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Context: Green gram (Vigna radiata) is an important source of plant-based dietary protein. 'Physical dormancy' or 'hardseededness' is prevalent in many released varieties of green gram in India. Green gram seeds exhibit a variable proportion of hard seeds that do not imbibe water. Presence of hard seeds results in uneven germination, lower field emergence and leads to poor yield. Hardseededness is primarily attributed to thick impermeable seed coat, lignin content, and structural carbohydrates, which is controlled genetically as well as by prevailing environmental interactions. Aim: To identify the major biochemical and growing conditions regulating the hardseededness in green gram. Methods: Ninehard seeded (HS) and nine non-hard seeded (NHS) genotypes of green gram were evaluated for variation in hardseededness and physico-chemical parameters during two consecutive monsoon and summer season. Key results: Hardseededness varied significantly between HS and NHS genotypes as well as between the growing seasons. Physico-chemical parameters like lignin content, cellulose, hemicelluloses, total phenol, and calcium content varied significantly among HS and NHS genotypes and also between monsoon and summer produced seeds. Conclusions: Green gram genotypes produced in summer season exhibited lower proportion of hard seeds compared to those grown in the monsoon season. This may be due to higher atmospheric temperature at the time of seed maturity as well as relatively lower lignin, calcium, phenol, and structural carbohydrate content in varieties. Implications: Our findings indicated that the summer season may be preferred over monsoon for production of quality seeds of identified hard seeded green gram varieties. Green gram (Vigna radiata) is an important source of plant-based dietary protein. Green gram seeds exhibit variable proportion of hard seeds that do not imbibe water; known as 'physical dormancy' or 'hardseededness'. Seed hardness leads to extended cooking time to allow softening to a desired texture. A relatively low lignin, calcium, phenol, and structural carbohydrate content in varieties grown in summer seasons may be the reason behind lower occurrence of hard seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finger millet (FM/Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn.) and green gram (GG/Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) are suitable crops to be cultivated under moisture-limited conditions. This experiment investigated the interspecific facilitation of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) uptake and productivity performance of FM-GG intercropping system under moisture-stressed conditions. In a pot experiment, two crop species were cultivated as mono-cropping and intercropping under two moisture levels (well-watered and moisturestressed). Soil moisture in well-watered condition was maintained at 80% of field capacity, whereas moisturestress was imposed with 40%. Plant dry weight, panicle/grain yield, uptake of N and P, and use efficiency of those nutrients in biomass production were measured. Moisturestress significantly (P<0.05) decreased the panicle/grain dry weight of FM and GG. Though intercropping had no yield advantage for FM or GG either in well-watered or moisturestressed conditions, intercropped FM under drought stress and well-watered conditions had respectively 42% and 53% greater grain N accumulation than those of its monocultures. FM grown with GG acquired more (P<0.05) N than those cultivated in mono-cropping system indicating the interspecific facilitation of N uptake by FM in intercropping. Grain N accumulation of FM was also enhanced in intercropping system. There were no P benefits from the intercropping. The study indicates that interspecific facilitation of nutrient uptake in FM-GG intercropping happens only for N, resulting in grain N fortification of FM. Incorporation of legumes, particularly green gram, into FM cultivation in drought-prone areas could be a potential strategy for grain N enrichment of FM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV, Begomovirus vignaradiataindiaense) causes Yellow Mosaic Disease (YMD) in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). The biochemical assays including total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), ascorbic acid (AA), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) were used to study the mungbean plants defense response to MYMIV infection. A wide range was recorded for the Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC; 1.75-1266.98) and coefficient of infection (CI; 0.33–45.53). In YMD susceptible genotypes, significant variations were observed for TPC [2001.27-2834.13 mgGAE/100 g dry weight (DW)], TFC (252.65–341.30 mg/100 g DW), AA (40.33–64.69 mg/100 g DW), DPPH (32.11–53.47% scavenging effect DW), and FRAP (48.99-101.22 µmol Fe2+/g DW). Similarly, in resistant genotypes also wide range was recorded for TPC (1788.50-2286.38 mgGAE/100 g DW), TFC (206.12–337.32 mg/100 gDAS samples varied from 384. 6.46–47.64% scavenging effect DW), and FRAP (53.68-114.24 µmol Fe2+/g DW). Except for FRAP, other studied parameters were in the lower range in the resistant genotypes than the susceptible genotypes. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 132 genotypes have identified 31,953 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs). MLM (Mixed Linear Model) and BLINK (Bayesian-information and Linkage-disequilibrium Iteratively Nested Keyway) models have identified 119 shared SNPs for various biochemical traits and MYMIV resistance. The key candidate genes include VRADI09G06940 (YMD resistance, TIR-NBS-LRR class, chr. 9), VRADI01G05030 [flavonoid biosynthesis; MYB65 transcription factor (TF); chr. 1], VRADI03G07600 (phenol biosynthesis; GATA TF 16; chr. 3), VRADI04G08470 (ascorbic acid; heat shock protein 70 kDa protein; chr. 4), VRADI04G07510 (FRAP; subtilisin-like protease SBT1.9; chr. 4), and VRADI05G02870 (DPPH; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 2; chr. 5). The identified genomic resources will enhance mungbean genomics and facilitate the advancement of genomic-assisted breeding in mungbean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Germination is a sustainable and economical process that can enhance the bioactivities of commonly consumed cereal and pulses, contributing to healthier diets. Its effectiveness in increasing bioactives depends on the germination conditions. This study examined the impact of varying germination periods (2, 4, 6, and 8 days) following 12 h of steeping on rice, maize, green gram, and soy, focusing on key bioactive compounds, including total polyphenols, flavonoids, and total digestible starch. Cereal and pulses germinated for eight days demonstrated a significantly higher (P < 0.05) total polyphenol and flavonoid content along with elevated antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity strongly correlated to increased total polyphenol and flavonoid levels throughout the extended germination period. Moreover, the total digestible starch content (TDS) in rice, maize, and soy increased significantly (P < 0.05) because of the hydrolysis of starch molecules, while green gram showed twofold decrease in TDS, indicating the impact of germination on TDS content may differ across the type of cereal and pules. Using locally grown Sri Lankan grain varieties, such as rice, maize,green gram,and soy, this study fills the gap in existing database on the investigation of bioactive compounds and total digestible starch content, exploring the potential of germination of cereal and pulses to use in nutritionally rich products in the food and agriculture industry with a focus on sustainable food systems and healthier eating habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop height is an important agronomic indicator that plays a crucial role in assessing production levels, providing essential information about the crop health. This study demonstrates the application of machine learning models for estimating crop height of green gram and wheat using dual-polarimetric Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) datasets. Multi-temporal Sentinel-1A dual pol data obtained over agricultural areas in India during the green gram and wheat growing seasons in 2023 and 2024, along with comprehensive ground truth surveys. Fifteen key dual-polarimetric SAR observables were extracted and evaluated for their sensitivity to crop height in both crops. The most influential parameters identified for each crop were subsequently used as input features in several machine learning models. Results indicate that Random Forest Regressor (RFR) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models outperformed other models in estimating crop height. Specifically, for green gram, XGBoost ( R 2 = 0.98 , RMSE = 2.5 cm) and RFR ( R 2 = 0.85 , RMSE = 6.38 cm) demonstrated high modeling accuracy. For wheat, RFR achieved a high modeling accuracy ( R 2 = 0.8 , RMSE = 12.87 cm). These findings underscore the use of Sentinel-1 SAR data for precise crop height retrieval, suggesting its potential for operational applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is a emerging significant legume crop (Green gram) in summer season that plays vital role in the food and nutritional security accomplishment of the country and contributing to protein intake. It is a soil building crop and being a leguminous crop, it fixes atmospheric nitrogen through symbiotic fixation, there by helps in N cycling within the ecosystem. Methods: Cluster frontline demonstrations of greengram were conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kolipura Tappar, Harda (Madhya Pradesh) during summer season from 2018-19 to 2022-23. A total 250 front line demonstrations were conducted on green gram in 100 ha area by the active participation of the farmers with the objective of improved technologies of greengram production potentials. Result: The results of the demonstrations observed that on an average yield of greengram under improved technology ranged from 12.12 to 16.38 q/ha with a mean of 14.95 q/ha; which was 23.39 per cent more yield as compared to farmer's practices (12.01 q/ha). Moreover, average yield was also recorded higher under demonstration (16.38 q/ha) over district (16.0 q/ha) and State and country (12.09 and 570 q/ha), respectively. The study exhibited mean extension gap of 293.2 kg/ha, technology gap and technology index assessed more than potential yield of demonstrated variety MH-421. The average mean net return of Rs. 87737/ha with mean B: C ratio of 4.78 was obtained with improved technologies in comparison to farmers' practices (Rs. 65061.6/ha). The present study resulted to convincing the farming community for demonstration of new improved technologies, higher productivity and returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was carried out at Agriculture Research Station, Brinjhagiri, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University; Odisha during Summer 2022 entitled "Response of Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.) to major nutrients following omission approach under diverse dates of sowing" to find out most suitable time for sowing in summer season with relation to major nutrients. For this a split plot design was opted with the main plot consisting of 3 dates of sowing viz. 22nd January, 12th February & 5th March. And the sub plot consisted of 8 treatments with all the three major nutrients following omission approach viz. N1P1K1, N1P1K0, N1P0K1, N1 P0K0, N0P1K1, N0P1K0, N0P0 K1 & N0P0K0. A recommended fertilizer dose of 20-40-20 kg of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium per ha was applied. The following experiment showed that growth parameters and yield attributing characters varied significantly. Under nutrient treatments those that received all three major nutrients showed maximum values such as the plant height(45.10 cm), leaf number (25.83), dry matter accumulation(373.97 g/m2), CGR(3.12) and protein content (24.46). The maximum crop yield attributes were recorded for those sown on 12th February (7th SMW). The maximum seed yield of 936.9 kg/ha and stover yield of 2366.22 kg/ha was recorded from N1P1K1 tAreatments. The nutrient content and uptake was also found to be maximum for those under N1P1K1 treatment and the D2 (12th February, 7th SMW) sowing date. Regarding the economics of the various treatment combination, the treatment that received all three major treatments N1P1K1 fetched the highest net return of 30784 and maximum B:C ratio of 1.82 while those sown on D2 showed the highest return of 28631 and B:C ratio of 1.80. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mungbean plays a significant role in global food and nutritional security. However, the recent drastic rise in atmospheric temperature has posed an imminent threat to mungbean cultivation. Therefore, this study investigates the growth and physiological changes of 87 mungbean germplasm lines under heat stress. Genotypes were examined using parameters including leaf area, chlorophyll content, membrane stability index (MSI), stomatal conductance, pollen viability, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant, number of seeds/pod, 100-seed weight and grain yield/plant under heat stress and control environments. A wide range of variation was observed for these traits among genotypes under heat stress and control environments. Genotypes were also identified with variable responses under both environments. The phenotypic expression of selected promising accessions was also validated in control environment conditions at the National Phytotron facility. The selected promising genotypes viz., IC76475, IC418452 and IC489062 validated their heat tolerance behavior for key candidate genes revealed by quantitative realtime PCR (qRT-PCR). These mungbean genotypes can act as potential resources in the mungbean improvement programs for heat stress tolerance. This study also provides a comprehensive understanding of the key mechanisms underlying heat tolerance in mungbean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixtures of vegetable waste and leaves were used to prepare compost in piles. The carbon/nitrogen ratios of the biomass varied among the selected agricultural waste. Co-composting was carried out for six weeks with a starter culture. The organic matter of the leaves declined after four weeks of composting, and a stable compost was obtained after 42 days of composting. The compost temperature reached its maximum after 12 days and moisture content declined continuously up to 42 days. The pH value of the compost increased slowly during composting and reached a maximum after six weeks. The electrical conductivity of the compost was suitable for plant nutrition. The organic matter, as organic carbon, declined, and organic nitrogen was increased. The carbon/nitrogen ratio of the mature compost was decreased. The decreased levels of carbon/nitrogen ratio reflected the maturity of the compost. The organic matter (%) was maximum (>50%) before composting process and it decreased gradually. The seed germination index was higher after 42 days of composting. The compost-treated plant improved yield and green gram seeds showed the presence of antioxidant enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was conducted during the June - Aug 2017 at the experimental field, Department of Agricultural Botany, VNMKV, Parbhani utilized a randomized block design with three replications in BM-2002-01 green gram variety in black cotton soil to "study the effect of NAA, boron and molybdenum on growth and physiology of green gram (Vigna radiata Wilczek)" with combination of T0 (Control), T1 (NAA 40 ppm), T2 (Boron 0.2%), T3 (Molybdenum 0.05%), T4 (NAA 40 ppm + Boron 0.2%), T5 (NAA 40 ppm + Molybdenum 0.05%), T6 (Boron 0.2% + Molybdenum 0.05%) and T7 (NAA 40 ppm + Boron 0.2% + Molybdenum 0.05%). According to the study, there were statistically significant differences between the treatments and control conditions for plant height, number of branches, functional leaves, mean leaf area per plant and dry matter accumulation when treatment T7 (foliar application of NAA 40 ppm + boron 0.2% and molybdenum at 0.05%) was used. Furthermore, compared to the other treatment, T7 treatments elevated the growth parameter. The results of this study suggest that NAA, boron and molybdenum together can be used to increase green gram productivity in subtropical areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fermented fish amino acids (FAA) are organic acids known for promoting plant growth due to their essential components. It is widely used in tropical regions, such as India, Thailand, Indonesia, Laos, and other Asian regions, as well as in certain agricultural institutions in the northern Philippines. FAA is applied as a concentrated liquid diluted with water. The present study investigated the effects of FAA on the germination and growth of green gram (Vigna radiata), a key leguminous crop vital to human nutrition and global agriculture. Because of its high nutrient content from fish waste, FAA has attracted interest for its potential use as an organic fertilizer in sustainable farming. This study evaluates the effects of different FAA concentrations on germination rates, root and shoot growth, plant biomass, and photosynthetic pigments in green grams (Vigna radiata). FAA at 0.6 mg/mL caused a maximum shoot length of about 20 cm on day 6 and the highest root growth (length) at 0.8 mg/mL on day 6 compared to the other concentrations (0.2 - 0.6 and 1 mg/mL). Also, treatment with 1 mg/mL FAA induced the highest amount of plant biomass compared to others. The results show that FAA treatment considerably enhanced their germination rate, as well as shoot and root growth, and other growth parameters in Vigna radiata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green gram is an excellent pulse crop with high economic and nutritional values. Optimal water and nutrient application can boost yield, water productivity, nutrient use, energy indices, and economic gains. The field experiment comprising three irrigation schedules (one irrigation at pre-flowering, two irrigations at pre-flowering and pod formation, and three irrigations at branching, pre-flowering and pod formation stages) and four nutrient management (control, 100% recommended fertilizer (RDF), farmyard manure at 5 t ha−1, and 100% RDF + FYM at 5 t ha−1) was arranged in a split-plot design with three replications during the summer seasons of 2016 and 2017. Based on the principal component analysis technique and economic assessment of all the treatments studied, three irrigations at branching, pre-flowering and pod formation stages with the recommended fertilizer plus FYM resulted in the maximum growth, yield components, seed yield (784 kg ha−1), stover yield (2288 kg ha−1), highest NPK uptake, total output energy, net energy gain, greatest gross return (USD 749.7 ha−1), net return (USD 331.7 ha−1) and higher BCR (1.79). However, maximum crop water productivity and irrigation water productivity (0.55 and 0.96 kg m−3, respectively) were recorded with a single irrigation at pre-flowering stage in tandem with full recommended fertilizer and farmyard manure. A linear relationship was detected between seed yield and seasonal crop evapotranspiration (ETc) at different nutritional levels. Seasonal water consumtion of 178 mm corresponding to an irrigation amount of 170 mm with a yield of 620 kg ha−1 and CWP of 0.36 kg m−3 was a balance for optimum seed yield, ETc and CWP. The 0–30 cm depth of the root zone profile contributed 80–84% while the 30–60 cm depth accounted for 16–20% of total soil moisture depletion. Based on the physical and financial outputs, a three-irrigation schedule coupled with the full recommended fertilizer and manure was identified as the best management strategy for green gram production and can thus be recommended to farmers of non-saline coastal soils in eastern India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulse beetle, Callosobruchus spp., poses a threat to legumes by consuming the protein content of the grain, resulting in potential losses in storage ranging from 12 to 30%. Molecular marker technology helps to mitigate the breeding constraint in the development of bruchid resistance in green gram breeding programmes. In the present study, validation of locus-specific STSbr1 and STSbr2 markers linked with bruchid resistance was done using fifteen genotypes viz., VBN (Gg) 2 (susceptible) and Vigna radiata var. sublobata/2 (resistant), F1 hybrid, two susceptible and ten resistant RILs derived from the above parents. The marker STS br1 behaved as a dominant marker and produced an approximate allele size of 225 bp in the resistant parent, F1 hybrid and resistant RILs and absent in susceptible parent and susceptible RILs, which showed cent per cent co-segregation with bruchid resistance locus. Hence, it is concluded that STS br1 is linked with bruchid-resistant genes. The marker STS br2 behaved as a co-dominant marker and produced an approximate allele size of 470 bp in all the 15 genotypes evaluated (monomorphic) and did not differentiate the resistant and susceptible genotypes. The marker STS br1 could be used in marker-assisted selection to develop bruchid-resistant varieties and to screen the germplasm to identify bruchid-resistant donors in green gram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) is the key to several structural molecules and catalyzes numerous biochemical reactions in plant body besides its involvement in energy transfer. Any deficit in P availability is likely to result in reduced RNA and protein content, inhibiting crop growth and development. Thus, availability of soil P is extremely crucial for plant growth especially in acid soils of India, where most of the fraction is bound to solid phase rendering their availability. The present communication deals with the isolation of elite phosphate-solubilizing bacterial (PSB) strains from the acid soils to work out their ability to improve the fertilizer P use efficiency in the acidic environment. Initially twenty-six bacteria were isolated from the acid soils of Northeastern India. Among them, ten bacteria were selected based on formation of halo zone in the Pikovskaya agar plate. In addition, these bacteria were able to solubilize insoluble zinc (Zn) and potassium (K). The isolates were subject to in vitro optimization for P solubilization under different insoluble P source utilization and at different pH and salinity conditions. Strains AN3, AN11, and AN21 exhibited significant solubilization of insoluble P, Zn, and K, and were identified as Streptomyces sp., Enterobacter sp., and Paraburkholderia caribensis. These three bacteria solubilized 206.53 to 254.08 µg mL−1 P, 79.7 to 177.55 µg mL−1 Zn, and 0.96 to 1.56 µg mL−1 K from insoluble minerals. Their performance was further evaluated in pot culture experiment using green gram as test crop. These three bacteria were found to improve P uptake and dry matter accumulation in green gram plant substantially. Seed bio-priming with the PSB strains enhanced the efficiency of added P fertilizer, resulting in a 1.40 to 1.52 times higher effectiveness compared to the control. On the whole, AN11 may be ranked as best inoculant for the acidic soils of Northeastern India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulses form an integral part of vegetarian diet in the Indian sub-continent as these are good source of protein and help alleviating malnutrition on cost effective basis. Therefore, there is urgent need to increase the production and productivity of pulses not only to address the protein malnutrition but also to meet the massive requirement of 1500 million Indians by 2040. The study conducted at Bundelkhand University Jhansi in India during summer 2021 and 2022 aimed to assess the impact of seed hydropriming, plant spacing, and integrated nitrogen management practices (INM) on seed and biomass production and nutrient uptake by summer green gram crop. Seed hydropriming resulted in significantly higher pods/plant, pod length, seeds/pod, seed weight, harvest index, and seed index. Treatment G1 (30x10 cm) showed significantly higher pods/plant, pod length, seeds/pod, seed weight, harvest index, and seed index. Seed hydropriming led to a significant increase in seed and biomass production, with a yield of 858.61 kg/ha, 54.71% more than without seed priming treatment. Treatment G1 (30x10 cm) showed a 138.272% enhancement of yield up to 995.70 kg/ha over treatment G2 (30x20 cm). The biological yield was 1879 and 1985 kg/ha, respectively, significantly higher compared to the respective treatment factors. The INM treatment N5 led to the highest harvest index of 42.65%, which decreased in descending order to 41.70%, 40.61%, 38.80%, and 37.79% as a result of treatments N4, N3, N1, and N2, respectively. Treatment P1 resulted in uptake of 30.59 kg/ha N, 5.10 kg/ha P, and 16.59 kg/ha K, which increased significantly in treatment P2. Nutrient management of N5 (50% RDF through chemical fertilizer+50% RDF through Vermicompost) resulted in high absorption of 41.44 kg/ha N, 7.31 kg/ha P, and 21.01 kg/ha K, respectively. Treatment N4 resulted in removal of 39.49 kg/ha N, 6.90 kg/ha P, and 21.01 kg/ha K from soil. It is concluded that practices of seed hydropriming, crop geometry of 30x 10 cm row x plant spacing and conjunctive use of N, P, K nutrients equivalent to 50% of recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) coupled with 50% nutrients through organic sources (FYM and/ or vermicompost) were found optimum for maximizing vigor of plants through effective absorption of nutrients from soil, yield attributing characters, nutrient uptake, dry matter production and ultimately seed yield of green gram crop and recommended for large scale adoption by farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the aim to assess the effectiveness of seaweed extracts, specifically Kappaphycus alvarezii and Gracilaria, on seed yield in green gram (Vigna radiata L.) cv. VBN 2. The Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding at Annamalai University's Experimental Farm served as the site for the field trial. The results revealed that seeds soaked with Kappaphycus alvarezii (2.5%) exhibited higher value for the growth attributes, physiological traits, pod characters and seed yield attributes of green gram VBN 2. It also recorded days to first flowering in earlier days. The results of the present investigation suggest that in order to enhance growth and yield characteristics under difficult environmental conditions, green gram seeds should be treated with 2.5% Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed extract for 12 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural farming system (NFS) is one of the traditional cultivation methods to cut down production costs as well as dependence on external inputs. Being considered as an agro-ecologically diverse farming practice, it brings a host of ecological and social benefits. In order to know the sustainance of natural farming practice, field experiments were conducted at Zonal Agriculture Research Station (ZARS), V.C. Farm, Mandya, Karnataka, India for consecutive years (2019 to 2022). The experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design comprised of five replication and four different farming practices as treatments namely, absolute control (AC), organic production system (OPS), Natural farming system (NFS) and recommended package of practice (RPP) of UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru. The pooled data of farming practices indicated significant variation in growth, yield and nutrient uptake, among farming practices significantly higher growth, yield and nutrient uptake were recorded with RPP both in green gram and paddy. The results of four years pooled data indicated that compared to conventional farming practice, natural farming recorded decreased yield of 134 (23.53%) and 3350 kg ha-1 (74.49%) in green gram and paddy, respectively. Also recorded 33.38% and 30.23% weed control efficiency by mulching in green gram and paddy, respectively. Based on this study we found that low nutrient demanding crops such as green gram (Pulses) are more suitable under natural farming compared high nutrient demanding crops viz., Paddy. Yields under natural farming can be enhanced by application of Farm yard manure and other natural sources for plant nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to examine the growth rate and instability patterns of green gram cultivation for rabi season in all districts of Odisha over a specified time period. The analysis focuses on three key aspects such as the area under cultivation, the total production and the yield per hectare of green gram, which would be helpful in visualising the progress of the state with regard to cultivation. The study is based on secondary data, that are collected from the various volumes of Odisha Agricultural Statistics, employs the compound growth rate and Cuddy Della instability index to assess the growth and instability of green gram cultivation. After estimating the data of twenty-four years, the districts of Odisha are grouped on the basis of growth rate and instability respectively. Further, the test of significance of difference has done in mean area, production and yield of green gram among the grouping districts classified on basis of growth rate and instability under two categories as compared to Odisha. The growth trends show for the study period of 1994-95 to 2017-18, where Kandhamal district exhibited the highest growth rate in both area and yield, while Nuapada led in terms of production. The district Sundargarh exhibits the highest area instability index, followed by Kandhamal on production and Puri on yield. As in whole state, the positive and significant trends in area and production contrasted with an insignificant growth rate in yield, primarily influenced by the interaction effect of area and production. The study identifies the districts with high growth rate and low instability, suggesting potential factors such as technological adaptation and favorable agricultural conditions with adequate irrigation facilities. This suggests the need to explore and recommend the practices of high-performing districts for wider implementation, potentially leading to increased production which contribution to the overall development and economic well-being of Odisha's rural population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct selection of genotypes for high grain yield under moisture stress free (MSF) environment with minimal reduction in grain yield under terminal drought stress (TDS) environment is considered as the most effective and sustainable strategy to breed crops (including green gram) for drought tolerance. Identification of indices that discriminate genotypes for TDS tolerance and that have high correlation with grain yield under MSF and TDS environment is critical for success of this strategy. The present study was aimed at identifying desirable indices from among those reported for quantification of genetic variability and selection of TDS tolerant genotypes. A total of 52 Short duration and 77 long duration genotypes including three checks were evaluated in augmented design for grain yield in two locations (Bidar and Gulbarga) during summer season across two years (2018 and 2019) under managed TDS and MSF environments. Four reported indices namely Stress Tolerance Index (STI), Arithmetic Mean Productivity (AMP), Harmonic Mean Productivity (HMP) and Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP) were calculated based on grain yield of genotypes under MSF relative to TDS environment. The correlation coefficients of these indices with grain yield under TDS and MSF were estimated. Desirable indices were identified as those with high correlation coefficients (>0.91) with grain yield under TDS and MSF environments. Genotypes of both the maturity groups differed significantly for responses to TDS as in both the tested years and locations. Three of the four indices viz., STI, AMP and GMP were found desirable. On an average, short and long duration genotypes were comparable for TDS tolerance. Two and three genotypes from short and long duration groups, respectively were found highly tolerant to TDS based on the combination of the three desirable indices. These genotypes are suggested for use in breeding in green gram for TDS tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulse beetle (Callasobruchus maculatus) is a common infestation during storage of legumes in India, and presently being managed by chemical fumigation. In the present investigation, a non-chemical method based on dielectric heating by microwaves (900 W, 2450 MHz) was studied for disinfestation of green gram at different grain layer thickness (5, 10, 15 and 20 mm) and exposure durations (0–60 s). The susceptibility (LT95) of different stages was in the order of egg (31.668 s) > grub (40.388 s) > pupa (44.176 s) > adult (49.018 s). The adult was tolerant up to 50 s (R2-0.799, P < 0.01) to microwave exposure duration without green gram, and up to 30 s (R2-0.804, P < 0.01) with green gram. Hundred percent mortality was observed at 10 mm (30 s, R2-0.969, P < 0.01) and 15 mm (30 s, R2-0.972, P < 0.01) grain layer thickness without significantly affecting grain quality. Cooking time and germination did not vary significantly up to 30 s of exposure, thereafter, reduced significantly. However, water uptake did not vary significantly up to 60 s of exposure. The microwave radiations are found effective for disinfestations of green gram without significantly affecting the grain quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mungbean plays a significant role in global food and nutritional security. However, the recent drastic rise in atmospheric temperature has posed an imminent threat to mungbean cultivation. Therefore, this study investigates the growth and physiological changes of 87 mungbean germplasm lines under heat stress. Genotypes were examined using parameters including leaf area, chlorophyll content, membrane stability index (MSI), stomatal conductance, pollen viability, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant, number of seeds/pod, 100-seed weight and grain yield/plant under heat stress and control environments. A wide range of variation was observed for these traits among genotypes under heat stress and control environments. Genotypes were also identified with variable responses under both environments. The phenotypic expression of selected promising accessions was also validated in control environment conditions at the National Phytotron facility. The selected promising genotypes viz., IC76475, IC418452 and IC489062 validated their heat tolerance behavior for key candidate genes revealed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). These mungbean genotypes can act as potential resources in the mungbean improvement programs for heat stress tolerance. This study also provides a comprehensive understanding of the key mechanisms underlying heat tolerance in mungbean.

Background: Green gram (Vigna radiata), the third most important pulse crop, is grown in tank-fed, command areas after the harvest of paddy. In such areas, legume trees like Delonix regia and Peltophorum pterocarpum are commonly found and tree parts often fell in watercourses and were flown to crop fields along with irrigation water. Hence, it is necessary to study whether any allelopathic effect is present in these parts of trees which may affect the growth and development of green gram grown in farmland crops. Methods: Collected different tree parts viz., bark, leaf and fresh flower, a matured pod of Delonix regia and Peltophorum pterocarpum, cleaned and soaked distilled water at weight/volume ratio of 1:10 for 24 hrs. Aqueous extracts were filtered and tested for inhibition of green gram. Pot culture experiments were conducted with 10 treatments and four replications. Germination (%), shoot length (cm), root length (cm), fresh weight (mg), dry weight (mg), seedling vigour index-I and vigour index-II in green gram were recorded and the magnitude of inhibition versus simulation in bioassay was compared through response index. Result: Among the plant parts, Delonix regia flower and Peltophorum pterocarpum matured pods suppressed germination (45.00 and 60.00%), shoot length (13.87 and 13.39 cm), root length (4.27 and 10.49 cm), seedling vigour index-I (624.15 and 803.40) and seedling vigour index-II (960.75 and 948.00) respectively in green gram. This might due to presence of inhibitory chemicals in flowers of Delonix regia and matured pods of Peltophorum pterocarpum compared to other plant parts of trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Green gram is a rich source of protein, carbohydrates, dietary fibre, and minerals. However, accurate data on the nutritional composition of green gram remains scarce since most researchers reported the carbohydrate content using the 'by difference method'. The objective of the current study is to accurately estimate the nutritional and mineral composition of green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Results: Ten newly developed varieties and three local varieties of green gram were subjected to proximate and mineral composition analysis. The green gram varieties differed significantly (P < 0.05) for proximate and mineral content. From the results, they contain 62.5 to 84.6 g/kg of moisture, 28.3–37.4 g/kg of ash, 21.9–3.08 g/kg of fat, 484.6–535.7 g/kg of carbohydrate, 228.7–277.6 g/kg of protein, and 118.3–157.9 g/kg of dietary fibre. The most abundant mineral found was phosphorus, ranging 2716.66–4473.49 mg/kg followed by 3183.31–3597.61 mg/kg of potassium, 1506.51–1713.93 mg/kg of magnesium, 166.38–340.62 mg/kg of calcium, 40.16–348.79 mg/kg of iron, 27.60–34.35 mg/kg of zinc, 5.95–12.86 mg/kg of copper and 8.65–19.47 mg/kg of manganese. Conclusion: The newly developed varieties of green gram showed high protein and dietary fibre content, while the local varieties were high in calcium and iron. Hence, both types of varieties are nutritionally significant. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary challenge for farmers at present is providing for an ever-increasing population while having little available land that is severely polluted. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit interesting properties and potential for applications in various disciplines, especially as nanomaterials in agriculture. In this study, to improve the quality of green gram (Vigna radiata) seeds and the first-time cultivation of green gram pods, ZnO NPs were synthesized using seaweed (Codium decorticatum) extract. Several investigations show that the synthesis procedure of ZnO NPs determines the physicochemical properties of ZnO NPs. The antimicrobial efficacy of plant pathogenic organisms such as Xanthomonas phaseoli, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Cercospora canescens, Rhizoctonia bataticola, and Ascochyta phaseolorum was examined using the agar well technique. X-ray diffraction, UV spectrum, and field emission scanning electron microscopy analyses were used to investigate the structural, optical, and morphological characteristics of the thus-synthesized NPs, respectively. These analyses demonstrated the crystal structure and the spherical shape of the NPs and showed that they ranged in size from 25 to 35 nm. The purity of the NPs and the functional moieties contributing to their efficient manufacturing and stability were investigated using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Green gram seeds were subjected to foliar treatments of various concentrations of the synthesized ZnO nano-fertilizer. Among these concentrations, the 20 mg/L ZnO nano-fertilizer resulted in the highest level of biochemical content and improvements in different growth metrics in plants. These results show that the biosynthesis of ZnO NPs was safe, effective, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly. Furthermore, the thus-synthesized ZnO NPs showed strong antibacterial activity in plants. In addition, they were found to be efficient in improving the cultivation and production of green grams. Hence, these ZnO NPs show outstanding antibacterial activities and could be recommended as nano-fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was carried out to assess character association and genetic diversity among green gram genotypes. The results of correlation coefficient analysis revealed a significantly positive correlation for the traits viz., plant height, number of primary branches, number of clusters per plant, pod length, and number of seeds per pod with single plant yield. The path analysis revealed that the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and hundred seed weight had the highest positive direct contribution to single plant yield. Pod length showed a low indirect contribution to the total variance and all other traits showed a negative contribution to total variance.

Six plant powders viz. neem leaf powder, neem seed powder, neem cake powder, curry leaf powder, chili fruit powder and bael leaf powder each at 5 g/ kg and mustard oil at 5 ml/ kg of powder grains were evaluated for their effectiveness as grain protectants against Callosobruchus chinensis on green gram in storage. The results revealed that mustard oil and neem seed powder were more effective. The order of efficacy of remaining treatments was neem cake > neem leaf powder > curry leaf powder > chili fruit powder > bael leaf powder which were significantly superior over control. It was also found that treatments do not affect the germination of seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]