes, and creation of a comprehensive codebook that includes meaningful insights. The researchers' findings highlight the significance of SEL in promoting whole-child development, fostering positive relationships, and dismantling the adverse effects of socio-economic disparities and trauma experienced by many urban students. Researchers gathered from the research that educators understand the importance of having a SEL curriculum in place and recognize its ability to improve academic success, career readiness, and overall well-being. Overall, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the correlation between SEL, urban education, and student success. Prioritizing educators' voices and experiences offers valuable insights for policymakers, school administrators, and practitioners seeking to create inclusive and supportive learning environments that empower all students to thrive academically, socially, and emotionally. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]

Published
2024

31. The Impact of Social-Emotional Competence on Academic Achievement and Career Success within Urban School Systems

Author

Susan Grimes, LaShanda R. Boone, Keesha Byrd, Jamesha Purdiman, and Cierra Wourman

Abstract

This dissertation investigates the critical role of social-emotional learning (SEL) in urban education through the lens of educators working in a diverse middle school setting in St. Louis, Missouri. With a focus on understanding educators' perceptions and experiences, this study aims to explore the effectiveness of SEL programs in addressing the various needs of students, particularly those from marginalized communities. The researchers use a qualitative approach, utilizing surveys with open-ended questions to gather insights from middle school teachers, counselors, support staff, and administrators. The study dove into various aspects of SEL implementation through rigorous data collection and analysis, including its impact on teaching strategies, classroom dynamics, and professional development initiatives. Ethical considerations are carefully addressed, ensuring participant confidentiality and informed consent throughout the research process. Data analysis follows a systematic approach, including open coding, development of themes, and creation of a comprehensive codebook that includes meaningful insights. The researchers' findings highlight the significance of SEL in promoting whole-child development, fostering positive relationships, and dismantling the adverse effects of socio-economic disparities and trauma experienced by many urban students. Researchers gathered from the research that educators understand the importance of having a SEL curriculum in place and recognize its ability to improve academic success, career readiness, and overall well-being. Overall, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the correlation between SEL, urban education, and student success. Prioritizing educators' voices and experiences offers valuable insights for policymakers, school administrators, and practitioners seeking to create inclusive and supportive learning environments that empower all students to thrive academically, socially, and emotionally. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]

Published
2024

32. The Impact of Social-Emotional Competence on Academic Achievement and Career Success within Urban School Systems

Author

Cierra Wourman, LaShanda R. Boone, Keesha Byrd, Susan Grimes, and Jamesha Purdiman

Abstract

This dissertation investigates the critical role of social-emotional learning (SEL) in urban education through the lens of educators working in a diverse middle school setting in St. Louis, Missouri. With a focus on understanding educators' perceptions and experiences, this study aims to explore the effectiveness of SEL programs in addressing the various needs of students, particularly those from marginalized communities. The researchers use a qualitative approach, utilizing surveys with open-ended questions to gather insights from middle school teachers, counselors, support staff, and administrators. The study dove into various aspects of SEL implementation through rigorous data collection and analysis, including its impact on teaching strategies, classroom dynamics, and professional development initiatives. Ethical considerations are carefully addressed, ensuring participant confidentiality and informed consent throughout the research process. Data analysis follows a systematic approach, including open coding, development of themes, and creation of a comprehensive codebook that includes meaningful insights. The researchers' findings highlight the significance of SEL in promoting whole-child development, fostering positive relationships, and dismantling the adverse effects of socio-economic disparities and trauma experienced by many urban students. Researchers gathered from the research that educators understand the importance of having a SEL curriculum in place and recognize its ability to improve academic success, career readiness, and overall well-being. Overall, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the correlation between SEL, urban education, and student success. Prioritizing educators' voices and experiences offers valuable insights for policymakers, school administrators, and practitioners seeking to create inclusive and supportive learning environments that empower all students to thrive academically, socially, and emotionally. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]

Published
2024

33. The Impact of Social-Emotional Competence on Academic Achievement and Career Success within Urban School Systems

Author

Keesha Byrd, LaShanda R. Boone, Susan Grimes, Jamesha Purdiman, and Cierra Wourman

Abstract

This dissertation investigates the critical role of social-emotional learning (SEL) in urban education through the lens of educators working in a diverse middle school setting in St. Louis, Missouri. With a focus on understanding educators' perceptions and experiences, this study aims to explore the effectiveness of SEL programs in addressing the various needs of students, particularly those from marginalized communities. The researchers use a qualitative approach, utilizing surveys with open-ended questions to gather insights from middle school teachers, counselors, support staff, and administrators. The study dove into various aspects of SEL implementation through rigorous data collection and analysis, including its impact on teaching strategies, classroom dynamics, and professional development initiatives. Ethical considerations are carefully addressed, ensuring participant confidentiality and informed consent throughout the research process. Data analysis follows a systematic approach, including open coding, development of themes, and creation of a comprehensive codebook that includes meaningful insights. The researchers' findings highlight the significance of SEL in promoting whole-child development, fostering positive relationships, and dismantling the adverse effects of socio-economic disparities and trauma experienced by many urban students. Researchers gathered from the research that educators understand the importance of having a SEL curriculum in place and recognize its ability to improve academic success, career readiness, and overall well-being. Overall, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the correlation between SEL, urban education, and student success. Prioritizing educators' voices and experiences offers valuable insights for policymakers, school administrators, and practitioners seeking to create inclusive and supportive learning environments that empower all students to thrive academically, socially, and emotionally. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]

Published
2024

36. An immunophenotype-coupled transcriptomic atlas of human hematopoietic progenitors

Author

Zhang, Xuan, Song, Baobao, Carlino, Maximillian J., Li, Guangyuan, Ferchen, Kyle, Chen, Mi, Thompson, Evrett N., Kain, Bailee N., Schnell, Dan, Thakkar, Kairavee, Kouril, Michal, Jin, Kang, Hay, Stuart B., Sen, Sidharth, Bernardicius, David, Ma, Siyuan, Bennett, Sierra N., Croteau, Josh, Salvatori, Ornella, Lye, Melvin H., Gillen, Austin E., Jordan, Craig T., Singh, Harinder, Krause, Diane S., Salomonis, Nathan, and Grimes, H. Leighton

Published
2024
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39. A Joint Fermi-GBM and Swift-BAT Analysis of Gravitational-Wave Candidates from the Third Gravitational-wave Observing Run

Author

Fletcher, C., Wood, J., Hamburg, R., Veres, P., Hui, C. M., Bissaldi, E., Briggs, M. S., Burns, E., Cleveland, W. H., Giles, M. M., Goldstein, A., Hristov, B. A., Kocevski, D., Lesage, S., Mailyan, B., Malacaria, C., Poolakkil, S., von Kienlin, A., Wilson-Hodge, C. A., Team, The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor, Crnogorčević, M., DeLaunay, J., Tohuvavohu, A., Caputo, R., Cenko, S. B., Laha, S., Parsotan, T., Abbott, R., Abe, H., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adhikari, N., Adhikari, R. X., Adkins, V. K., Adya, V. B., Affeldt, C., Agarwal, D., Agathos, M., Agatsuma, K., Aggarwal, N., Aguiar, O. D., Aiello, L., Ain, A., Ajith, P., Akutsu, T., Albanesi, S., Alfaidi, R. A., Allocca, A., Altin, P. A., Amato, A., Anand, C., Anand, S., Ananyeva, A., Anderson, S. B., Anderson, W. G., Ando, M., Andrade, T., Andres, N., Andrés-Carcasona, M., Andríc, T., Angelova, S. V., Ansoldi, S., Antelis, J. M., Antier, S., Apostolatos, T., Appavuravther, E. Z., Appert, S., Apple, S. K., Arai, K., Araya, A., Araya, M. C., Areeda, J. S., Arène, M., Aritomi, N., Arnaud, N., Arogeti, M., Aronson, S. M., Arun, K. G., Asada, H., Asali, Y., Ashton, G., Aso, Y., Assiduo, M., Melo, S. Assis de Souza, Aston, S. M., Astone, P., Aubin, F., AultONeal, K., Austin, C., Babak, S., Badaracco, F., Bader, M. K. M., Badger, C., Bae, S., Bae, Y., Baer, A. M., Bagnasco, S., Bai, Y., Baird, J., Bajpai, R., Baka, T., Ball, M., Ballardin, G., Ballmer, S. W., Balsamo, A., Baltus, G., Banagiri, S., Banerjee, B., Bankar, D., Barayoga, J. C., Barbieri, C., Barish, B. C., Barker, D., Barneo, P., Barone, F., Barr, B., Barsotti, L., Barsuglia, M., Barta, D., Bartlett, J., Barton, M. A., Bartos, I., Basak, S., Bassiri, R., Basti, A., Bawaj, M., Bayley, J. C., Bazzan, M., Becher, B. R., Becsy, B., Bedakihale, V. M., Beirnaert, F., Bejger, M., Belahcene, I., Benedetto, V., Beniwal, D., Benjamin, M. G., Bennett, T. F., Bentley, J. D., BenYaala, M., Bera, S., Berbel, M., Bergamin, F., Berger, B. K., Bernuzzi, S., Berry, C. P. L., Bersanetti, D., Bertolini, A., Betzwieser, J., Beveridge, D., Bhandare, R., Bhandari, A. V., Bhardwaj, U., Bhatt, R., Bhattacharjee, D., Bhaumik, S., Bianchi, A., Bilenko, I. A., Billingsley, G., Bini, S., Birney, R., Birnholtz, O., Biscans, S., Bischi, M., Biscoveanu, S., Bisht, A., Biswas, B., Bitossi, M., Bizouard, M. A., Blackburn, J. K., Blair, C. D., Blair, D. G., Blair, R. M., Bobba, F., Bode, N., Boër, M., Bogaert, G., Boldrini, M., Bolingbroke, G. N., Bonavena, L. D., Bondu, F., Bonilla, E., Bonnand, R., Booker, P., Boom, B. A., Bork, R., Boschi, V., Bose, N., Bose, S., Bossilkov, V., Boudart, V., Bouffanais, Y., Bozzi, A., Bradaschia, C., Brady, P. R., Bramley, A., Branch, A., Branchesi, M., Brau, J. E., Breschi, M., Briant, T., Briggs, J. H., Brillet, A., Brinkmann, M., Brockill, P., Brooks, A. F., Brooks, J., Brown, D. D., Brunett, S., Bruno, G., Bruntz, R., Bryant, J., Bucci, F., Bulik, T., Bulten, H. J., Buonanno, A., Burtnyk, K., Buscicchio, R., Buskulic, D., Buy, C., Byer, R. L., Davies, G. S. Cabourn, Cabras, G., Cabrita, R., Cadonati, L., Caesar, M., Cagnoli, G., Cahillane, C., Bustillo, J. Calderòn, Callaghan, J. D., Callister, T. A., Calloni, E., Cameron, J., Camp, J. B., Canepa, M., Canevarolo, S., Cannavacciuolo, M., Cannon, K. C., Cao, H., Cao, Z., Capocasa, E., Capote, E., Carapella, G., Carbognani, F., Carlassara, M., Carlin, J. B., Carney, M. F., Carpinelli, M., Carrillo, G., Carullo, G., Carver, T. L., Díaz, J. Casanueva, Casentini, C., Castaldi, G., Caudill, S., Cavaglià, M., Cavalier, F., Cavalieri, R., Cella, G., Cerdá-Durán, P., Cesarini, E., Chaibi, W., Subrahmanya, S. Chalathadka, Champion, E., Chan, C. H., Chan, C., Chan, C. L., Chan, K., Chan, M., Chandra, K., Chang, I. P., Chanial, P., Chao, S., Chapman-Bird, C., Charlton, P., Chase, E. A., Chassande-Mottin, E., Chatterjee, C., Chatterjee, Debarati, Chatterjee, Deep, Chaturvedi, M., Chaty, S., Chen, C., Chen, D., Chen, H. Y., Chen, J., Chen, K., Chen, X., Chen, Y. B., Chen, Y. R., Chen, Z., Cheng, H., Cheong, C. K., Cheung, H. Y., Chia, H. Y., Chiadini, F., Chiang, C. Y., Chiarini, G., Chierici, R., Chincarini, A., Chiofalo, M. L., Chiummo, A., Choudhary, R. K., Choudhary, S., Christensen, N., Chu, Q., Chu, Y. K., Chua, S. S. Y., Chung, K. W., Ciani, G., Ciecielag, P., Cieślar, M., Cifaldi, M., Ciobanu, A. A., Ciolfi, R., Cipriano, F., Clara, F., Clark, J. A., Clearwater, P., Clesse, S., Cleva, F., Coccia, E., Codazzo, E., Cohadon, P. F., Cohen, D. E., Colleoni, M., Collette, C. G., Colombo, A., Colpi, M., Compton, C. M., Constancio Jr., M., Conti, L., Cooper, S. J., Corban, P., Corbitt, T. R., Cordero-Carrión, I., Corezzi, S., Corley, K. R., Cornish, N. J., Corre, D., Corsi, A., Cortese, S., Costa, C. A., Cotesta, R., Cottingham, R., Coughlin, M. W., Coulon, J. P., Countryman, S. T., Cousins, B., Couvares, P., Coward, D. M., Cowart, M. J., Coyne, D. C., Coyne, R., Creighton, J. D. E., Creighton, T. D., Criswell, A. W., Croquette, M., Crowder, S. G., Cudell, J. R., Cullen, T. J., Cumming, A., Cummings, R., Cunningham, L., Cuoco, E., lo, M. Cury, Dabadie, P., Canton, T. Dal, Dall'Osso, S., Dálya, G., Dana, A., D'Angelo, B., Danilishin, S., D'Antonio, S., Danzmann, K., Darsow-Fromm, C., Dasgupta, A., Datrier, L. E. H., Datta, Sayak, Datta, Sayantani, Dattilo, V., Dave, I., Davier, M., Davis, D., Davis, M. C., Daw, E. J., Dean, R., DeBra, D., Deenadayalan, M., Degallaix, J., De Laurentis, M., Deléglise, S., Del Favero, V., De Lillo, F., De Lillo, N., Dell'Aquila, D., Del Pozzo, W., DeMarchi, L. M., De Matteis, F., D'Emilio, V., Demos, N., Dent, T., Depasse, A., De Pietri, R., De Rosa, R., De Rossi, C., DeSalvo, R., De Simone, R., Dhurandhar, S., D'iaz, M. C., Didio, N. A., Dietrich, T., Di Fiore, L., Di Fronzo, C., Di Giorgio, C., Di Giovanni, F., Di Giovanni, M., Di Girolamo, T., Di Lieto, A., Di Michele, A., Ding, B., Di Pace, S., Di Palma, I., Di Renzo, F., Divakarla, A. K., Dmitriev, A., Doctor, Z., Donahue, L., D'Onofrio, L., Donovan, F., Dooley, K. L., Doravari, S., Drago, M., Driggers, J. C., Drori, Y., Ducoin, J. G., Dupej, P., Dupletsa, U., Durante, O., D'Urso, D., Duverne, P. A., Dwyer, S. E., Eassa, C., Easter, P. J., Ebersold, M., Eckhardt, T., Eddolls, G., Edelman, B., Edo, T. B., Edy, O., Effler, A., Eguchi, S., Eichholz, J., Eikenberry, S. S., Eisenmann, M., Eisenstein, R. A., Ejlli, A., Engelby, E., Enomoto, Y., Errico, L., Essick, R. C., Estellés, H., Estevez, D., Etienne, Z., Etzel, T., Evans, M., Evans, T. M., Evstafyeva, T., Ewing, B. E., Fabrizi, F., Faedi, F., Fafone, V., Fair, H., Fairhurst, S., Fan, P. C., Farah, A. M., Farinon, S., Farr, B., Farr, W. M., Fauchon-Jones, E. J., Favaro, G., Favata, M., Fays, M., Fazio, M., Feicht, J., Fejer, M. M., Fenyvesi, E., Ferguson, D. L., Fernandez-Galiana, A., Ferrante, I., Ferreira, T. A., Fidecaro, F., Figura, P., Fiori, A., Fiori, I., Fishbach, M., Fisher, R. P., Fittipaldi, R., Fiumara, V., Flaminio, R., Floden, E., Fong, H. K., Font, J. A., Fornal, B., Forsyth, P. W. F., Franke, A., Frasca, S., Frasconi, F., Freed, J. P., Frei, Z., Freise, A., Freitas, O., Frey, R., Fritschel, P., Frolov, V. V., Fronzé, G. G., Fujii, Y., Fujikawa, Y., Fujimoto, Y., Fulda, P., Fyffe, M., Gabbard, H. A., Gabella, W. E., Gadre, B. U., Gair, J. R., Gais, J., Galaudage, S., Gamba, R., Ganapathy, D., Ganguly, A., Gao, D., Gaonkar, S. G., Garaventa, B., Núñez, C. García, García-Quirós, C., Garufi, F., Gateley, B., Gayathri, V., Ge, G. 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Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

We present Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (Fermi-GBM) and Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT) searches for gamma-ray/X-ray counterparts to gravitational wave (GW) candidate events identified during the third observing run of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. Using Fermi-GBM on-board triggers and sub-threshold gamma-ray burst (GRB) candidates found in the Fermi-GBM ground analyses, the Targeted Search and the Untargeted Search, we investigate whether there are any coincident GRBs associated with the GWs. We also search the Swift-BAT rate data around the GW times to determine whether a GRB counterpart is present. No counterparts are found. Using both the Fermi-GBM Targeted Search and the Swift-BAT search, we calculate flux upper limits and present joint upper limits on the gamma-ray luminosity of each GW. Given these limits, we constrain theoretical models for the emission of gamma-rays from binary black hole mergers.

Published
2023

40. The history of Coast Salish woolly dogs revealed by ancient genomics and Indigenous Knowledge.

Author

Lin, Audrey, Hammond-Kaarremaa, Liz, Liu, Hsiao-Lei, Stantis, Chris, McKechnie, Iain, Pavel, Michael, Pavel, Susan, Wyss, Senaqwila, Sparrow, Debra, Carr, Karen, Aninta, Sabhrina, Perri, Angela, Hartt, Jonathan, Bergström, Anders, Carmagnini, Alberto, Charlton, Sophy, Dalén, Love, Feuerborn, Tatiana, France, Christine, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, Grimes, Vaughan, Harris, Alex, Kavich, Gwénaëlle, Sinding, Mikkel-Holger, Skoglund, Pontus, Stanton, David, Ostrander, Elaine, Larson, Greger, Armstrong, Chelsey, Frantz, Laurent, Hawkins, Melissa, Kistler, Logan, and Sacks, Benjamin

Subjects
Animals, Dogs, Genomics, Northwestern United States, Breeding, Wool, Selection, Genetic
Abstract

Ancestral Coast Salish societies in the Pacific Northwest kept long-haired woolly dogs that were bred and cared for over millennia. However, the dog wool-weaving tradition declined during the 19th century, and the population was lost. In this study, we analyzed genomic and isotopic data from a preserved woolly dog pelt from Mutton, collected in 1859. Mutton is the only known example of an Indigenous North American dog with dominant precolonial ancestry postdating the onset of settler colonialism. We identified candidate genetic variants potentially linked with their distinct woolly phenotype. We integrated these data with interviews from Coast Salish Elders, Knowledge Keepers, and weavers about shared traditional knowledge and memories surrounding woolly dogs, their importance within Coast Salish societies, and how colonial policies led directly to their disappearance.

Published
2023

45. Protein target highlights in CASP15: Analysis of models by structure providers

Author

Alexander, Leila T, Durairaj, Janani, Kryshtafovych, Andriy, Abriata, Luciano A, Bayo, Yusupha, Bhabha, Gira, Breyton, Cécile, Caulton, Simon G, Chen, James, Degroux, Séraphine, Ekiert, Damian C, Erlandsen, Benedikte S, Freddolino, Peter L, Gilzer, Dominic, Greening, Chris, Grimes, Jonathan M, Grinter, Rhys, Gurusaran, Manickam, Hartmann, Marcus D, Hitchman, Charlie J, Keown, Jeremy R, Kropp, Ashleigh, Kursula, Petri, Lovering, Andrew L, Lemaitre, Bruno, Lia, Andrea, Liu, Shiheng, Logotheti, Maria, Lu, Shuze, Markússon, Sigurbjörn, Miller, Mitchell D, Minasov, George, Niemann, Hartmut H, Opazo, Felipe, Phillips, George N, Davies, Owen R, Rommelaere, Samuel, Rosas‐Lemus, Monica, Roversi, Pietro, Satchell, Karla, Smith, Nathan, Wilson, Mark A, Wu, Kuan‐Lin, Xia, Xian, Xiao, Han, Zhang, Wenhua, Zhou, Z Hong, Fidelis, Krzysztof, Topf, Maya, Moult, John, and Schwede, Torsten

Subjects
Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Biological Sciences, Protein Conformation, Models, Molecular, Computational Biology, Proteins, CASP, cryo-EM, protein structure prediction, X-ray crystallography, Mathematical Sciences, Information and Computing Sciences, Bioinformatics, Biological sciences, Mathematical sciences
Abstract

We present an in-depth analysis of selected CASP15 targets, focusing on their biological and functional significance. The authors of the structures identify and discuss key protein features and evaluate how effectively these aspects were captured in the submitted predictions. While the overall ability to predict three-dimensional protein structures continues to impress, reproducing uncommon features not previously observed in experimental structures is still a challenge. Furthermore, instances with conformational flexibility and large multimeric complexes highlight the need for novel scoring strategies to better emphasize biologically relevant structural regions. Looking ahead, closer integration of computational and experimental techniques will play a key role in determining the next challenges to be unraveled in the field of structural molecular biology.

Published
2023

46. MCUb is an inducible regulator of calcium-dependent mitochondrial metabolism and substrate utilization in muscle.

Author

Huo, Jiuzhou, Prasad, Vikram, Grimes, Kelly, Vanhoutte, Davy, Blair, N, Lin, Suh-Chin, Bround, Michael, Bers, Donald, and Molkentin, Jeffery

Subjects
CP: Metabolism, metabolism, mitochondria, obesity, skeletal muscle, substrate utilization, Animals, Mice, Calcium, Calcium Channels, Fatty Acids, Mitochondria, Muscle, Skeletal
Abstract

Mitochondria use the electron transport chain to generate high-energy phosphate from oxidative phosphorylation, a process also regulated by the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) and Ca2+ levels. Here, we show that MCUb, an inhibitor of MCU-mediated Ca2+ influx, is induced by caloric restriction, where it increases mitochondrial fatty acid utilization. To mimic the fasted state with reduced mitochondrial Ca2+ influx, we generated genetically altered mice with skeletal muscle-specific MCUb expression that showed greater fatty acid usage, less fat accumulation, and lower body weight. In contrast, mice lacking Mcub in skeletal muscle showed increased pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, increased muscle malonyl coenzyme A (CoA), reduced fatty acid utilization, glucose intolerance, and increased adiposity. Mechanistically, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) overexpression in muscle of Mcub-deleted mice abolished altered substrate preference. Thus, MCUb is an inducible control point in regulating skeletal muscle mitochondrial Ca2+ levels and substrate utilization that impacts total metabolic balance.

Published
2023

47. Beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonism alters astrocyte phagocytic activity and has potential applications to psychiatric disease

Author

Bowen, Ellen R, DiGiacomo, Phillip, Fraser, Hannah P, Guttenplan, Kevin, Smith, Benjamin AH, Heberling, Marlene L, Vidano, Laura, Shah, Nigam, Shamloo, Mehrdad, Wilson, Jennifer L, and Grimes, Kevin V

Subjects
Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Biological Sciences, Neurosciences, Brain Disorders, Schizophrenia, Mental Health, Biotechnology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Development of treatments and therapeutic interventions, Aetiology, 5.1 Pharmaceuticals, Neurological, Good Health and Well Being
Abstract

Schizophrenia is a debilitating condition necessitating more efficacious therapies. Previous studies suggested that schizophrenia development is associated with aberrant synaptic pruning by glial cells. We pursued an interdisciplinary approach to understand whether therapeutic reduction in glial cell-specifically astrocytic-phagocytosis might benefit neuropsychiatric patients. We discovered that beta-2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) agonists reduced phagocytosis using a high-throughput, phenotypic screen of over 3200 compounds in primary human fetal astrocytes. We used protein interaction pathways analysis to associate ADRB2, to schizophrenia and endocytosis. We demonstrated that patients with a pediatric exposure to salmeterol, an ADRB2 agonist, had reduced in-patient psychiatry visits using a novel observational study in the electronic health record. We used a mouse model of inflammatory neurodegenerative disease and measured changes in proteins associated with endocytosis and vesicle-mediated transport after ADRB2 agonism. These results provide substantial rationale for clinical consideration of ADRB2 agonists as possible therapies for patients with schizophrenia.

Published
2023

48. Towards replicability and sustainability in cancer research

Author

David Robert Grimes

Subjects
Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282
Abstract

Abstract High-quality cancer research is crucial to both save lives and improve quality of life. Spurious findings, however, impedes these laudable goals by misleading research efforts and creating research waste that is inherently difficult to counteract. Irreproducible research is intrinsically wasteful, and unsustainable over the long term. In this perspective piece, we elucidate the extent of the current replication crisis and the underlying causes, identifying practices that lend themselves to unsustainable spurious findings, and the factors that underpin these practices. Finally we outline some remedies to the problem of irreproducible research, and how we might move towards more sustainable and trustworthy research in biomedical science.

Published
2024
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49. Digital Contact Tracing and Privacy

Author

Nasereddin, Mahdi, Glantz, Edward J., Grimes, Galen A., Peca,Joanne, Gordon, Michelle, and Bartolacci, Mike

Abstract

Digital contact tracing tools were developed to decrease the spread of COVID-19 by supplementing traditional manual methods. Although these tools have great potential, they were developed rather quickly resulting in tools with varying levels of success. The main issues with these tools are over privacy and who might have access to the information gathered. In general, their effectiveness varied globally, where users expressed privacy concerns associated with sharing identity, illness, and location information. This paper reviews these issues in deployments across Asia, Europe, and the United States. The goal is to begin a discussion that improves the design and development of digital technologies that not only improve the control of infectious disease spread, but also achieve an appropriate standard of privacy and security.

Published
2022

50. Stability of nucleic acid bases in concentrated sulfuric acid: Implications for the habitability of Venus' clouds

Author

Seager, Sara, Petkowski, Janusz J., Seager, Maxwell D., Grimes Jr., John H., Zinsli, Zachary, Vollmer-Snarr, Heidi R., El-Rahman, Mohamed K. Abd, Wishart, David S., Lee, Brian L., Gautam, Vasuk, Herrington, Lauren, Bains, William, and Darrow, Charles

Subjects
Physics - Chemical Physics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

What constitutes a habitable planet is a frontier to be explored and requires pushing the boundaries of our terracentric viewpoint for what we deem to be a habitable environment. Despite Venus' 700 K surface temperature being too hot for any plausible solvent and most organic covalent chemistry, Venus' cloud-filled atmosphere layers at 48 to 60 km above the surface hold the main requirements for life: suitable temperatures for covalent bonds; an energy source (sunlight); and a liquid solvent. Yet, the Venus clouds are widely thought to be incapable of supporting life because the droplets are composed of concentrated liquid sulfuric acid-an aggressive solvent that is assumed to rapidly destroy most biochemicals of life on Earth. Recent work, however, demonstrates that a rich organic chemistry can evolve from simple precursor molecules seeded into concentrated sulfuric acid, a result that is corroborated by domain knowledge in industry that such chemistry leads to complex molecules, including aromatics. We aim to expand the set of molecules known to be stable in concentrated sulfuric acid. Here, we show that nucleic acid bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil, as well as 2,6-diaminopurine and the "core" nucleic acid bases purine and pyrimidine, are stable in sulfuric acid in the Venus cloud temperature and sulfuric acid concentration range, using UV spectroscopy and combinations of 1D and 2D 1H 13C 15N NMR spectroscopy. The stability of nucleic acid bases in concentrated sulfuric acid advances the idea that chemistry to support life may exist in the Venus cloud particle environment., Comment: Final published version available in PNAS https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2220007120

Published
2023
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