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Phosphonic acid was more effective in inhibiting the production of sporangia of Phytophthora clandestina in sterile pond water (ED50 = 1·4 p.p.m.) than it was in inhibiting the growth of mycelium of the fungus on either corn meal agar (ED50 = 13·8 p.p.m.) or lima bean agar (ED50 = 236 p.p.m.). Experiments under controlled environmental conditions showed that better control of tap root rot of subterranean clover caused by P. clandestina was achieved by application of potassium phosphonate to a pasteurized soil mixture than by a spray on the foliage alone. However, in a soil from a pasture, foliar sprays were more effective than soil treatments. Application of superphosphate at a rate of 250 kg/ha or higher to the soil reduced the effectiveness of sprays. In three experiments in irrigated pastures a spray of potassium phosphonate at 300 or 313 ml/ha, applied to cotyledons of subterranean clover and to soil, reduced severity of Phytophthora root rot and increased the annual production of dry matter of the legume by 1·96 to 5·11 t/ha in comparison with untreated controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a growth-cabinet experiment, Aphanomyces euteiches caused more severe root disease and greater reductions in root and shoot weights of subterranean clover cv. Mount Barker than Phytophthora clandestina in pasteurized sandy loam flooded with water for a 24-h period each week. A. euteiches also reduced plant growth more than P. clandestina in untreated sandy loam. In a similar experiment, both fungi caused the same amount of disease and reduction in growth of cv. Yarloop in pasteurized clay loam flooded for 24 h each week, and P. clandestina caused more disease and a greater decrease in plant growth than A. euteiches when the soil was flooded for 4 h each week. The pathogens did not interact positively in either soil. In an irrigated pasture, soil drenches with the fungicides metalaxyl and fenaminosulf together reduced both root rots to low levels and increased subterranean clover dry matter by 1.96,0.50 and 1.20 t/ha in the autumn, winter and spring of 1985, respectively, and by 0.59 t/ha in the autumn of 1986. Results suggest that P. clandestina caused most of these losses in yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of phosphonic acid (phosphorous acid) (Foli-R-Fos 200, 20% wlv potassium phosphonate) to control root rots of subterranean clover and ornamental plant species caused by Phytophthora spp. was evaluated. The fungicide effectively protected subterranean clover plants (cv. Woogenellup) from severe tap-root rot caused by P. clandestina in irrigated pastures and also protected several ornamental species grown in pasteurised potting mixes from severe root rot caused by either P. cinnamomi or P. cryptogea. The fungicide has the potential to restore the productivity of pastures based on the root rot susceptible subterranean clover cultivar Woogenellup in irrigated areas and offers an alternative to currently registered fungicides for the control of Phytophthora root rot of ornamental plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We aimed to identify and characterize the food environments from which young people obtain food and to explore associations between the type of food environment and food intakes., Methods: Young people (n = 86, mean age 17 years; combined data of two sequential pilot studies (collected in 2008-09) and a study conducted in 2011-12) recorded in 4-day self-complete food diaries what food they consumed and where food was sourced. Nutrient, fruit and vegetable intake was calculated according to the source of food, categorized using a food environment classification tool., Results: Over 4 days, respondents sourced food from an average of 4.3 different food environments. Home food was used daily and was more favourable in terms of nutrient profile than out-of-home food. Food sourced from specialist outlets, convenience stores and retail bakers had the highest energy density. Food from retail bakers and 'takeaway and fast food' outlets were the richest sources of fat while vending machines and convenience stores had the highest percentage of energy from sugar., Conclusions: This work provides details of 'where' young people obtain food and the nutritional consequences of choosing those food environments. While home food was a significant contributor to total dietary intake, food was obtained from a broad range of environments; particularly takeaway, fast food and education establishments., (© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Faculty of Public Health. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The aims were to: develop a food environment classification tool and to test the acceptability and validity of three secondary sources of food environment data within a defined urban area of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, using a field validation method. A 21 point (with 77 sub-categories) classification tool was developed. The fieldwork recorded 617 establishments selling food and/or food products. The sensitivity analysis of the secondary sources against fieldwork for the Newcastle City Council data was good (83.6%), while Yell.com and the Yellow Pages were low (51.2% and 50.9%, respectively). To improve the quality of secondary data, multiple sources should be used in order to achieve a realistic picture of the foodscape., (2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)