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Syfte: Städer behöver grönska, ekosystem och ekosystemtjänster. Grönytefaktor (GYF) är ett verktyg som säkerställer grönska i urbana miljöer. Jönköpings kommun ska som del i sin stadsutveckling av Södra Munksjön inkludera GYF i sin grönstrukturplan. För att utforma en GYF-modell måste man veta platsens förutsättningar och målbilden för staden. Denna studie syftar till att kartlägga de ES som finns i området idag samt vilka som bör skapas, skyddas, stärkas eller rent av skippas i den nya stadsdelen. Vidare studeras även hur den lokala GYF-modellen kan användas i andra områden i Jönköpings kommun. Metod: En kvalitativ studie har genomförts med hjälp av metoderna litteraturstudie, dokumentanalys, observation och intervjuer. Med utgångspunkt i Ekosystemtjänster i stadsplanering - en vägledning framtagen av ℅ city har ekosystemtjänster identifierats. Intervjuer har genomförts med landskapsarkitekter som arbetat med GYF i sammanhang som liknar det Södra Munksjön och Jönköpings kommun står inför. Resultat: Kartläggningen av ekosystemtjänster i Södra Munksjön visar att de flesta tjänsterna på ℅ citys lista kan identifieras och att de kulturella tjänsterna bör premieras i den GYF-modell som ska utformas för området. För att den lokala GYF-modellen ska kunna appliceras på andra områden underlättar det om modellens formuleringar är generella och kompletteras med separat platsspecifik information. För att GYF ska ge bra resultat är dock uttalade och formulerade mål att styra mot den viktigaste faktorn. Konsekvenser: Genom god planering kan en och samma lösning gynna flera ekosystemtjänster samtidigt, vilket rekommenderas i stadsmiljö. Slutsatsen är därför att fokus bör ligga på kulturella ekosystemtjänster och mångfunktionalitet som resulterar i att alla tjänster gynnas. Då GYF är ett nytt verktyg för Jönköping är det av stor vikt att inkludera berörda aktörer och byggherrar i ett tidigt skede. Begränsningar: Den kartläggning av ekosystemtjänster som gjorts i Södra Munksjön har utgått från en geografisk plats och dokument knutna till denna vilket gör att resultatet är begränsat till Södra Munksjön. Av den analys och diskussion som förs gällande hur en GYF-modell kan tas från ett aktuellt område till att appliceras på andra platser kan dock tas vidare av städer som planerar att använda GYF eller vill utveckla en befintlig GYF-modell. Purpose: Cities need greenery, ecosystems and ecosystem services. Green area ratio (GAR) is a tool that ensures greenery in urban environments. As a part of its urban development of the new city area Södra Munksjön the municipality of Jönköping will include GAR in the local plan for green structure. In order to design a GAR model, one must know the conditions of the site and vision of the city. This study aims to map the ecosystem services located in the area today as well as the ecosystem services that can be created, protected, strengthened or skipped in the new city area. Furthermore, it is also investigated how the local GAR model can be used in other areas in Jönköping municipality. Method: A qualitative study has been conducted with the help of literature studies, document analysis, observation and interviews. With starting point in the model of guidance on ecosystem services in city planning from ℅ city ecosystem services has been identified. Interviews have been conducted with landscape architects with experience from working with GAR in a context similar to the one in Jönköping. Findings: The mapping of ecosystem services in the area of Södra Munksjön shows that most services from ℅ city can be identified and that the cultural ecosystem services should be premiered in the GAR model designed for the city area. In order for the local GAR model to be applied in other areas, it's easier if the formulations in the model are general and supplemented with separate site-specific information. However, in order for GAR to produce good results the most important factor is to have stated and well formulated goals to aim for. Implications: Through good planning, one solution can benefit several ecosystem services at the same time, which is recommended in urban environments. Thus the conclusion is that focus should lay on cultural ecosystem services and multi-functionality that result with all services benefiting. Since GAR is a new tool for Jönköping, it is of great importance to include stakeholders and building contractors at an early stage. Limitations: The mapping of ecosystem services made in Södra Munksjön has been based on a geographical location and documents linked to this place, which means that the results are limited to Södra Munksjön. However, the analysis and discussion of how a GAR model can be taken from a current area to be applied elsewhere could be taken on by cities that are planning to use GAR or want to develop an existing GAR model.

Outdoor thermal environment in summer become worse due to a change of land cover and an increase of artificial heat release according to the urban development. In this paper, the authors have developed a new method for predicting the human comfort in outdoor thermal space with the aid of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). Furthermore, the effect of greening on outdoor wind and thermal environment was analyzed. Spatial distribution of SET (Standard Effective Temperature) was calculated in order to assess the pedestrian level comfort using the data given from the CFD predictions. Two cases of predictions were carried out. In easel, green area ratio of ground surface was assumed 10%, while the green area ratio of ground surface was changed to 100% in case2. By comparing the SET* distributions in both cases, effects of greening were thus clarified.

Urban forestry in sidewalks is essential to the maintenance of life quality, offering comfort to the city inhabitants. However, there are problems caused mainly by the lack of planning in the implantation and management of urban forestry. The aims of this work have been to carry out qualitative and quantitative analyses of the tree individuals and to evaluate the index of green area/inhabitant of the section Jardim Águas do Paiol, in the city of AraraquaraSP, Brazil. The inventory showed 159 trees belonging to 15 families, being Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch (oiti) the most frequent, with 23,71% and the least frequent, Schinus lentiscifoluis (pimenteira), with 1,92%. The total area of tree tops found in the streets and avenues of the section was 1.818,82 m2 and the green area ratio was 18,43m2 /inhabitant. The majority of the trees which are planted on the sidewalks don't conflict with aerial electric and telephone lines. A arborização urbana em calçadas é fundamental para a manutenção da qualidade de vida, proporcionando conforto aos habitantes das cidades. Contudo, existem problemas causados, principalmente, pela falta de planejamento na implantação e no manejo da arborização. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram realizar análises qualitativas e quantitativas dos indivíduos arbóreos e avaliar o índice de área verde por habitante do bairro Jardim Águas do Paiol, no município de Araraquara-SP. Por meio de inventário, foram encontradas 159 árvores pertencentes a 15 famílias, sendo que Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch (oiti) foi a mais frequente, com 23,71%, e a encontrada com menor frequência foi Schinus lentiscifoluis (pimenteira), com 1,92%. A área total de copa das árvores encontradas nas ruas e avenidas do bairro foi de 1.817,82 m², e o índice de área verde foi 18,43 m²/habitante. A maioria das árvores plantadas nas calçadas não está em conflito com as redes elétrica e telefônica aéreas.

Neste estudo, objetivou-se a obtenção, para o Município de Vinhedo (SP), de índices que auxiliem a indicação da ocupação dos espaços urbanos pela vegetação. Foi realizado o levantamento das praças localizadas dentro dos bairros e das árvores (altura, diâmetro da copa e circunferência à altura do peito) contidas nessas praças. Os índices de área verde calculados foram: Índice de Áreas Verdes Total (IAVT), Índice de Áreas Verdes para Parque da Vizinhança (IAVPV), Índice de Áreas Verdes para Parque de Bairro (IAVPB), Índice de Áreas Verdes Utilizáveis (IAVU), Índice de Área Verde por Bairro (AVB) e Índice de Cobertura Vegetal (ICV). O Município de Vinhedo apresentou pouca variação entre os índices IAVT = 2,19 m² e IAVU = 1,95 m², indicando que a maioria das áreas verdes era utilizável. O IAVT de Vinhedo estava abaixo do mínimo de 15 m²/habitante para áreas verdes públicas destinadas à recreação, sugerido pela Sociedade Brasileira de Arborização Urbana. This research was carried out to study, in the city of Vinhedo (SP), indexes that indicate the vegetation occupation in urban spaces. Data were collected by locating the commons in the neighborhoods and the tree measures (height, diameter and circumference at breast height), in those commons. The calculated indexes were Total Green Area Index (IAVT), Green Area Index for Near Neighborhood Park (IAVPV), Green Area Index for Neighborhood Park (IAPVPB), Usable Green Area Index (IAVU), Green Area Index for Neighborhoods (AVB) and Vegetation Cover Index (ICV). The city of Vinhedo showed few variation between the indexes IAVT = 2.19 m² and IAVU = 1.95 m² indicating that most of the green areas are usable. Vinhedo's IAVT is below the minimum of 15m²/inhabitant for public recreation in green areas, suggested by the Brazilian Society for Urban Forestation.