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Temporal coordination of deglutition and respiration is essential for survival because both functions share the pharynx as a common pathway. Disruptions in this interface in young infants may result in dysphagia that may lead to aspiration and injury to the developing lung. Likewise, respiratory problems may contribute to the development of swallowing problems. This article focuses on the coordination between swallowing and breathing in infants and children, aspiration during periods of postnatal lung development and airway protective mechanisms. Identification of infants and children at increased risk for oropharyngeal dysphagia and respiratory disease is critical for optimal intervention. Assessment and management considerations are described., Die zeitliche Koordination von Schluckakt und Atmung ist entscheidend für das Überleben, da sich im Rachen der Atem- und Speiseweg kreuzen. Sowohl Störungen in diesem Bereich als auch Probleme bei der Atmung können bei Säuglingen Dysphagien mit Aspirationen auslösen und somit zu Verletzungen der Lunge führen. Dieser Artikel behandelt Aspekte der Koordination von Schlucken und Atmen bei Säuglingen und Kindern, Aspirationen während der postnatalen Lungenentwicklung sowie Verschlussmechanismen der Luftwege. Des Weiteren werden mögliche diagnostische und therapeutische Vorgehensweisen bei Kindern mit oropharyngealen Dysphagien und Erkrankungen der Atemwege beschrieben.

Recurrent myocardial ischaemia and restenosis are more common in diabetic patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) due to an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) compared to patients without diabetes. Diabetes is also associated with increased residual platelet activity during dual antiplatelet treatment. In recent reports, platelet reactivity has been linked to outcomes after ACS. Appropriate platelet inhibition might lead to improved outcomes in this patient population. To this end, newest methods to evaluate platelet function may prove helpful.To evaluate 6-month outcomes in diabetic patients treated with primary PCI due to ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in relation to platelet reactivity evaluated at discharge.The study included 120 diabetic patients treated with primary PCI due to STEMI. Patients received loading doses of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 300 mg) and clopidogrel (600 mg) on admission, and later were treated with maintenance doses of 75 mg of ASA and clopidogrel. Blood for platelet aggregation testing was collected at discharge. We used whole blood impedance aggregometry using the Multiplate aggregometer with arachidonic acid (AA), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen, and thrombin receptor peptide agonist (TRAP) as agonists. Six-month follow-up was based on telephone contact and hospital discharge summaries if hospitalisation occurred. The primary combined endpoint included recurrent ACS and restenosis.The primary combined endpoint occurred in 28 (23%) patients. Among patients with the primary endpoint, we found significantly higher platelet reactivity as evaluated by aggregation testing using AA and TRAP at discharge following the initial infarction compared to patients without the primary endpoint (area under aggregation curve 1137.4 ± 198.5 vs 833.5 ± 253.4; p = 0.013 for TRAP-induced aggregation, and 333.0 ± 263.8 vs 186.9 ± 105.4; p = 0.019 for AA-induced aggregation). We found no relationship between ADP- and collagen-induced aggregation at discharge and the occurrence of the primary endpoint.Increased platelet reactivity evaluated by TRAP-induced aggregation is related to a higher rate of restenosis and recurrent ACS during a 6-month follow-up of diabetic STEMI patients treated with PCI.

25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 2118-2120, Placing the electrical contacts of both polarities on the back side of a solar cell reduces shading losses and is therefore beneficial for the solar cell efficiency. Few concepts are already on the market but it is expected that a large break through of back contact solar cells is coming in near future. To determine the solar cell performance it is essential that the current-voltage-curve under illumination can be measured accurately with a temporary electrical contacting. In this paper we discuss the requirements for a certified measurement of the solar cell performance with respect to back contact solar cells. In the experimental section we show how these requirements are fulfilled by a measurement chuck constructed at Fraunhofer ISE.