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The emergence of Chinese companies as key players in the global economy underscores China’s transformation into a global powerhouse. Through large sample analyses, case studies, and literature surveys, this special issue aims to enhance our understanding of this phenomenon, focusing on various aspects of the internationalization of Chinese firms over the past two decades and exploring their success as well as the challenges they face moving forward.

Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters are used to prevent fatal and nonfatal pulmonary embolism in patients who otherwise cannot receive anticoagulation for venous thrombosis. While generally safe and effective, complications can arise, especially after prolonged implantation. Timely retrieval is essential once the indication for insertion has resolved. However, encountering patients with long-standing embedded filters is not uncommon. This case report discusses the successful retrieval of a permanent Greenfield IVC filter after 29 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on a qualitative analysis of official documents, field observations, and interviews with citizens and planners, this article examines how Kashiwanoha International Campus Town has attempted to actively engage its new residents in smart city making despite being built from scratch. The study draws on recent scholarship advocating for a human-centered approach in which smart technologies are used as tools to address local social issues, meet resident needs, and engage citizens in the co-creation of the smart city. This perspective favors context-sensitive and collaborative approaches to smart city development, but building or rebuilding smart cities from scratch continues to capture the interest of enterprises and governments despite widespread criticism for lacking citizen input and struggling to foster community. The findings of the case indicate that actively investing in citizen participation and placemaking promotes community formation and fosters an open environment for innovation and experimentation. However, challenges remain in empowering grassroots innovation, implying that balancing community-driven and technology-driven smartification is difficult in such contexts. Overall, the paper contributes empirical evidence to limited understanding about the actual experiences of citizens living in similar developments, and it makes recommendations to shift the bleak narrative surrounding new smart cities in more positive directions.

The global low-carbon transition requires a tremendous boost in low-carbon infrastructure investment, and cross-border investment has a large role to play. This working paper provides a granular overview of investments into low-carbon infrastructure, both in the real economy and financial market. The descriptive analysis shows that there is room to scale up cross-border infrastructure investment and to shift investment into low-carbon assets. Specifically, low-carbon cross-border investment can be increased by shifting infrastructure investments, that currently flow into the financial economy, to the real economy and by incentivising the use of financing instruments, i.e., securitised products, that bundle projects and meet different liquidity tastes of investors. The analysis also highlights the important role of foreign direct investment (FDI) into infrastructure from foreign real economy companies (i.e., greenfield FDI into infrastructure). To date, greenfield FDI into infrastructure assets are still concentrated in assets that are not lowcarbon, especially in more developed countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Residents in new greenfield suburbs on the urban fringe often experience long delays in public transport provision leading to some developers choosing to fund and coordinate bus services themselves. This article reports on an investigation into this trend in Australia which uncovered ten such services which mostly offered direct connection to the nearest train station during peak periods. These were provided to improve the attractiveness and amenity of the estate. While such services are useful for early transport options, they are temporary and fairly limited and should be seen as a pathway to more comprehensive state-funded bus services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has inflicted a series of shocks on the global economy, not least impacting global trade and investment. During the same time, several countries adopted new foreign direct investment (FDI) related policies. This paper presents novel preliminary evidence on the effects of these new FDI policies and COVID-19-related supply-chain disruptions on cross-border investment. It employs, among others, granular data on FDI policies and investment projects undertaken in a wide range of sectors in 175 host economies worldwide by investors from 46 home countries. It finds that a combination of FDI policies and COVID-19-related measures has a statistically significant and economically meaningful negative effect on the probability of a new cross-border greenfield investment project occurring during the sample period. The effect is the strongest in sectors with high R&D intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a relação de determinação simultânea entre o aumento dos investimentos diretos estrangeiros (IDE) do tipo greenfield e brownfield e o crescimento do PIB per capita para um conjunto de 119 países ao longo do período de 2003 a 2018. Para isso, utilizamos um modelo de VAR em painel e calculamos as funções de resposta ao impulso, com o objetivo de comparar o efeito de um choque exógeno em ambos os tipos de investimento sobre a dinâmica do crescimento do PIB per capita ao longo do tempo. Além disso, realizamos também testes de causalidade de Granger e decomposição da variância do erro. Nossos resultados sugerem que um maior crescimento econômico tem um forte poder de atração de IDE do tipo greenfield em detrimento do tipo brownfield para todos os níveis de desenvolvimento econômico. Por outro lado, o retorno do IDE tanto do tipo greenfield quanto brownfield para o crescimento econômico parece ser negligenciável para todos os níveis de desenvolvimento.

Using data on Chinese outward direct investment and migrant stocks in 96 countries from 2003 to 2014, we find that migrant networks have a positive and significant impact on cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A), but not on greenfield investment. The migrant network effect is more pronounced for multinationals with less experience in the host country, especially for initial entrants that face greater firm, industry, and country-level information frictions. These results are robust to various estimation methods, including an instrumental variable approach that addresses potential endogeneity concerns. Our findings demonstrate the importance of knowledge spillovers from migrant networks to multinationals for facilitating entry into new markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benchmarking coal seam gas (CSG) production from Brownfield to Greenfield is an important step for assessing the development plan for Greenfield. However, the observed Brownfield production data is impacted by many factors besides reservoir properties, e.g., well spacing, well efficiency factor (WEFAC), surface pipeline network. This paper presents a case study in the Surat Basin to discuss how to benchmark CSG production from Brownfield to Greenfield. The selected Brownfield study area includes 143 wells and the Greenfield 450 proposed wells. Various tools for static modelling, decline curve analysis, and dynamic modelling were used in this study. Results show that the peak gas rate decreases quickly and the time to peak gas rate increases quickly when the WEFAC is less than 0.65. The peak gas rate is reached when the cumulative water production is between 39% and 46% of water-in-place for the selected box model. After introducing the wells' online time ratio or WEFAC from the daily production data and the ratio of the observed cumulative water production to the expected cumulative water production, gas production rates can be predicted based on the modified Morse potential energy equation. Artificial neural networks (ANN) can be used to estimate the peak gas rate, the time to peak gas rate and the decline rate based on the reservoir properties; while the ramp-up rate can be calculated from the time to peak gas rate. • 143 wells with seven years of production data were used in this study. • This study integrated static modelling, dynamic modelling and decline curve analysis. • Artificial neural networks can be used to estimate the peak gas rate, the time to peak gas rate and the decline rate based on the reservoir properties. • The well efficiency factor impacts the wells' peak gas rate, the time to peak gas rate, and the decline rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper “Considerations concerning foreign direct investments in Romania, period 2011-2019” aims at studying which the main types of foreign direct investments were, differentiated according to the contribution of the flow of foreign equity investments in foreign direct investment companies: greenfield, mergers and acquisitions, company development, company restructurings, in the analysed period.

The article deals with the concept of transforming the system of governance in the Russian Plekhanov University of Economics according to 5-100 Project. The authors’ concept puts forward a new approach to the administrative structure, which is determined by strategy of university development. The authors consider reasonable to build the original organizational structure of governance on the basis of education and research centers (ERC), which will provide training of highly qualified specialists, research work and commercialization. They substantiate three principle lines in transforming the system of governance: to give divisions operative and economic independence; to organize interaction between ERC, departments and faculties (to transfer methodological work with education products - key education programs of training from faculties to ERC); to provide conditions for reorganizing faculties into profile mobile directions of education programs with contingents of students and learners. Graduate departments should have project groups of key education programs of training, including people from divisions, such as departments, faculties, academic schools and ERC laboratories engaged in this work. System and creative solutions in step-by-step selection and development of students’ talents will give the Russian Plekhanov University of Economics an opportunity to stand out among competitors and contribute to the university leading positions on labour market.

Compensation grouting has been widely applied for the vertical deformation control of constructed facilities. However, few studies have been conducted on the horizontal displacement control of underground facilities using grouting. A field test of compensation grouting was conducted in a greenfield site to investigate the mechanism of horizontal displacement control. Both horizontal displacement and pore-water pressure of soil were monitored. A sophisticated finite-element model was developed and verified by field measurements. A comparison of various models showed that it was necessary to consider the nonuniform expansion of the conditioned zone for displacement prediction and the fissures for the simulation of pore pressure dissipation. The parametric study showed that the grouting-induced horizontal displacement of the silty clay could be predicted by a power model. The displacement decreased to 10% of the maximum value at a distance of 3 m, which could be defined as the effective controlling range of grouting. A hyperbolic model was proposed to calculate the efficiency of horizontal displacement. The efficiency of horizontal displacement reached 90% of its limit value when the grouting volume was approximately 2.3 m3, which could be regarded as an optimum grouting volume in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporating industrial symbiosis benefits into biorefinery opportunities can reduce new investment costs and possibly improve the green credentials of processes. The existing wood‐processing cluster at Kawerau, New Zealand, with easy access to wood‐processing residues, excess on‐site geothermal energy, and on‐site use of products, could provide significant symbiotic benefits for the development of biorefinery opportunities. To quantify the potential benefits of this site symbiosis, we undertook a detailed techno‐economic and risk analysis for co‐production of bark briquettes and tannin adhesive from wood bark in greenfield and in Kawerau scenarios. Kawerau site benefits were quantified and their impacts on opportunity viability were assessed. Symbiotic use of the tannin adhesive produced on site and the use of the geothermal heat available in Kawerau reduced the utility cost by 45% and total capital investment by 56% compared with a greenfield operation. This improved the overall economics significantly, with the internal rate of return increasing from 6 to 22%. Monte Carlo simulations showed that the water : bark ratio and tannin yield have profound effects on process economics. Process improvements show a greater effect on improving the overall economics than price volatilities of input materials. The study findings confirm the significant economic benefits of incorporating industrial symbiosis at existing wood‐processing sites, and help to identify research needs for tannin process improvements. © 2021 Argonne National Laboratory. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the competition between American states for economic development, about half of American states offer lower levels of labor rights in the form of "right-to-work" (RTW) laws. RTW states often tout their advantages in competing for foreign investment, but do foreign companies really want weaker labor regulation? Many foreign firms locate production in the United States not to lower labor costs but for other reasons, such as proximity to consumers or to employ highly skilled workers, implying that differences across labor regulations within rich countries may be declining in importance. In this article, we investigate the relationship between RTW laws and greenfield foreign direct investments. In particular, we explore recent RTW changes across two states, Indiana and Michigan, controlling for national trends in foreign investment. Adopting RTW increases foreign investment in manufacturing in both states, but Michigan's RTW law is associated with gains in service-sector projects even while Indiana's is not. While RTW may attract more manufacturing, it is not enough to generate broad-based gains across the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cities continue to grapple with a rising demand for housing, which affects affordability and the well-being of its citizens. This growth continues to put pressure on the delivery of adequate, affordable housing in well-located areas while the availability of infrastructure and proximity to economic nodes remains a challenge. This has led to increasing infill development of medium-density to high-density affordable housing in greenfield areas located adjacent to higher-income neighbourhoods. Aim: This study investigates how a new affordable housing development influences the locational and structural values of the adjacent, existing housing market. Setting: Transactional data of residential sales for two areas in South Africa are used to measure the value change. Both areas are located within an urban setting next to an open, greenfield area that was redeveloped for affordable housing. Methods: Two case studies are used and analysed with hedonic pricing modelling to identify and measure the value change for the locational and structural characteristics before and after the development of affordable housing. Results: The results reveal a changing housing market as the locational and structural characteristics change in value, further highlighting the importance of careful planning that preserves the existing market and also supplies affordable housing. Conclusion: The value of several structural characteristics of properties will change, revealing just how consumer preference responds when affordable housing is introduced in an existing housing market. Distance to an affordable housing project continues to influence the house market value and careful consideration should be made when planning to integrate an affordable housing development in an existing neighbourhood.

Since the dawn of the nuclear era, more than two dozen nuclear power reactors have been permanently shut down in the United States. At some point, the remaining 100 nuclear power reactors currently operating in the United States also must be permanently shut down. But after a reactor is no longer generating power, how will the next step, known as decommissioning, be accomplished? In theory, the process is straightforward. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission requires that after a nuclear facility is retired, it be decontaminated, with all its nuclear fuel, coolants, and radioactive wastes removed. Once this is completed, the owner's license is terminated, and the site is considered to be freely available for other uses--with some restrictions, as needed, on a case-by-case basis. But if recent history is any guide, owners of a nuclear power plant that is no longer operating can take a range of approaches to accomplishing the end goal of "greenfield" status, in which the site is in the same pristine condition it was before the plant was built. There are three main approaches in real life: "do it yourself," "wait and see," and "calling in the decommissioning cavalry." A few case studies give an idea of what to expect based on the experiences so far. They do not cover every factor in decommissioning decision making but reveal some of the potential pitfalls, problems, and dangers that could accompany the upcoming wave of decommissionings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Josef Godwin Greenfield was one of the fist and prominent neuropathologist in Britain. • He was appointed as a pathologist at the national hospital Queens Square, London. • He has published an outstanding atlas on myopathology in 1958. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cities continue to grapple with a rising demand for housing, which affects affordability and the well-being of its citizens. This growth continues to put pressure on the delivery of adequate, affordable housing in well-located areas while the availability of infrastructure and proximity to economic nodes remains a challenge. This has led to increasing infill development of medium-density to high-density affordable housing in greenfield areas located adjacent to higher-income neighbourhoods. Aim: This study investigates how a new affordable housing development influences the locational and structural values of the adjacent, existing housing market. Setting: Transactional data of residential sales for two areas in South Africa are used to measure the value change. Both areas are located within an urban setting next to an open, greenfield area that was redeveloped for affordable housing. Methods: Two case studies are used and analysed with hedonic pricing modelling to identify and measure the value change for the locational and structural characteristics before and after the development of affordable housing. Results: The results reveal a changing housing market as the locational and structural characteristics change in value, further highlighting the importance of careful planning that preserves the existing market and also supplies affordable housing. Conclusion: The value of several structural characteristics of properties will change, revealing just how consumer preference responds when affordable housing is introduced in an existing housing market. Distance to an affordable housing project continues to influence the house market value and careful consideration should be made when planning to integrate an affordable housing development in an existing neighbourhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this article is to determine the impact of Polish FDI companies on their competitiveness, depending on their establishment mode choice in the host country (greenfield investment vs. acquisition). Research Design & Methods: The study used a direct interview method. The results were analysed using impact indicators (w) calculated as the arithmetic mean of numerical values assigned to each response as well as Fisher’s exact test. Statistical calculations were performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics software version 21.0.0.1. Findings: The impact of FDI on investor competitiveness in relation to the main competitors operating on the home market and on foreign markets depends on FDI entry mode (greenfield investment vs. acquisition), among other things. Implications & Recommendations: The results of this study may be the starting point for further research on the impact of FDI on competitiveness, particularly through foreign acquisitions. It should be assumed that as Polish companies gain experience on the international stage, this mode of entry will be chosen by investors more frequently. Contribution & Value Added: The uniqueness of the following study is in the presentation of the results of original empirical research, which demonstrate the relationship between the foreign establishment mode choice (greenfield investment vs. acquisition) and the competitiveness of investing companies. Ex post evaluations were taken into account while forming the conclusions.

A comparative analysis was conducted in this paper between a standalone and an integrated production model to assess their effectiveness as field development planning tools. Results showed that an Integrated Production Model was more efficient than a standalone model because interaction between different components of a production system were not captured for standalone models, hence less accurate in prediction. An Integrated Production Modeling approach was used in this paper for running sensitivities on optimum well count, production equipment sizing, pressure maintenance dynamics, and in evaluating development strategies for a Greenfield. A case study is presented in this paper in which gas and water production rates were constrained at 100 MMSCF/Day and 80 MSTB/Day respectively on the basis of the capacity of the surface facility network. An Integrated Production Model was developed for each of the four strategies considered in this paper and were simulated. Options 1 and 2 resulted to a recovery factor of 30.25 % and 34.95 % respectively at the end of prediction, and also met the constraints stated in this paper. Options 3 and 4 gave higher recoveries but did not meet the stated constraints and were not selected. Option 2 was selected as a preferred strategy because it resulted respectively to a cumulative oil production and an oil recovery factor of 35.29 MMSTB and 4.7 % higher than that obtained using option 1. Results showed the effectiveness of Integrated Production Modeling in optimal selection of the development strategy for a Greenfield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper "Considerations concerning foreign direct investments in Romania, period 2011-2019" aims at studying which the main types of foreign direct investments were, differentiated according to the contribution of the flow of foreign equity investments in foreign direct investment companies: greenfield, mergers and acquisitions, company development, company restructurings, in the analysed period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the influence of greenfield investment and brownfield investment on renewable energy consumption along with the moderating effect of government effectiveness in 68 countries over the period 2013 to 2014. In order to evaluate more holistic view of the empirical model, we further divide our data into two sub-panels based on country risk. By applying the system-GMM technique to mitigate statistical biases including endogeneity, the empirical results show that brownfield and greenfield investment positively influences renewable energy consumption in global and low-risk panel. However, there is no statistically significant effect of brownfield investment and adverse effect of greenfield investment on renewable energy consumption in low-risk countries. Results also show that effective governments promote the use of renewable energy but it does not moderate the relationship between brownfield investment and renewable energy consumption. On the other hand, government effectiveness strengthens the positive association between greenfield investment and renewable energy consumption in global and low-risk panel, while weakens the negative link between these variables in high-risk countries. Policy implications of our results are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investments are seen as the engine in any economic activity, regardless of its size. Starting from the objective started by the economic entity, it also contributes through the investments made to the harmonious development of the national economy, materialized in the growth of jobs, connection to international production networks, diversification and modernization of production capacities, increase of business environment sophistication etc. Globally, the economy has been increasingly unpredictable in recent decades, a period characterized by sudden changes, by the impact that the evolution of technology has had in certain sectors, rapid technological progress and by major economic disparities between highly developed, developing and underdeveloped states. Technological progress has a strong impact on the development of a country's economy. Foreign direct investment brings the "knowhow" needed for technological progress. The companies, together with the society's members, are the connecting factors through which this process of economic development propagates. This paper aims to assess the net impact of the presence of foreign companies in Romania in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemicellulose is a polymer found abundantly in lignocellulosic feedstocks, with many potential market applications. However, there has yet to be a large‐scale commercial process to isolate hemicellulose from lignocellulosic biomass. A techno‐economic assessment for hemicellulose extraction from sugarcane bagasse, switchgrass, and poplar was made. Two isolation processes after alkaline extraction were considered: (1) producing total hemicellulose and (2) producing hemicellulose A (water‐insoluble fraction) only. In a greenfield scenario, a byproduct of the process is sugar, whereas in a co‐location scenario the biomass after hemicellulose extraction is returned to the pulp mill for its fiber value. Operating costs, capital investment, minimum hemicellulose selling price (MHSP), the effect of input material and product prices along with several other process parameters on the MHSP were determined for each scenario. Co‐location scenarios had a dramatically lower capital cost and MHSP relative to greenfield scenarios. This was due to co‐location scenarios utilizing existing biomass processing and utilities equipment and not requiring a sugar‐production process. Among the three biomasses, hemicellulose extraction from sugarcane bagasse had the lowest MHSP for all scenarios, mainly due to a higher hemicellulose extraction yield. Extraction of hemicellulose A from sugarcane bagasse in a co‐location scenario had a low capital cost of 56 million USD and had a reasonable MHSP of 274 USD/t (metric ton). This research indicates that there is reasonable economic potential for hemicellulose extraction from lignocellulosic biomass for applications to replace starch or as a starting material for the production of xylo‐oligomeric prebiotics. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article retraces the history of a FIAT factory located in a greenfield site in the South of Italy through representations of industrial work that have evolved over time. Relying on ethnographic research that I conducted in the towns of Melfi and Potenza, I describe how different forms of understanding the work done there oppose, affect and modify each other. The factory's history from the early 1990s to recent years is divided into three main phases. The first section shows that external and self-produced representations of work were widely opposed in the first decade following the opening of the factory. The second section focuses on a strike that broke out in 2004, and its consequences in terms of collective memory. Finally, the third section demonstrates how some images shared by workers and local community have evolved from negative to positive, in a context of economic crisis. For each of the phases of the history of the factory, this article highlights local, national and global factors that determine the frames of reference within which perceptions of work are built. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adds an important explanatory variable to the well-established list of factors shown to influence the choice between foreign acquisitions and greenfield investments: the international strategy followed by the multinational company (MNC) in question. The MNC's international strategy is subsequently linked to the management of the two different entry modes by showing that differences in strategy are reflected in different headquarters-subsidiary relationships for acquisitions and greenfields. Some aspects of this relationship are also shown to change over time, a process that is mediated by the MNC's strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a panel dataset of 105 developing countries for the period 2003–15, this paper assesses the effects of Aid for Trade (AfT) on greenfield FDI flows to the aid‐recipient countries. Particularly, this paper classifies the total dollar value of greenfield FDI flows to each recipient country in terms of four different layers: the extensive and intensive margins of projects as well as the extensive and intensive margins of source countries. Applying the system GMM estimator, this paper finds that AfT not only increases the dollar value of FDI flows to the recipient countries but also helps diversify the greenfield projects and source countries. In addition, this paper finds that AfT has a greater effect for greenfield FDI from donor (developed) countries than from non‐donor (developing) countries. Among the three components of AfT, aid for trade‐related infrastructure and aid for trade policy regulations are found to have positive links with greenfield FDI, irrespective of source‐country groups, yet their effects are larger for developed source countries. In contrast, aid for building productive capacity hinders greenfield FDI flows from non‐donor countries, while it promotes greenfield FDI from donor countries. We offer some explanations for this finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows remain an important source of external financing for several countries in the Asian region including China and the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) bloc of economies. Greenfield FDI inflows particularly have facilitated the development of regional production networks and manufacturing supply chains in Asia. While it is well known that these economies have prioritized infrastructural development as a means of developing their manufacturing prowess, to what degree has the quality of physical infrastructure actually influenced FDI inflows coming into the region? By constructing a panel data for China as well as the ASEAN bloc for two decades from 1995 to 2016, we investigate the importance of infrastructure in determining Greenfield FDI inflows into these economies. Our results strongly suggest that roads emerge as the most robust determinant of Greenfield FDI inflows to China and ASEAN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]