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An estimation of various agro-biological methods in crop rotation of dry-steppe zone of light chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region is given. The effectiveness of a grain-fallow four-field crop rotation has been established, where green manure crop mass of winter rye, straw and leaf-weed mass of crops are plowed in soil, which increases organic matter and nutrient content in soil, reduces humus loss, and stabilizes grain yields. It was noted that only in four-field grain-fallow green manure crop rotation there is a positive balance of the main nutrients in the soil per hectare, where additional organic matter enters arable layer of soil in the form of winter rye green manure crop. In this variant, the balance was: nitrogen +39.7; phosphorus +0.7 and potassium +49.9 kg/ha. In six-field grain crop rotation with ginger as a sidereal crop, a positive balance is achieved only for phosphorus +14.1 and potassium +35.5 kg/ha, for phosphorus there is a negative balance of -3.5 kg/ha. In the eight-field grain crop rotation with 50% of legume crops, a positive balance is achieved only for potassium, +29.8 kg/ha. The balance of humus can be regulated by the structure of areas, alternation of crops in field crop rotations, application of plant residues in the form of sidereal crops, straw, leaf-weed mass, decrease in the proportion of fallow and tilled crops in the structure of biotivated crop rotations. The most complete biologization is possible in green manure crops, where humus losses decrease 1.5 times or more. A positive balance of organic matter is ensured in four-field biologized grain-fallow crop rotation - +3.33 t/ha.

Purpose. Purpose of the article is deep research of ecological and economical as well as organisational and agronomical aspects of the use of green manure crop planting during intermediate (after harvesting main cultures) periods in crop rotations of organic farming in crop farms of Polissia. Methodology / approach. The study was conducted at the Institute of Agricultural Microbiology and Agro-industrial Manufacture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine (NAAS) during 2011–2020 within the tasks of the relevant programs of scientific studies of the NAAS. Ecological and economical as well as organisational and agronomical aspects of using planting of green manure crop during intermediate (after harvesting main cultures) periods were analysed based on the results of the original study at the example of summarization of predicted results of the developed common models of organic crops rotations for crop farms of Polissia zone. The main methods: prediction (prediction of entry of nutrition elements, organic matter, etc.); calculation and constructive (calculation of the costs for cultivation of green manure crops and calculation of the value of fertilizing ability of their biomass, etc.); abstract-logical (making conclusions by the results of conducted studies); comparative analysis (comparison of green manure crops by the complex of biological, economical and organizational aspects); statistical series adjustment (determining a share of contribution of green manure crop planting during intermediate (after harvesting main cultures) periods in forming fertilizing potential of the developed models of crop rotation over time); monographic (studying biological and agronomical aspects of the use of green manure crops based on the results of other authors). Results. It was revealed that planting of green manure crops during intermediate (after harvesting main cultures) periods, when there is no possibility to use such important source of fertilization as manure is an important factor of improving fertilization potential of crop rotation and consequently productivity of agrocenoses. The above is particularly true for Polissia with its relatively low-productive soils on one hand and favourable natural climatic conditions for the use of green manure crops during intermediate (after harvesting main cultures) periods on the other hand. Our theoretical calculations have found that the developed organic crop rotations for plant farms of Polissia, the share of planting of green manure crops during intermediate (after harvesting main cultures) periods under their contribution in the fertilizing potential may be 18.5 to 27.0 % from all sources taken into account. At the same time, contribution of green manure crops in the processes of humus formation (humus maintenance) are less meaningful (4.7–6.4 %), however, namely due to the biomass of green manure crops as the additional source of forming (maintaining) humus, positive balances of humus are achieved in the range of cases. Originality / scientific novelty. Wide use of green manure crop planting during intermediate (after harvesting main cultures) periods for organic crop rotations of plant farms in Polissia was proposed for the first time and justified by ecological and economical, as well as organisational and agronomical parameters. To the best of our knowledge, we have performed the first economic evaluation of the fertilizing potential of the most common green manure crops in the practice of domestic agrarian production and calculated the value of nutrition elements contained in their biomass under different options of their use. Practical value / implications. Practical implications of the main results of the study involve, first of all, ecological and economic justification of the feasibility of wide use of green manure crop planting during intermediate (after harvesting main cultures) periods in crop rotations of organic production in Polissia and also recommendations in terms of their selection depending on the organisational and economic conditions of the certain farm. Moreover, feasibility of green manure crop planting during intermediate (after harvesting main cultures) periods is also topical for conventional farming system.

Приведены экспериментальные данные по эффективности применения многолетних трав на сидерат в сравнении с пластом многолетних трав, а также однолетних сидеральных культур люпина узколистного и фацелии в качестве предшественников для картофеля. Показаны положительная роль комплексного применения органоминеральных удобрений в севообороте, влияние их на урожайность культур, физические свойства почв и баланс питательных веществ., In this article we demonstrated obtained empiric data on effectiveness of perennial grass usage for green manure instead of sod layer. Effectiveness of annual green manure crops – blue lupin and facelia as preceding crops for potato is also shown. Our study also demonstrated the positive effect of complex application of organo-mineral fertilizers in crop rotation, their influence on the yield of crops and physical properties and nutritional balance of soil., №2(101) (2018)

опыте определяли засоренность посевов озимой пшеницы после следующих предшественников: чистый пар, горох на зерно, горох на сидерат, люпин на зерно, люпин на сидерат, вика + овёс на зерно, вика + овёс на сидерат. Наименьшую засорённость озимой пшеницы отмечали после бобовых, выращиваемых на сидерат, 71-76 шт./м2. После бобовых на зерно оставалось большее количество сорных растений – 83-113 шт./м2. Наименьшее количество сегетальных растений в посевах пшеницы отмечали после гороха и смеси вики с овсом, а самое высокое – после люпина, что связано с более продолжительным периодом вегетации этой культуры. Засоренность после чистого пара находилось на одном уровне с бобовыми, выращиваемыми на зерно. Потенциальная засорённость почвы перед посевом озимой пшеницы также зависела от вида предшественника. Меньше всего семян сорных растений отмечено при размещении после бобовых на сидерат – 23,5724,58 млн шт./м2. При этом достоверных различий между этими вариантами не выявлено. Потенциальная засорённость почвы после бобовых предшественников, выращиваемых на зерно, была больше – 29,11-34,09 млн шт./м2 . Меньше всего семян отмечено после гороха, а самое высокое после люпина. Максимальное количество семян сегетальных растений было после чистого пара – 43,08 млн шт./ м2. Наибольшее количество семян сорных растений отмечено в слое почвы 10-20 см. В верхнем 0-10 см слое величина этого показателя была меньше на 10,05-33,50 %, что связано с предпосевной обработкой почвы, проводимой после предшественников., In the experiment it was determined the infestation of winter wheat crops after the following forecrops: bare fallow, pea for grain, pea for green manure, lupine for grain, lupine for green manure, vetch with oat for grain, vetch with oat for green manure. The least infestation of winter wheat crops was after legumes, cultivated for green manure, – 83–113 pcs/m2. The least number of weed plants in wheat crops was after pea and the mixture of vetch with oat; and the greatest number of them was after lupine, which was associated with the longer vegetation period of this culture. The number of weed plants after bare fallow was at the same level as after legumes, grown for grain. The potential infestation of the soil before the sowing of winter wheat depended also on the type of the forecrop. The minimum number of weed seeds was after legumes for green manure, 23.57–24.58 million pcs/m2. At the same time, there were no significant differences between these options. The potential soil infestation after legumes grown for grain was more, 29.11–34.09 million pcs/m2. The least number of seeds was after pea, and the most one was after lupine. The maximum number of weed seeds, 43.08 million pcs/m2, was after bare fallow. The greatest number of weed seeds was in the soil layer of 10–20 cm. In the upper layer of 0–10 cm, the value of this parameter was less by 10.05–33.5% due to pre-sowing tillage after the forecrops.

К настоящему времени во многих регионах России было отмечено снижение почвенного плодородия. Использование минеральных и органических удобрений не поддерживает баланс питательных элементов в почве. В связи с этим особое внимание уделяется поиску дополнительных источников питания растений. В статье представлены данные по влиянию биопрепарата «Ризоагрин» на урожайность и качество зерна яровой пшеницы. Опыт проводился на дерново-подзолистой легкосуглинистой почве. Использование биопрепарата положительно повлияло на продуктивность яровой пшеницы и эффективность сидерата. Инокуляция семян биопрепаратом обеспечила прибавку урожая зерна на 13 %. Использование метода изотопной индикации с применением стабильного изотопа азота 15N позволило установить долю азота, фиксированного ризосферными диазотрофами, в формировании урожая, коэффициент использования азота из сидерата и влияние инокуляции семян «Ризоагрином» на коэффициент использования азота из биомассы сидерата. При инокуляции семян биопрепаратом на фоне Р60К60 увеличивался вынос азота с урожаем на 16 %, а в варианте с внесением сидерата — на 18 %. Использование биомассы горчицы белой в качестве зелёного удобрения способствовало приведению системы агрофитоценоза в устойчивое состояние гомеостаза. При использовании препарата «Ризоагрин» снижались доли газообразных потерь и улучшалась иммобилизация азота сидерата. Улучшение условий питания растений за счёт применения сидерата и биопрепарата увеличивало выход соломы. В среднем за 3 года сидерат в сочетании с «Ризоагрином» повысил сбор соломы с 7,38 до 12,07 г/сосуд (на 64 %). Однако эффективность «Ризоагрина» уступала действию сидерата, что говорит о невозможности замены органических удобрений биологическими препаратами., Since many regions of Russian Federation experience decrease in soil fertility, additional sources for crop nutrition are of great importance. The paper reports on the effect of biopreparation “Rizoagrin” on spring wheat grain productivity and quality. The experiment took place on sod-podzolic soil with low loam content. Biopreparation positively influenced wheat productivity as well as green manure efficacy. Seed treatment by the preparation provided yield increase of 13 %. Tracer test, using stable isotope 15N, determined nitrogen concentration, fixed by rhizosphere diazotrophs and used in yield formation, nitrogen use efficiency from green manure and effect of “Rizoagrin” on nitrogen use efficiency. “Rizoagrin” on the background of Р60К60 increased nitrogen consumption by 16 %, in combination with green manure crop — by 18 %. White mustard as green manure crop maintained homeostasis of agrophytocenosis studied. “Rizoagrin” decreased nitrogen gaseous loss and improved nitrogen immobilization of the green manure crop. On the average for 3 years white mustard in combination with “Rizoagrin” raised straw yield from 7.38 to 12.07 g/pot (by 64 %). However green manure had higher effectiveness, compared to “Rizoagrin”, proving inefficiency of organic fertilizer substitution by biological preparations., №12(2017) (2018)

The effect of biological control of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, on cucumber and lettuce was evaluated with green manure crop species in greenhouse. Nematicidal effect of sudan grass cultivation in cucumber greenhouse was comparable to that of chemical treatment with fosthiazate GR, showing the high activity of 88.6%. Sudan grass cultivation in lettuce greenhouse significantly reduced the number of M. incognita in soil, showing 93.5% of nematiidal activity. In addition, since growth of sudan grass was superior to other green manure crop species, it is considered that cultivation of sudan grass is proper to control M. incognita in greenhouse.

A long-term field experiment on organic material application and crop rotation with green manure crops has been conducted since 1976 at Lopburi Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Agriculture, Lop Buri Province, Thailand, to clarify the effect of organic materials and green manure crop on soil organic carbon changes. The stock change factors that stand for the relative change of soil organic carbon on the carbon stock in a reference condition (native vegetation that is not degraded or improved). Stock change factor for input of organic matter ( F I ), representing different levels of C input to soil such as organic material application, crop residue treatment and green manure crop cultivation, was computed with the present field experimental results. While the computed F I of "High input with manure" was within the range of IPCC default F I value, some of the computed F I of " High input without manure" was much higher than the IPCC default though it was varied due to the biomass production and nutrient contents of the green manure crops planted as the second crops after corn. Therefore, the F I computed by field experimental results can contribute to more accurate estimation of SOC changes in farm land especially in Southeast Asia because the default F I mostly depends on the experimental data in temperate zones. Moreover, the field experiment has focused the effect of reduced tillage practices on SOC changes and corn yield since 2011. The results of the experiment will be used to compute Stock change factor for management regime ( F MG ) which represents the effects of tillage operations.

In Crotalaria juncea L., adventitious buds were formed in cotyledonary explants cultured on 0.8% agar-solidified 1/2 MS basal medium containing B5 vitamins, 1.0 or 0.5 mg L -1 NAA, 5.0 or 10.0 mg L -1 BA and 3% sucrose. The frequency of adventitious bud formation was 30-45% in all combinations of NAA and BA. In histological observations, prominent mitotic figures were observed in several cells of the subepidermal palisade layers on the adaxial side of the explants in contact with medium after 3 days of culture. Calli were formed within 6 days of culture. After 10 days of culture, numerous mature tracheary elements were produced at random in the proliferated regions, and cell divisions at the superficial region led to the formation of the meristematic structure. The shoot apex of the seedling produced numerous trichomes from superficial cells, but the adventitious bud formed on the cotyledon produced no trichomes. Initiation of the meristematic region in the explant could be used as a target site for gene transfer experiments.

Zelena gnojidba ili sideracija predstavlja planirano unošenje u tlo nadzemne mase pojedinih kultura uzgojenih isključivo za tu namjenu. Siderati obogaćuju tlo organskom tvari, poboljšavaju biološku aktivnost tla, koriste teže pristupačna hraniva, dok na težim tlima utječu na biološku drenažu tla. Na lakšim tlima povećavaju kapacitet tla za vodu, utječu na pedohigijenu te osiguravaju opskrbu tla organskom tvari i bolju pristupačnost hranjivih elemenata. Za sjetvu siderata mogu se koristiti leguminoze ili neleguminozne vrste. Odabir siderata najčešće ovisi o vremenu u kojem se može zasijati, odnosno o tome kada je površina slobodna ili kada je skinut glavni usjev. Siderati se ne zasijavaju za komercijalnu proizvodnju, ali imaju važnu ulogu u plodoredu kod intenzivne ratarske i povrtlarske proizvodnje. Neki siderati izuzetno su dobri kao interpolirani usjevi koji sprečavaju širenje nematoda pri uzgoju u monokulturi. Važan je razlog sjetve siderata ekološka osviještenost i učinkovitost gospodarstva koje na taj način primjenjuje manje mineralnih gnojiva, a ujedno i sprečava ispiranje nitrata. S obzirom na to da je u sklopu mjera nitratne direktive predviđena i sjetva siderata kao pokrovnih usjeva, sve češće su takve vrste zastupljene na poljoprivrednim površinama., Green manure crop or sideration represents a planned incorporation into the soil of the above- ground mass of certain crops grown specifically for this purpose. Green manure crops enrich the soil with organic matter, enhance soil biological activity, and use nutrients more difficult to access, while they affect the biological drainage of firmer soils. On lighter soils, they increase the soil water capacity, affect pedohygiene and ensure the supply of soil organic matter and better accessibility of nutritional elements. For sowing green manure crop there can be used legume or non-legume species. Choosing green manure crop usually depends on the time in which it can be planted or when the surface is free, or when the main crop is taken off. Green manure crops are not sown for commercial production, but they have an important role in crop rotation for intensive farming and vegetable production. Some green manure crops are very good as interpolated crops that prevent the spreading of nematodes in monoculture farming. An important reason for planting green manure crops is the eco-friendliness and economic efficiency, which thus apply less fertilizers and also prevents the leaching of nitrates. Considering the fact that within the measures provided for Nitrates the sowing of green manure crop as cover crops is planned too, such species are increasingly represented in agricultural areas.