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The European Plate Observing System (EPOS, www.epos-eu.org) is a multidisciplinary pan-European research infrastructure for solid Earth science. It integrates a series of domain-specific service hubs (Thematic Core Service, TCS) such as the Geological Information and Modelling, which provides access to data, data products and services on European boreholes, geological maps, mineral occurrences, mines and 3D models. TCS GIM services are hosted by a group of European Geological Surveys and a couple of national research organizations. This paper presents novel data discovery and integration, facilitated using borehole logging information with on-demand web services to produce 3D geological structures. This domain interoperability across EPOS was created for the purpose of research, but it is also highly relevant for the response to societal grand challenges such as natural hazards and climate change. European and international interoperability implementation frameworks are well described and used (e.g., INSPIRE, ISO, OGC, and IUGS/CGI). It can be difficult for data providers to deploy web services that support the full semantic data definition (e.g., OGC Complex Feature) to expose several millions of geological entities through web-enabled data portals as required by pan-European projects. The TCS GIM group implemented and innovatively extended two standardized descriptions, i.e. GeoSciML-Lite and EarthResourceML-Lite, with an important reuse of content from Linked Data Registries. This approach was applied to design and implement the European Borehole Index and associated web services (View-WMS and Discovery-WFS), extended to 3D models, geological maps as well as mineral occurrences and mines. Results presented here apply the Linked Data approach ensuring optimal semantic description and enriching the data graphs, with complex descriptions and contents. In this way, it is now possible to traverse from one Borehole Index instance to linked richer information such as the borehole geological log, groundwater levels, rock sample description, analyses, etc. All this detailed information is served following international interoperability standards (Observations & Measurements, GroundWaterML 2.0, GeoSciML4, amongst others).

International audience; One of the major goals of the European Long-Term Ecological Research (eLTER) and the up-coming eLTER Research Infrastructure (eLTER RI) is to provide reliable and quality-controlled long-term data for scientific analysis as well as the assessment of environmental policy impacts. For this purpose, eLTER has designed, implemented and operates a federated data infrastruc-ture called the eLTER Information System. This e-infrastructure offers data stored in existing partner data systems, harmonised by a central discovery portal and federated data access com-ponents providing a common information management infrastructure for making environmental data available from distributed resources provided by the contributing LTER national networks. Designing, building and optimising such a pan-European environmental data infrastructure is a lengthy and complex process that is based on a set of criteria defined by user needs, share-holder requirements and general service and technology best practises. To further improve and extend the eLTER Information System, user needs have recently been collected by (a) targeted interviews with selected stakeholders to identify the scope and background of the data and ICT requirements, (b) workshops mapping user requirements based on personas derived from the interviews, and (c) analysis work on extracting so-called user stories. The requirements collec-tions are used to derive functional (i.e. the behaviour of essential features of the system) and non-functional (i.e. the general characteristics of the system) requirements for the IT infrastruc-ture and services. These collected requirements revolve around the development of workflows for the ingestion, curation and publication of data objects including the creation, harvesting, discovery and visualisation of metadata as well as providing means to support the analysis of these datasets and communicating study results.This presentation will provide an overview of the current stage of the data infrastructure as well as its major components, provide an outlook for future developments and discuss the technical and scientific challenges of building the eLTER Information System.

International audience; APIs provide an excellent opportunity for INSPIRE1)Increase the use of the infrastructure○ INSPIRE → mainstream ICT○ Improve the discoverability through search■ DWBP and SDWBP● DWBP Best Practice 23: Make data available through an API● SDWBP Best Practice 12: Expose spatial data through 'convenience APIs'2)Leverage on grassroots standardisation○ Novel approaches at the OGC (OGC API-Features and SensorThingsAPI)■ Hackathons■ Multiple early implementations ■ Co-creation of specifications

Our Environmental Information Systems are exposing environmental features, their monitoring systems and the observation they generate in an interoperable way (technical and semantic) for years. In Europe, there is even a legal obligation to such practices via the INSPIRE directive. However, the practice inducing data providers to set up services in a "Discovery > View > Download data" pattern hides data behind the services. This hinders data discovery and reuse. Linked Data on the Web Best Practices put this stack upside down and data is now back in the first line. This completely revamp the design and capacities of our Information Systems. We'll highlight the new data frontiers opened by such practices taking examples on the French National Groundwater Information Network.”

This document reports on an exercise involving several government organizations, private companies, and academics trying to harmonize various representations of boreholes into acommon model. Boreholes are widely used in geoscience and engineering to probe and assess the underground, and all those communities (custodians, vendors, distributors, etc.) model this information differently. This heterogeneity becomes a problem when information from various sources needs to be aggregated. On the other hand, different communities use boreholes,therefore, different models are expected to address different use cases. This experiment looked at solutions to harmonize core aspects of boreholes while recognizing domain specific models. This exercise resulted in a tentative model, examples and recommendations for next steps. Those steps include the recommendation for OGC to support the creation of a Borehole Standards Working Group (SWG) to formalize the core borehole model (BoreholeML (BhML)) as anofficial standard. Future work should include expanding the scope of the draft borehole model presented here and co-ordinate with ongoing OGC Geoscience standards for geology and hydrogeology to ensure that those standards can operate together. It also includes working with existing standard custodians to produce BhML-compliant version of their existing borehole standards. Generic information describing the Borehole (who, how, when, etc.) and the other aspects that describe a Borehole (e.g. construction, monitoring, management areas, etc.) are required butwere excluded from this IE. Many of these are already summarized in pre-existing models. This semantic enrichment should be undertaken by a second Borehole IE or a SWG. This report includes several XML Instance Documents that conform to a draft BhML XML Schema. These are contained in the various ER Annexes as well as from the Borehole IE GitHub repository (https://github.com/opengeospatial/boreholeie/). Where appropriate, the report references the corresponding GitHub content.

Surface water sampling Use CaseGeology Use Case : Outcrop observation and natural asbestos sampling

D10.1 describes the state of readiness for FAIR and EOSC achieved by EPOS, the RI for the solid earth sub-domain. With a questionnaire, the state of EPOS assets was collected and analysed. This was supplemented by a separate small survey using the CSIRO method. The current state of implementation of EPOS is described and also the plans for the near-future. Additionally, the transitional governance and management arrangements for EPOS – which control the overall policy and hence FAIRness – as we move from EC-funded implementation to EPOS-ERIC managed operational state is described. The results of the main questionnaire activity indicated that EPOS may be described as FAIR while the survey using the CSIRO method indicated some shortcomings. FAIR is not a state but a journey and there is always room for improvement. The results concerning readiness for EOSC indicate that – because the EPOS catalogue is based dominantly on services (at present: datasets, workflows and other assets are being worked upon) it is compatible with the architectural direction of EOSC. However, analysis of the current proposed metadata schema for the EOSC services catalogue indicates a need for discussions to ensure it is sufficiently rich for the purposes of EPOS. The conclusion is that EPOS is both FAIR and EOSC-ready. This is mainly due to the design of the EPOS architecture which took into account from the beginning the need for FAIRness and the direction of development (i.e. towards a service catalogue not a data catalogue) of EOSC.

International audience; Create a generic conceptual model that can be used with existing models related directly or indirectly to a borehole.Have a series of useful concepts that can be used by data providers and mapped into existing models.The tentative model should be designed to avoidcreating yet another standard, especially in this field since software vendors already have well tested and widely used models / formats. Seek a common pattern for data providers to deliver to software vendors so they can easily map to their current products).reinventing existing specifications, but create a model that can harmonize with them

International audience; European Plate Observing Systemwww.epos-eu.orgEuropean research infrastructureon solid earth scienceIntegrates the existing and future advanced European facilities into a single, distributed, sustainable infrastructure

International audience; Systems that maintain and disseminate information representing and/or related to spatial features often lack mechanisms to describe or discover how features relate to each other, to other kinds of features, and to a wide variety of related information that may be relevant. The Environmental Linked Features Interoperability Experiment (ELFIE) explored Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) standards with the goal of establishing a best practice for exposing cross-domain links between environmental domain and sampling features. The Interoperability Experiment (IE) focused on encoding relationships between cross-domain features and linking available observations data to sampled domain features. An approach that leverages the OGC service baseline, W3C data on the web best practices, and JavaScript Object Notation for Linked Data (JSON-LD) contexts was developed and evaluated. Outcomes of the experiment demonstrate that broadly accepted web technologies for linked data can be applied using OGC services and domain data models to fill important gaps in existing environmental data systems' capabilities. While solutions were found to be capable and promising, OGC services and domain model implementations have limited utility for use in linked data applications in their current state and the universe of persistent URIs that form the foundation of a linked data infrastructure is still small. In addition to improvement of the standards baseline and publication of linked data URIs, establishing conventions for URI dereferencing behavior and default content given multiple options for a resource remain for future work.

EPOS GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION AND MODELING : its System architecture, Data sources, API Services, Semantics, EPOS Borehole model, Borehole Index, Geological Feature Index, Mineral Resource Index, 3D/4D Model Index, Vocabulary Registry: data.geoscience.earth, EPOS Portal

This document presents ELFIE, JSON-LD Encoding, Outcomes & Use cases, SELFIE Methodology and SELFIE Discoverability

This document presents OGC Interoperability Experiments, Goals, More Background, Use Cases, Underlying Technical Issues, Underlying Technical Issues, Breaking down Goals, JSON-LD Contexts, ELFIE Best Practices, ELFIE Issues, Data Access, ELFIE in Context - BLiv

Logical model of geological features commonly described and portrayed in geological maps, cross sections, geological reports and databases. Age : V 4.1 Key features  Covers the domain of geology (earth materials, geological units and stratigraphy, geological time, geological structures, geomorphology, geochemistry) and sampling features common to the practice of geoscience, such as boreholes and geological specimens. Weight  Full and 'Lite' versions Children / Family  Reused by many geological surveys and countries, continent wide spatial data/research infrastructures (INSPIRE, EPOS, AuScope, …) Wishes  Currently moving to the semantic web BRGM THE FRENCH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WWW.BRGM.EU

Current developments with regard to worldwide sharing scientific information across discipline boundaries, sometimes down to real time (early warning systems), reveal the high demand for interoperable methods concerning the exchange and further processing of data. However, despite major efforts in establishing scientific infrastructures, a seamless and cross-domain integration of heterogeneous data remains unsatisfactory. In particular, their automated processing and visualisation is not readily possible. In addition, a representation of the scientific (semantic) context, essential for further processing, is still only insufficiently available. This presentation illustrates an approach that has been designed, developed and implemented within a European Research Infrastructure, the European Plate Observing System (EPOS). It adapts enterprise integration patterns for stream-aware and reactive integration pipelines and thus establishes suitable methods for an efficient and interoperable exchange of data, metadata, and semantic information. Based on the use case “Testing the coherence of geological models”, the utilisation of common, standardised, and well-established information models as well as a comprehensive knowledge representation for the fusion (correlation) of information from different domains is demonstrated. For this case, borehole measurements are used either to create geological models or to verify models, which were obtained by means of geological and geophysical investigation methods (e.g., electrical resistivity tomography). Among many others, this use case is also subject to an evaluation within the Borehole Interoperability Experiment (BoreholeIE) of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), which is conducted currently. Further potential applications emphasise the needs for establishing a seamless exchange of interoperable scientific and technical data: Within borehole management systems, the participants involved are for example put in the position to detect and prevent drilling risks in good time based on the analysis of existing drilling logs from other boreholes. A web-based real-time support of operators and scientists allows collaboration across projects. In general, it is of great importance that also knowledge, necessary for further processing the exchanged information is conveyed suitably. Often, even in communities of the same domain, specific terms or semantic contexts are not harmonised. This fact underlines the necessity of a standardised knowledge representation. For this reason, a semantic registry has been established, which enables the various scientific communities sharing a manifold of semantic information like domain-controlled vocabularies, concepts (ontologies), and their relations. An important part of this presentation is the demonstration of various technologies for knowledge representation. Asuitable method for this is visualising the scientific context of the information, allowing participating scientists to assess its usability. This not only includes a graphical representation of the semantic context, but also a scientific visualisation of (pre-) processed and analysed data.

This document presents the french experimentation on GEOCATALOGUE

Presentation with previous work in ELFIE, SELFIE from different Viewpoint and different uses cases

International audience

International audience; The Geological information and modelling Thematic Core Service (TCS) of EPOS is designed as an efficient and sustainable access system for geological multi-scale datasets for EPOS. The TCS develops and benefits from the synergy between the existing data infrastructures of the Geological Surveys of Europe (EuroGeoSurveys / EGDI) and the large amount of information produced by the research organizations and the international drilling community. The integration of distributed infrastructure components allows a broad range of resources including: geological maps, borehole data, borehole associated observations (borehole log data, groundwater level, groundwater quality…) and archived information on physical material (samples, cores), geological models (3D, 4D), geohazards, geophysical data such as active seismic data and other analyses of rocks, soils and minerals. In this presentation, we focus on the European Borehole Index and the work done since the beginning of the project, first to specify an interoperable data exchange mechanism based on international standards (such as INSPIRE, OGC) implemented by all TCS data providers. Then to collect this information from the data provider, quality check and disseminate it from the TCS Central Node as a service provider to the EPOS community using the same interoperable standards. We will develop on the problems encountered to manage large amount of data and the solutions we tested and applied. We will present how the Borehole Index was specified in order to guarantee its compliance with INSPIRE European Directive and how the OGC community was engaged to improve and promote technologies for geoscience data description and sharing through its Geoscience Domain Working Group. In addition, we will present expected workflows for the integration of other existing and new data such as 3D/4D models and how our work fits in EPOS system to create an efficient and comprehensive multidisciplinary research platform for the Earth Sciences in Europe and abroad.

Current e-infrastructures in solid Earth sciences have a great diversity with regard to data volume, data types and formats, and the interfaces that are provided for accessing the content. I

International audience

International audience; Up to today, dealing with application schema features, such as data harmonised to the INSPIRE data models, also known as complex GML, was challenging for users due to lack of appropriate tools in the commonly used client applications. Recent advances in GDAL/OGR and QGIS will allow easier handling of appschema data. A consortium of titellus, Spatialys, Camptocamp, Oslandia and BRGM has taken this task in the scope of the European Union's Earth observation programme Copernicus, as part of the tasks delegated to the European Environment Agency. The functionality will become available from the upcoming 3.0 version of QGIS. In this workshop we will guide you through the world of application schema in GDAL/OGR and QGIS. Since its introduction the GML Application Schema (GMLAS) driver has received quite some positive feedback, being for example able to address national schemas used in Finland or Japan, beyond the initial use cases it was developed for (Inspire, GeoSciML, GroundWaterML) We will start the workshop with a section on dataset discovery from within QGIS, by querying a spatial catalogue. We will from there connect to a WFS endpoint to retrieve appschema features. We’ll explain how GMLAS is able to automatically set up a relational datamodel in PostGIS by analysing the application schema and load the GML into the database. QGIS will then be able to visualise the data in a map view. You are invited to modify the data and finally export the data from QGIS as application schema GML. We also invite you to bring some of your personal data to load as and/or transform to an application schema of your choice. At the workshop we’ll have core developers of OGR, QGIS.

International audience; Simplification of INSPIRE at its point of use will be achieved, among other, through the availability of end-user applications able to effectively consume and process data provided according to the INSPIRE data specifications implemented following the respective technical guidelines available for each spatial data theme. Users are already in need of a good support for INSPIRE data within commonly used GIS software such as QGIS in order to make use of the INSPIRE download services providing harmonised data which are available today. This need will become more and more pressing as data providers will make more harmonised data available.Studies have been financed in 2015 and 2016 by various organisations to analyse the gaps to be filled and to identify how to address them best. We will present the outcome of these studies and the work currently ongoing related to the inclusion of support for GML application schema compliant in OGR (simple, complex feature) and by consequence in QGIS as well. Regarding the latter, we will also explain and possibly demonstrate how to make effective use of INSPIRE harmonised data within QGIS.

International audience; Thanks to recent evolutions in environmental sensors, new data transmission associated with better autonomy, it is now feasible toconsider raw data quality with more confidence. Even if human QA/QC activity is still required (at least to check the overall workflowstatus), raw data can be considered as fitted for direct reuse.Groundwater level data and their near real time availability (raw data) answer to important societal needs:- Natural resource management in a climate change context with even more frequent drought episodes and their impact on qualityand quantity of the resource,- But also civil security in specific geological contexts where surface/ground water connexion associated with water table rise have adirect impact on flood events.Parallel to these, the ICT context is also evolving with more mature international open standards for sensorWeb interoperability(namely the OGC SWE - Sensor Web Enablement Framework) along with their endorsement by Legal obligations (INSPIRE directive)and communities.BRGM is conducting a dedicated joint SensorWeb activity between its IT and Water/Environment/Ecotechnologies division for severalyears. This transversal activity enables both:- The appropriation of the IT context and opportunities by domain experts,- And the possibility to be active on the international IT context (OGC, INSPIRE) so that international interoperability standardsdefinition and application is close to domain needs.This presentation will focus on the IT changes the French national piezometric network is currently going through. From the sensor onthe field, to the central information system, data validation, exploitation and reuse the system is progressively proposing a change ofparadigm in hydrogeologists activities.As a conclusion these changes will be linked to new opportunities, partnerships with other institutions (ex: dynamic Groundwaterlevel forecast – MétéEau des nappes) and but also to new challenges (vendor specific formats, big data, data accessibility) theycreate.

International audience; 3D Geological modelling aims at representing the geology of the subsurface in 3 dimensions. Building a 3D geological model is not only pushing data through a code to obtain a representation of the geology. Two kinds of knowledge are mainly used to complete a geological model. The first one is explicit and consists in the data that constrain the model. The other one is generally implicit and consists in the geological knowledge that is used – sometimes unconsciously– by the person(s) in charge of completing the model. This knowledge is essential to drive the interpretation supporting the model. The geological knowledge can be seen as an architecture underlying the 3D model. This geological architecture is derived from data, observations, interpretations, and experience. It needs to be compatible with the data but the same geological architecture may apply to various sets of data. Then, a 3D model is a geometrical realization of the topology represented by the geological architecture. Formalizing such relations between geological structures and bodies is a way to conceptualize, to store, and to retrieve the geological knowledge. It is also a tool for the automation of the 3D model computation [1] [2]. In that case, the geometry of the modelled structures can be generated using the data and the rules of the geological architecture. The presentation will demonstrate how the geological architecture can be set up to represent various geological contexts and how it can be stored through standards such as GeoSciML [3]. Finally, the pertinence of storing 3D model, data, and geological architecture will be debated.

International audience; As a continuation of the national programme of geological map of France at 1:50,000, the French Geological Survey (BRGM) engaged in the Geological Reference of France (Référentiel Géologique de la France, RGF). Over the next decades, this programme aims at developing a three dimensional knowledge of the eleven different geological regions through a continuous, homogeneous and consistent description permanently updated as well as understanding the mechanisms governing their evolution over time.All existing and newly acquired information, currently in the Pyrenees, are integrated within the RGF spatial data infrastructure (SDI). It provides the associated scientific programme with the necessary information system (data structure, computer means, applications and tools) to meet the various needs of contributors and end-users, from acquisition to dissemination of public data and knowledge. The RGF SDI must deliver the best available geological information over the territory, whatever the producer, i.e. research works, applied geology projects, both internal and external to the RGF programme. It must also abide by French and European legislation in terms of interoperability and open access to public data.The quality and reliability of the data and knowledge capitalised in the RGF SDI are primarily based on a thematic reference system including detailed lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, structures and geological events. Both 2D and 3D geometries are also part of the references so that the RGF SDI can be used by other information systems e.g. hydrogeology, mineral resources and geohazards. This involves a dedicated architecture of data sets and applications as well as innovative data structures to capture the complexity of the geological objects and processes. A description-oriented method was used for building original master data sets from textual descriptions in natural language. For example, it was applied to lithology and also its transformation by diagenesis, metamorphism or supergene alteration, as many sub-processes of the event references. This essential foundation for a consistent description and interpretation in 2D-3D is associated to validation workflows involving the RGF Scientific Committee. Several data status i.e. input/proposed/ labelled/disseminated allow to manage appropriately the access and publication of the RGF data and references both within the RGF community and to the public.The multi-stakeholder dimension of RGF drives the technical implementation through a collaborative approach of the SDI platform. It complies with the European INSPIRE Directive while offering a series of web services based on GeoSciML. This enables the RGF SDI contents to be disseminated both through web-enabled geoscientific portals (rgf.brgm.fr) and data processing tools.

OGC Borehole IE progress report - potential impact on GeoSciML (borehole package) / GWML2 : this document presents Use Cases,Vocabulary needs, Linear referencing down the hole, Borehole / Well, Potential impact on standards, Potential impact on GeoSciML, Potential impact on GWML2 and Next steps

National audience