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It was reported that green leaf volatiles play vital roles in multiple plant biotic and abiotic stresses, however, their functions in drought resistance have not been determined. The present study was to investigate the possible role of (Z)-3-hexeny-1-yl acetate (Z-3-HAC), a kind of green leaf volatile, in alleviating wheat drought stress and the underlying physiological mechanisms governing this effect. Seedlings of a drought-resistant variety were primed with 100 μM Z-3-HAC at the four-leaf stage before drought treatment. Morphological analysis showed that the primed seedlings grew better and possessed higher biomass accumulation in both shoot and root under drought stress. Additionally, exogenous Z-3-HAC significantly increased the total root length, total root surface area, and total root volume of the seedlings under drought stress. Physiological measurements showed that the primed seedlings possessed higher relative water content (RWC), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm), photochemical activity of PSII (Fv′/Fm′), total chlorophyll content, activities of the antioxidant enzymes, and osmolyte accumulation under drought conditions. Furthermore, relative electrolyte conductivity (REC), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were significantly lower than in non-primed seedlings. Lastly, principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that Z-3-HAC protects wheat seedlings against damage from drought stress mainly through antioxidant and osmoregulation systems.

Bionic Al2O3 nanostructure was successfully prepared by using epipremnum aureum leaf as a bio-template. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG) were used to characterize the Bionic Al2O3.The results showed that the optimum temperature is 1200 °C, and the as received bionic Al2O3 was rhombohedral system with rod-like shape. The rod-like Al2O3 are all over the epipremnum aureum leaf blade, which perfectly builds up the original leaf surface morphology and porous structure of cross section.

For agricultural applications, identification of non-photosynthetic above-ground vegetation is of great interest as it contributes to assess harvest practices, detecting crop residues or drought events, as well as to better predict the carbon, water and nutrients uptake. While the mapping of green Leaf Area Index (LAI) is well established, current operational retrieval models are not calibrated for LAI estimation over senescent, brown vegetation. This not only leads to an underestimation of LAI when crops are ripening, but is also a missed monitoring opportunity. The high spatial and temporal resolution of Sentinel-2 (S2) satellites constellation offers the possibility to estimate brown LAI (LAIB) next to green LAI (LAIG). By using LAI ground measurements from multiple campaigns associated with airborne or satellite spectra, Gaussian processes regression (GPR) models were developed for both LAIG and LAIB, providing alongside associated uncertainty estimates, which allows to mask out unreliable LAI retrievals with higher uncertainties. A processing chain was implemented to apply both models to S2 images, generating a multiband LAI product at 20 m spatial resolution. The models were adequately validated with in-situ data from various European study sites (LAIG: R2 = 0.7, RMSE = 0.67 m2/m2; LAIB: R2 = 0.62, RMSE = 0.43 m2/m2). Thanks to the S2 bands in the red edge (B5: 705 nm and B6: 740 nm) and in the shortwave infrared (B12: 2190 nm) a distinction between LAIG and LAIB can be achieved. To demonstrate the capability of LAIB to identify when crops start senescing, S2 time series were processed over multiple European study sites and seasonal maps were produced, which show the onset of crop senescence after the green vegetation peak. Particularly, the LAIB product permits the detection of harvest (i.e., sudden drop in LAIB) and the determination of crop residues (i.e., remaining LAIB), although a better spectral sampling in the shortwave infrared would have been desirable to disentangle brown LAI from soil variability and its perturbing effects. Finally, a single total LAI product was created by merging LAIG and LAIB estimates, and then compared to the LAI derived from S2 L2B biophysical processor integrated in SNAP. The spatiotemporal analysis results confirmed the improvement of the proposed descriptors with respect to the standard SNAP LAI product accounting only for photosynthetically active green vegetation.

Background: Regarding the chronic nature of epilepsy, and drug resistance in many cases, herbal medicine has received remarkable interest. Objective The present study aimed to determine the anticonvulsant effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Ocimum basilicum green leaf on Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure in male mice. Methods: In this experimental study, 48 albino male mice, weighing 20-25 g were randomly divided into 6 groups. All study groups were injected intraperitoneally (IP). The negative and positive control groups received saline (10 mL/kg) and phenobarbital (40 mg/kg) respectively. The treatment groups received 100, 300, 500, and 1000 mg/kg doses of hydro-alcoholic extract Ocimum basilicum green leaf. To provoke convulsion, after 45 minutes, PTZ was injected (80 mg/kg) to all research groups; accordingly, the d initiation time of myoclonic and tonic-clonic seizures and the frequency of 24h death were measured. Results: The obtained results indicated that the extract delayed the initiation time of myoclonic and tonic-clonic seizures, compared with the controls. The delay was significant at doses of 1000 (P

A estrutura da pastagem é uma característica determinante tanto da dinâmica de crescimento da planta quanto do comportamento ingestivo dos animais. O objetivo do trabalho foi descrever a densidade da forragem e a proporção dos componentes morfológicos da planta, nos estratos verticais de pastagens de capim Marandu, submetido ao pastejo em diferentes alturas. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado e as análises de variância e de regressão. Durante o experimento, as alturas médias dos seis piquetes utilizados foram de 10, 17, 18, 29, 32 e 50 cm. O material coletado foi separado, em lâmina foliar, colmo verde e material morto, que foram analisados quanto ao teor de matéria seca, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro. Os estratos verticais apresentaram diferentes composições em relação aos componentes morfológicos de acordo com a altura do pasto. Os estratos próximos ao solo apresentaram maior densidade de forragem com valores de 370 a 543 kg/ha.cm, maior proporção de colmos verdes (30 a 53%) e material morto (25 a 52%) e menor de lâminas foliares (10 a 35%). Independente da altura do pasto, os estratos superiores são mais sensíveis aos efeitos do animal e do ambiente, e apresentaram maiores teores de PB e FDN para lâminas foliares e colmos. Nos estratos acima de 15 cm, os valores de PB e FDN das lâminas foliares verdes variaram entre 10,3 e 13,6% e 49,3 e 54,2%, respectivamente. O manejo em diferentes alturas altera as características dos estratos verticais do pasto, principalmente, nos estratos acima de 15 cm. Palavras-chave: Altura do Pasto. Densidade Forrageira. Colmos Verdes. Material Morto. Lâmina Foliar. Abstract The pasture structure is a determining characteristic of both the plant growth dynamics and the animals ingestive behavior. The objective of the work was to describe the density and the proportion of the plant’morphological components, in the pastures vertical strata of Marandu grass, subjected to grazing at different heights. The design used was completely randomized and the analysis of variance and regression. During the experiment, the average heights of six paddocks used were 10, 17, 18, 29, 32 and 50 cm. The collected material was separated into leaf blade, green stem and dead material, which were analyzed as to the dry matter content, crude protein and fiber in neutral detergent. The vertical strata presented different compositions in relation to the morphological components according to the height of the pasture. The near-soil strata showed higher forage density with values from 370 to 543 kg/ha.cm, higher proportion of green stems (30 to 53%) and dead material (25 to 52%) and smaller number of leaf blades (10 to 35%). Regardless of the height of the pasture, the upper strata are more sensitive to the animal and the environment effects, and presented higher levels of CP and NDF for leaf blades and stems. In the strata above 15 cm, the values of PB and NDF of the green leaf blades varied between 10.3 and 13.6% and 49.3 and 54.2%, respectively. The management of different heights change the characteristics of the pasturevertical strata, mainly in the strata above 15 cm. Keywords: Height of the Pasture. Forage Density. Green Stems. Dead Material. Leaf Laminas.

Plants can retain either physiologically active green leaves or inactive brown leaves over winter. Research has suggested that leaf retention incurs a cost due to higher herbivore load in the following year; however, no distinction has, thus, far been made between retention of green and brown leaves. We surveyed the over-winter retention of physiologically active green and inactive brown leaves of valley oaks (Quercus lobata) and examined their relationship with the diversity and density of 15 gall-making cynipid wasp species. Cynipid diversity in the spring was 8.2-fold greater on larger trees with more green leaf retention. Brown leaf retention was not associated with spring cynipid diversity, but was related to a substantial 20-fold reduction in spring cynipid densities on large trees. Retention of either leaf type was generally a poor predictor of summer cynipid diversity and density. Overall, green leaf retention better explained cynipid diversity, but brown leaf retention better explained cynipid densities. These differing effects may be explained by the fact that green leaves provide a common cue used by herbivores to find a suitable host. Retained brown leaves, however, may be an ecological trap for over-winter gall wasps that normally drop to the ground.

Sansevieria pfennigii, which to date has been a doubtful species, is confirmed as extant by a recent collection from the Lindi Region in southern Tanzania. The original description of the species, which is based on herbarium material only, is here emended based on additional observations recorded from living plants, including fruits that were previously unknown. Sansevieria pfennigii distinguishes from S. canaliculata, to which it was repeatedly assigned, by its capitate instead of elongate inflorescence, rough rather than smooth leaves, non-pungent instead of pungent leaf tips, dull green leaf colour, more delicate overall appearance, alongside other traits. The difference in inflorescence architecture indicates that these species belong to different groups within Sansevieria and are not closely related; the closest relatives of S. pfennigii are probably S. fischeri and S. stuckyi. Sansevieria pfennigii occurs on well-drained soil in forests, close to S. canaliculata populations. According to the extent of the population seen and the species’ overall rarity, it is tentatively assessed as critically endangered.

This study aimed to evaluate the physiological parameters and the biomass flow and structural characteristics of BRS Massai and BRS Tamani grasses under different irrigation conditions. The rating of gas exchange, biomass flow and structural characteristics were performed in dry periods and dry/rainy season, under the water supply of 30; 60; 90 and 120% of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial arrangement 4x2 (water supply and grass). The experiment was conducted in pots with capacity for 7.5 dm³, using as substrate layer of 0-0.2 m soil. There was no effect (P < 0.05) between the gas exchange in the dry period, having the largest growing parameters of irrigation schemes. In the transition period of dry/rainy, we observed a reversal behavior in relation to the dry period, showing a rapid recovery of grasses under the minor water supply. It was observed quadratic behavior to concentrations of CO2 in the leaf mesophilic (Ci) with maximum point to the BRS Massai grass and minimum point to the BRS Tamani grass, where the major and minor Ci were 119 and 48 ppm in the water supply of 107 and 35% of ETo, respectively. In relation to the biomass flow, the BRS Tamani grass presented greater stem elongation rate and leaf senescence rate in relation to BRS Massai in both periods assessed. In the dry period, we observed a higher biomass production of green leaf blades in the BRS Tamani grass, while in the transition dry/rainy season, the results for this variable were similar, and at the same time that observed higher accumulation of green culm biomass to the BRS Tamani grass, which certainly affected its structure. It is concluded that the application of a minimum daily water supply of 30% of ETo allows the maintenance of BRS Massai and BRS Tamani grasses without incurring the death of tillers and reduction of regrowth vigor, whereas the water supply of 90% of ETo favors the morphophysiological characteristics, especially of BRS Tamani grass. [Morfofisiologia de gramíneas tropicais sob diferentes regimes hídricos em duas estações de crescimento: II. capins BRS Massai e BRS Tamani]. Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros fisiológicos, as características morfogênicas e estruturais dos capins BRS Massai e BRS Tamani sob diferentes condições hídricas. As avaliações de trocas gasosas, do fluxo de biomassa e das características estruturais foram realizadas nos períodos seco e de transição seca/ águas, sob os regimes de lâminas de irrigação de 30; 60; 90 e 120% da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo). Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 4x2 (lâminas de irrigação e gramíneas). O experimento foi conduzido em vasos com capacidade para 7,5 dm³, utilizando como substrato a camada de 0-0,2 m do solo. Houve efeito (P < 0,05) entre as trocas gasosas no período seco, onde os crescentes regimes de irrigação proporcionaram melhores resultados. No período de transição seco/chuvoso observou-se uma inversão de comportamento em relação ao período seco, evidenciando rápida recuperação das gramíneas sob os menores tratamentos de irrigação. Observou-se comportamento quadrático para variável concentrações de CO2 no mesófilo foliar (Ci), com ponto de máximo para o capim massai e de mínimo para o capim-tamani, onde as maiores e menores Ci de 119 e 48 ppm nas lâminas de irrigação de 107 e 35% da ETo, respectivamente. No tocante ao fluxo de biomassa, o capim-tamani apresentou maior taxa de alongamento das hastes e de senescência foliar em relação a cultivar BRS Massai em ambos os períodos avaliados. No período seco, observou-se maior produção de biomassa de lâminas foliares verde no capim-tamani, enquanto que no período de transição seca/águas, os resultados para esta variável foram semelhantes, ao mesmo tempo em que se observa maior acúmulo de biomassa de colmo verde no capim-tamani, o que afetou sua estrutura. Conclui-se que a aplicação de uma lâmina mínima diária de 30% da ETo possibilita a manutenção das gramíneas BRS Massai e BRS Tamani sem incorrer em morte de perfilhos e redução do vigor de rebrotação, ao passo que a lâmina de 90% da ETo favorece as características morfofisiológicas, em especial do capim-tamani. Made available in DSpace on 2021-08-04T12:04:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC-2021-Art-13.pdf: 486559 bytes, checksum: 929bf3fb3ded6ca0719c3d55c68c130d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

The tea industry has the potentiality of the transform of socioeconomic conditions of rural Bangladesh which provides ample for self-employment of unemployed youth. The present study examines the socioeconomic characteristics, cultural practices and profitability of green leaf cultivation of the randomly selected 45 sample farmers from Panchagarh district in Bangladesh. Primary data were collected through field survey using an interview schedule. Some statistical measures like average percentage and ratios were calculated. The study showed that the average family size of the green leaf growers was 4.77. About 72 % of the respondents’ education levels were primary to higher secondary. On an average 100 % of the tea estates owners’ occupation was business while majority of smaller growers and small holder occupation was agriculture. The average size of land holding per family was 12.16 hectares. But on the other hand, area under tea cultivation was found to be 8.50 hectares. The number of bushes planted per hectare was 15218. The study showed that on average 71% farmers maintained the plant spacing (3 ft. x 2.5 ft.). It was found that 58% farmers plucked more than 3 leaves and bud. On an average, per kilogram cost of green leaf was Tk.11.60 ($ 0.137) and Tk. 13.15($ 0.155) on the basis variable and fixed cost, respectively. The cost was the highest in small holder while it was the lowest in the small farmer. The average per kilogram gross margin of green leaf was Tk.8.90 ($ 0.105). But on the other hand, per kilogram net benefit was Tk.7.35 ($ 0.087). The net benefit was the highest among the small farmer due to lower cost; while net benefit was the lowest in small holder due to higher cost of cultivation. The benefit cost ratio was 1.57.

The objective was to evaluate the substitution of soybean meal (SM) of the protein supplement for encapsulated urea (UE; Optigen ®) on performance of beef calves during the dry season. Sixty Nellore calves were used, with body weight (BW) of 172.37 ± 19.93 kg, kept under grazing pasture of marandu-grass. The treatments were: 0% UE (100% SM e 0% UE); 25% UE (75% SM e 25% UE); 75% UE (25% SM e 75% UE); 100% UE (0% SM e 100% UE). A randomized blocks design was used with three replicates. There was no effect of the level of substitution of SM by UE on the average daily gain (ADG) and BW. ADG and BW were influenced by the period. For ADG the highest value observed in the last period (days 112-140) and smaller on the second period (day 56-112). There was an increase in BW until day 56, which did not differ from day 112 and then increased on day 140. The supplement intake was reduced by the inclusion of UE. It can be concluded that in pastures containing green leaf, the SM can be replace by UE without adversely affecting the productive performance of calves in the dry season.

В статье показаны результаты исследований на культуре лук батун при его выращивании в однолетней культуре. Были выявлены более позднеспелые формы, что важно для зеленных культур. Выделены образцы, которые предлагается использовать в селекционной работе в качестве генетических источников по признаку продолжительность межфазного периода «всходы-осеннее пожелтение листьев», это образцы №24, №32, №105, №107, №127, №128., The article shows the results of research on the culture of onion batun when it is grown in an annual culture. Later maturing forms have been identified, which is important for green crops. The samples that are proposed to be used in breeding work as genetic sources on the basis of the duration of the interphase period "shoots-autumn yellowing of leaves" are selected, these are samples №24, №32, №105, №107, №127, №128.

Bu çalışma, Harran Ovası koşullarında Şeker otu (Stevia rebaduiana Bert.)’nun verim ve bazı tarımsal özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla; 2016 yılı yaz yetiştirme döneminde GAP Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Koruklu Talat Demirören Araştırma İstasyonunda, kurulan denemenin 2. yılında yürütülmüştür. Denemenin sonuçlarına göre 1. Biçimde, çiçeklenme gün sayısı 127.32 gün, bitki boyu 68.90 cm, ocakta sürgün sayısı 6.82 adet ocak-1, yandal sayısı 5.72 adet bitki-1, yeşil herba ağırlığı 256.92 g bitki-1, yeşil yaprak ağırlığı 161.52 g bitki-1, kuru yaprak ağırlığı 53.13 g bitki-1, kuru yaprak oranı % 66.47, suda çözünmüş kuru madde oranı yaprakta %2.93, sapta %2.26 olarak, 2. biçimde ise; çiçeklenme gün sayısı 30.83 gün, bitki boyu 31.14 cm, ocakta sürgün sayısı 5.59 adet ocak-1, yandal sayısı 2.67 adet bitki-1, yeşil herba ağırlığı 29.82 g bitki-1, yeşil yaprak ağırlığı 21.70 g bitki-1, kuru yaprak ağırlığı 6.71 g bitki-1, kuru yaprak oranı %76.25, suda çözünmüş kuru madde oranı yaprakta % 1.86, sapta % 1.57 olarak saptanmıştır. Korelasyon analizine göre ise, kuru herba verimi üzerine; bitki boyu, yeşil herba verimi, kuru yaprak verimi, kuru yaprak oranı ve suda çözünmüş kuru madda oranı özelliklerinin önemli ve olumlu etkileri olduğu saptanmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde; şeker otu bitkisinden Harran Ovası koşullarında, yılda 2 biçim alınabileceği ancak, birinci bicimde solgunluk hastalığının görülebileceği ve ikinci biçimde bitkilerin sıcaktan olumsuz yönde etkilenebileceği söylenebilir.

Применение светодиодов перспективно в лампах для эффективного роста растений. Фитолампы предназначены для создания искусственного освещения сельскохозяйственных культур, чтобы обеспечить лучший рост и влиять на морфологию растений, а также на различные физиологические процессы, такие как цветение и эффективность фотосинтеза. Данная работа посвящена созданию умной светодиодной фитолампы с возможностью регулирования спектрального состава излучения в зависимости от стадии роста и вида растения и реализации записи программ освещения с целью ускорения развития культур. Был проведен ряд экспериментов, связанных с исследованием влияния различных параметров излучения на характеристики роста семян базилика сорта «Карамельный», мелиссы сорта «Лимонная», томатов сорта «Балконное чудо», огурцов сорта «Гармонист F1», с выявлением оптимальных параметров излучения, способствующих ускорению роста выбранных модельных растений. Для культур была измерена энергия прорастания семян и всхожесть. Также в ходе проведения исследований был произведен контроль таких параметров как средняя и максимальная длина гипокотиля, появление (отсутствие) первого зеленого листа, средняя и максимальная длина корня. На основании полученных данных по выращиванию некоторых культур было выявлено, что для повышения роста растений необходимы два вида светодиодов в различных соотношениях плотности фотосинтетического потока фотонов на разных стадиях развития – синие 440 нм и красные 660 нм. Была разработана светодиодная лампа с регулируемым составом излучения, которая содержит 16 синих светодиодов 440 нм и 16 красных 660 нм. В лампе была реализована возможность изменения спектрального состава излучения на разных этапах роста, благодаря чему, в соответствии с полученными данными развития культур, можно изменять параметры света.Применение светодиодов перспективно в лампах для эффективного роста растений. Фитолампы предназначены для создания искусственного освещения сельскохозяйственных культур, чтобы обеспечить лучший рост и влиять на морфологию растений, а также на различные физиологические процессы, такие как цветение и эффективность фотосинтеза. Данная работа посвящена созданию умной светодиодной фитолампы с возможностью регулирования спектрального состава излучения в зависимости от стадии роста и вида растения и реализации записи программ освещения с целью ускорения развития культур. Был проведен ряд экспериментов, связанных с исследованием влияния различных параметров излучения на характеристики роста семян базилика сорта «Карамельный», мелиссы сорта «Лимонная», томатов сорта «Балконное чудо», огурцов сорта «Гармонист F1», с выявлением оптимальных параметров излучения, способствующих ускорению роста выбранных модельных растений. Для культур была измерена энергия прорастания семян и всхожесть. Также в ходе проведения исследований был произведен контроль таких параметров как средняя и максимальная длина гипокотиля, появление (отсутствие) первого зеленого листа, средняя и максимальная длина корня. На основании полученных данных по выращиванию некоторых культур было выявлено, что для повышения роста растений необходимы два вида светодиодов в различных соотношениях плотности фотосинтетического потока фотонов на разных стадиях развития – синие 440 нм и красные 660 нм. Была разработана светодиодная лампа с регулируемым составом излучения, которая содержит 16 синих светодиодов 440 нм и 16 красных 660 нм. В лампе была реализована возможность изменения спектрального состава излучения на разных этапах роста, благодаря чему, в соответствии с полученными данными развития культур, можно изменять параметры света.

Germplam characterization was centered primarily on two major species, Basella alba L. and Basella rubra L. of the twenty four under study, Chadra, Bombay White, Soda Mota Pui, IGPB-2017-01, IGPB-2017-02, IGPB-2017-03, IGPB-2017-04, IGPB-2017-05, IGPB-2017-06, IGPB-2017-07, IGPB-2017-08, IGPB-2017-09, white green leaf margin colour were recognized as Basella alba L., while IGPB-2017-10, IGPB-2017-11, IGPB-2017-12, IGPB-2017-13, IGPB-2017-14, IGPB-2017-15, IGPB-2017-16, IGPB-2017-17, IGPB-2017-18, IGPB-2017-19, IGPB-2017-20, IGPB-2017-21 with red leaf margin colour was recognized as Basella rubra L. Germaplam characterization was centered secondarily on quantitative traits. Twenty four landraces of Indian spinach characterized in this study showed a broad variation for most of the qualitative traits under study. The variation in leaf colour, leaf shape, stem colour, stem shape, leaf margin colour, leaf margin and flower colour, were easily recognizable with visual appraisal in the material.

Phytochemistry and antioxidant activity ofAmaranthus viridisL (Green leaf) were undertaken with standard methods. The leaf sample after being screening for phytochemicals, contained tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, phenolic compounds, proteins and anthraquinones at different concentrations. A further study using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analytic method on the leaf sample revealed a total of twenty-two detailed compounds among which are 3-Hydroxy-N-methylphenethylamine, Erucic acid, n-Hexadecanoic acid, 1,2-Propanediol,3-chloro-, and Cystamine. 3-Hydroxy-N-methylphenethy lamine had the highest retention time; Erucic acid had the highest molecular weight while n-Hexadecanoic acid had the highest peal area. Most of the compounds have important applications in body care products and cosmetics, pharmaceutical or food industries.A. viridisleaf extract exhibited a better antioxidant activity against the ascorbic acid used as control in the present study. The phytochemicals present in the leaf sample could be behind its antioxidant activity. The study has shown thephytochemistry and antioxidant activity ofA. viridisleaf sample.

A unique trait, i.e. yellowing of apical/young leaves in response to low temperature and high relative humidity was identified in a chickpea genotype, ICCX110069. To determine inheritance pattern of this trait, ICCX110069 was crossed to four other genotypes, GL14050, GL14049, GL14059 and SAGL152117, that exhibited normal green apical leaves under similar environmental conditions. The F1, F2, F3, BC1F1 and BC1F2 generations were generated. A ratio of 13 normal green leaf: three yellow leaf was found to be the best fit, indicated digenic gene action with suppressor effect of normal green leaf over the expression of yellowing of apical/young leaf trait. The chlorophyll content was significantly lower, while guaiacol peroxidase activity was significantly higher in yellow leaves of ICCX110069 as compared to green leaves of the same genotype and of GL14049, indicating the competence of antioxidative defence mechanism involved with the expression of this trait.

This paper reports the development of a high-sensitivity gas sensor and the demonstration of selectively detecting green leaf volatiles (GLV, here hexanal) released from damaged plant leaves. The developed sensor is a conductivity sensor that utilized a 5.2-nm gap as the key detection site between electrodes. The gap was coated with with customized molecular probes toward binding to hexanal. The fabricated sensor demonstrated the detection of a GLV, hexanal, from the collected gas samples from damaged plant leaves, sorghum. Gas samples were collected into a tedlar bag from a glass jar containing damaged sorghum leaves. When exposed to hexanal concentrations from 77.7 to 5181.3 ppm, it produced output signal changes in resistance by 1.64~4.45 times. The sensor response time was measured as 41.6 min at a hexanal concentration of 77.7 ppm.

A field experiment on the efficacy of some insecticides in combination with neem against rice green leaf hoppers (GLH), Nephotettix virescens Distant, N. nigropictus Stal, and gundhi bug Leptocorisaacuta Thunberg was conducted during kharif 2017 at the Central Research Farm, Department of Entomology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar. Seven treatments viz., flonicamid 50%WG @ 75g a.i./ha, buprofezin 25%SC @ 200 ml a.i/ha, imidacloprid17.8% SL@35g a.i/ha, flonicamid 50%WG @ 37.5 g a.i./ha + multineem (300ppm) @ 1.25l/ha, buprofezin 25%SC @ 100 ml a.i./ha+ multineem (300ppm) @ 2.5l/ha, imidacloprid 17.8%SL @ 17.5 ml a.i./ha + multineem (300ppm) @ 1.25l/ ha, and multineem (300ppm) @ 2.5l/ha were evaluated. Results revealed that foliar spray of imidacloprid 17.8%SL @ 17.5 ml a.i./ha+ multineem (300 ppm) @ 1.25l/ha at 55 days after spraying (DAS) and 70 DAS were the most effective with 87.77% and 88.91% reduction of GLH and gundhi bug, respectively followed by imidacloprid 17.8%SL@35g a.i/ha with 85.73% and 85.14% reduction, respectively.