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Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is widely used to obtain polymer-based composites with improved mechanical and thermal conduction properties. The effective properties of the composites are sensitive to its structure including the shape, distribution, and orientation of inclusions in the matrix and FFF-specific defects. The present work aims to study the formation of composite structure and relate it to the measured effective thermal conduction properties. Polymer flow in the hot end and the structure of printed samples are studied by metallography. The effective thermal diffusivity is measured by the laser flash method and analyzed by the Maxwell Garnett theory. Fibers in a polymer-matrix composite visualize polymer flow in the hot end of the FFF printer. In the nozzle, fibers are generally oriented parallel to the flow direction while gas bubbles may locally disturb flow and disorient fibers. Printed composite Carbon fiber/TPU inherits preferential orientation of fibers observed in the filament. Disorientation of fibers relative to the alignment direction increases after printing. In the printed Al2O3/PA composite, there is a lattice of triangle-based cylindrical pores parallel to the extrusion direction. Al2O3 particles are of irregular shape and approximately equiaxed. No segregation or agglomeration are observed. Significant anisotropy of thermal diffusivity is observed in the printed samples of 5%vol. Carbon fiber/TPU composite. The measured effective thermal diffusivity of printed Al2O3/PA composites is essentially isotropic and significantly increases with the volume fraction of inclusions. In the studied FFF-printed composites, the effective thermal diffusivity is proportional to the thermal diffusivity of polymer matrix, which is sensitive to its structure formed in non-equilibrium conditions of rapid quenching from liquid phase.

Metals in amorphous state are promising for the use as structural materials due to their superior properties related to the absence of grain boundaries and dislocations.Obtaining the amorphous state requires quenching with a high cooling rate.In conventional technologies,this is the reason for a considerable size limitation hindering application of amorphous alloys.Additive manufacturing (AM) is free of the size limitation.The so-called bulk metallic glass (BMG) alloys have extremely low critical cooling rates and can be used in AM. Recent studies on AM from Zr-based BMGs by selective laser melting(SLM)has proved the possibility of attaining the amorphous state and revealed partial crystallization to be the principal drawback of this process.The present work aims to analyze the conditions for partial crystallization and try to control it by optimizing the process parameters.A comprehensive parametric analysis is accomplished in single-track SLM experiments with Zr-based BMG alloy Vit 106.The observed microstructures are related to the temperature fields and thermal cycles estimated by an analytic heat-transfer model in the laser-impact zone.In the cross section of a laser track,a central bright domain is identified as the remelted zone.An annular darker crystallization zone encircles the remelted zone.The model fits the experimentally obtained dependencies of the remelted zone size versus laser power and scanning speed.It seems that primary crystalline inclusions existing in the substrate before laser processing dissolve at the laser melting.The mean cooling rate in the remelted zone is much greater than the critical cooling rate.Therefore,homogeneous nucleation isn't expected.Nevertheless,the theoretically estimated crystallization times are sufficient for a considerable crystal growth in the heat-affected zone where primary crystalline inclusions and nuclei are not completely dissolved

The coherent reaction, $\gamma d \rightarrow \pi^0\pi^0 d$ was studied with the BGOOD experiment at ELSA from threshold to a centre-of-mass energy of 2850\,MeV. A full kinematic reconstruction was made, with final state deuterons identified in the forward spectrometer and $\pi^0$ decays in the central BGO Rugby Ball. The strength of the differential cross section exceeds what can be described by models of coherent photoproduction and instead supports the three isoscalar dibaryon candidates reported by the ELPH collaboration at 2.38, 2.47 and 2.63\,GeV/c$^2$. A low mass enhancement in the $\pi^0\pi^0$ invariant mass is also observed at the $d^*(2380)$ centre-of-mass energy which is consistent with the ABC effect. At higher centre-of-mass energies, a narrow peak in the $\pi^0 d$ invariant mass at 2114\,MeV/c$^2$ with a width of 20\,MeV/c$^2$ supports a sequential two-dibaryon decay mechanism., Comment: 8 pages, 10 figures. Additional references (recommended by colleagues) added since the first revision

The reaction $\gamma p \rightarrow p \pi^0 \eta$ has been studied with the CBELSA/TAPS detector at the electron stretcher accelerator ELSA in Bonn for incident photon energies from threshold up to 3.1 GeV. This paper has been motivated by the recently claimed observation of a narrow structure in the M$_{N\eta}$ invariant mass distribution at a mass of 1678 MeV/$c^2$. The existence of this structure cannot be confirmed in the present work. Instead, for E$_{\gamma}$ = 1400 - 1500 MeV and the cut M$_{p\pi^0} \le 1190 $ MeV/$c^2$ a statistically significant structure in the M$_{p\eta}$ invariant mass distribution near 1700 MeV/$c^2$ is observed with a width of $\Gamma\approx 35$ MeV/$c^2$ while the mass resolution is $\sigma_{res}$ = 5 MeV/$c^2$. Increasing the incident photon energy from 1420 to 1540 MeV this structure shifts in mass from $\approx$ 1700MeV/c$^2$ to $\approx$ 1725 MeV/$c^2$; the width increases to about 50 MeV/$c^2$ and decreases thereafter. The cross section associated with this structure reaches a maximum of $\approx$ 100 nb around E$_{\gamma} \approx$ 1490 MeV (W $\approx $ 1920 MeV), which coincides with the $p a_0$ threshold. Three scenarios are discussed which might be the origin of this structure in the M$_{p\eta}$ invariant mass distribution. The most likely interpretation is that it is due to a triangular singularity in the $\gamma p \rightarrow p a_0 \rightarrow p \pi^0 \eta$ reaction, Comment: 16 pages, 18 figure

The differential cross section for the quasi-free photoproduction reaction $\gamma n\rightarrow K^0\Sigma^0$ was measured at BGOOD at ELSA from threshold to a centre-of-mass energy of 2400 MeV. Close to threshold the results are consistent with existing data and are in agreement with partial wave analysis solutions over the full measured energy range, with a large coupling to the $\Delta$(1900)1/2- evident. This is the first dataset covering the K* threshold region, where there are model predictions of dynamically generated vector meson-baryon resonance contributions., Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures

$K^+\Lambda(1405)$ photoproduction has been studied at the BGOOD experiment via the all neutral decay, $\Lambda(1405)\rightarrow\Sigma^0\pi^0$. The unique BGOOD experimental setup allows both the cross section and $\Lambda(1405)$ invariant mass distribution (line shape) to be measured over a broad $K^+$ polar angle range, extending to extreme forward $K^+$ angles unattainable at previous experiments. Evidence is provided for the role of a triangle singularity driven by the $N^*(2030)$ resonance, which appears to contribute significantly to $K^+\Lambda(1405)$ photoproduction. This is observed in both the angular distributions and the integrated cross section which was determined with unprecedented energy resolution. The measured line shape is also in agreement with the previous results of CLAS and ANKE, and is consistent with two poles derived in $\chi$PT based models.

The BGO-OD experiment at the University of Bonn's ELSA accelerator facility in Germany is ideally suited to investigate photoproduction at extreme forward angles. It combines a highly segmented BGO electromagnetic calorimeter at central angles and an open dipole magnetic spectrometer in the forward direction. This allows the detection of forward going kaons, and complex final states of mixed charge from hyperon decays. Current projects at the BGO-OD experiment include strangeness production of $\gamma p \rightarrow K^+ \Lambda/\Sigma^0$ at forward angles, $K^0\Sigma^0$ with a deuteron target and $K^+\Lambda(1405)$ line shape and cross section measurements., Comment: Contribution to the proceedings of "HADRON2019: 18th International Conference on Hadron Spectroscopy and Structure", limited to 5 pages

Since the discovery of the $\Lambda(1405)$, it remains poorly described by conventional constituent quark models, and it is a candidate for having an "exotic" meson-baryon or "penta-quark" structure, similar to states recently reported in the hidden charm sector. The $\Lambda(1405)$ can be produced in the reaction $\gamma p \rightarrow K^+\Lambda(1405)$. The pure I=0 decay mode into $\Sigma^0\pi^0$ is prohibited for the mass-overlapping $\Sigma(1385)$. Combining a large aperture forward magnetic spectrometer and a central BGO crystal calorimeter, the BGO-OD experiment is ideally suited to measure this decay with the $K^+$ in the forward direction. Preliminary results are presented. *Supported by DFG (PN 388979758, 405882627)., Comment: Contribution to the proceedings of "NSTAR2019: 12th International Workshop on the Physics of Excited Nucleons"

The BGO-OD experiment at the ELSA accelerator facility uses an energy tagged bremsstrahlung photon beam to investigate the excitation structure of the nucleon. The setup consists of a highly segmented BGO calorimeter surrounding the target, with a particle tracking magnetic spectrometer at forward angles. BGO-OD is ideal for investigating low momentum transfer processes due to the acceptance and high momentum resolution at forward angles. In particular, this enables the investigation of strangeness photoproduction where t-channel exchange mechanisms play an important role. This also allows access to low momentum exchange kinematics where extended, molecular structure may manifest in reaction mechanisms. First key results at low $t$ indicate a cusp-like structure in $K^+\Sigma^0$ photoproduction at $W = 1900$\,MeV, line shapes and differential cross sections for $K^+\Lambda$(1405)$\rightarrow K^+\Sigma^0\pi^0$, and a peak structure in $K^0_S\Sigma^0$ photoproduction. The peak in the $K^0_S\Sigma^0$ channel appears consistent with meson-baryon generated states, where equivalent models have been used to describe the $P_C$ pentaquark candidates in the heavy charmed quark sector., Comment: Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on the Physics of Excited Nucleons (NSTAR 2019)

The $\gamma p \rightarrow K^+\Sigma^0$ differential cross section at extremely forward angles was measured at the BGOOD experiment. A three-quarter drop in strength over a narrow range in energy and a strong dependence on the polar angle of the $K^+$ in the centre-of-mass of the reaction is observed at a centre-of-mass energy of 1900\,MeV. Residing close to multiple open and hidden strangeness thresholds, the structure appears consistent with meson-baryon threshold effects which may contribute to the reaction mechanism., Comment: 9 pages (including a 2 page appendix of tabulated data), 10 figures

$\gamma p \rightarrow K^+ \Lambda$ differential cross sections and recoil polarisation data from threshold for extremely forward angles are presented. The measurements were performed at the BGOOD experiment at ELSA, utilising the high angular and momentum resolution forward spectrometer for charged particle identification. The data discriminates between conflicting results in the world data set and enable extraction of the cross section as the minimum momentum transfer to the recoiling hyperon is approached., Comment: 12 pages (including a 2 page appendix), 14 figures

The BGOOD experiment at the ELSA facility in Bonn has been commissioned within the framework of an international collaboration. The experiment pursues a systematic investigation of non-strange and strange meson photoproduction, in particular $t$-channel processes at low momentum transfer. The setup uniquely combines a central almost $4\pi$ acceptance BGO crystal calorimeter with a large aperture forward magnetic spectrometer providing excellent detection of both neutral and charged particles, complementary to other setups such as Crystal Barrel, Crystal Ball, LEPS and CLAS., Comment: 26 pages, 37 figures

The polarization observables $T, E, P, H$, and $G$ in photoproduction of $\eta$ mesons off protons are measured for photon energies from threshold to $W=2400\,$MeV ($T$), 2280 MeV ($E$), 1620 MeV ($P, H$), or 1820 MeV ($G$), covering nearly the full solid angle. The data are compared to predictions from the SAID, MAID, J\"uBo, and BnGa partial-wave analyses. A refit within the BnGa approach including further data yields precise branching ratios for the $N\eta$ decay of nucleon resonances. A $N\eta$-branching ratio of $0.33\pm 0.04$ for $N(1650)1/2^-$ is found, which reduces the large and controversially discussed $N\eta$-branching ratio difference of the two lowest mass $J^P=1/2^-$-resonances significantly., Comment: 10 pages, 11 figures

A measurement of the double-polarization observable $E$ for the reaction $\gamma p\to \pi^0 p$ is reported. The data were taken with the CBELSA/TAPS experiment at the ELSA facility in Bonn using the Bonn frozen-spin butanol (C$_4$H$_9$OH) target, which provided longitudinally-polarized protons. Circularly-polarized photons were produced via bremsstrahlung of longitudinally-polarized electrons. The data cover the photon energy range from $E_\gamma =600$~MeV to $E_\gamma =2310$~MeV and nearly the complete angular range. The results are compared to and have been included in recent partial wave analyses., Comment: 21 pages

Experimental data on $\pi N $ scattering in the elastic energy region $W \leq 1.45 GeV $ are analyzed within the $K$-matrix approach with effective Lagrangians. The charge splitting in $\delta^{++}_{33} $ and $\delta^{0}_{33}$ phases obtaned in the phase shift analisys is studed . It is shown that the change in the sign in the energy dependence of the phase difference can be obtained with different formfactors of the $\Delta^{++}$ and $\Delta^{0}$ only . This means that $\Delta^{++}$ and $\Delta^{0}$ has a different size in $\pi N $ interaction.The underlying nature of the observed phenomena is discussed.