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Background: Persistent pain is a leading cause of disability worldwide yet implementation of clinical guidelines that recommend a biopsychosocial approach remains a challenge in clinical practise. Limited pain understanding amongst clinicians may be partly responsible for this., Purpose of the Study: 1) Qualitatively explore the experience of receiving PSE, understanding of PSE and operationalisation of PSE-related principles in routine clinical practice. 2) Quantitatively explore pain knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours of general practitioners (GPs) and nurse practitioners (NPs) before and after pain science education (PSE)., Methods: An exploratory, single-site, mixed-methods study in north-east England. Fifteen NPs/GPs completed questionnaires and a case-vignette before and after a 70-min face-to-face PSE lecture. Qualitative data were thematically analysed from two focus groups after the intervention., Results: Clinicians' relatively high prior levels of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour were similar after PSE. Qualitative themes described facilitation of self-reflection on pain management behaviours, and difficulties in operationalising PSE principles in practise including: limited patient rapport; short appointment times; patients' passive and often oppositional biomedical treatment expectations; and clinicians' lack of readily understandable language to communicate with patients., Conclusion: The findings highlight the value of PSE perceived by these clinicians who were already favourably inclined towards biopsychosocial pain management. They sought more resources for their personal learning and for communication with patients. Even with such favourable disposition, the practicalities and environment of clinical practice impeded the operationalisation of PSE-related principles., Trial Registration: This study was prospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.Gov ( NCT04587596 ) in October 2020., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Objectives: Evaluate the outcomes and explore experiences of patients undergoing a residential combined physical and psychological programme (CPPP) for chronic low back pain., Design: A longitudinal observational cohort design, with a parallel qualitative design using semistructured interviews., Setting: Residential, multimodal rehabilitation., Participants: 136 adults (62 male/74 female) referred to the CPPP, 100 (44 male/56 female) of whom completed the programme, during the term of the study. Ten (2 male/8 female) participated in the qualitative evaluation., Intervention: A 3-week residential CPPP., Outcome Measures: Primary outcome measures were the STarT Back screening tool score; pain intensity-11-point Numerical Rating Scale; function-Oswestry Disability Index (ODI); health status/quality of life-EQ-5D-5L EuroQol five-Dimension-five level; anxiety-Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7; depression-Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Secondary outcome measures were the Global Subjective Outcome Scale; National Health Service Friends and Family Test;., Results: At discharge, 6 and 12 months follow ups, there were improvements from baseline that were greater than minimum clinically important differences in each of the outcomes (with the sole exception of ODI at discharge). At 12 months, the majority of people considered themselves a lot better (57%) and were extremely likely (86%) to recommend the programme to a friend. The qualitative data showed praise for the residential nature of the intervention and the opportunities for interaction with peers and peer support. There were testimonies of improvements in understanding of pain and how to manage it better. Some participants said they had reduced, or stopped, medication they had been taking to manage their pain., Conclusions: Participants improved, and maintained long term, beyond minimum clinically important differences on a wide range of outcomes. Participants reported an enhanced ability to self-manage their back pain and support for the residential setting., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Zanha africana (Radlk.) Exell (Sapindaceae) root bark is used by farmers throughout sub-Saharan Africa to protect stored grain from bruchid beetles, such as Callosobruchus maculatus. Chloroform, methanol and water extracts of Z. africana root bark inhibited oviposition and caused significantly higher mortality of C. maculatus at a rate of application equivalent to that applied by farmers compared to control insects. The chloroform extract contained nor-hopanes rarely found in plants of which seven were isolated, one of which was previously known. Two of the most abundant nor-hopanes 3β,6β-dihydroxy-7β-[(4-hydroxybenzoyl)oxy]-21αH-24-norhopa-4(23),22(29)-diene and 3β,6β-dihydroxy-7β-[(4-hydroxybenzoyl)oxy]-24-norhopa-4(23),17(21)-diene were toxic to and reduced oviposition of C. maculatus in a dose dependent manner. Z. africana root bark is rich in insecticidal compounds that account for its effective use by smallholder farmers as an alternative to conventional insecticides., (Crown Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Pests and pathogens threaten coffee production worldwide and are difficult to control using conventional methods, such as insecticides. We review the literature on the chemistry of coffee, concentrating on compounds most commonly reported from Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora. Differences in chemistry can distinguish coffee species and varieties, and plants grown under different biogeographic conditions exhibit different chemotypes. A number of chemical groups, such as alkaloids and caffeoylquinic acids, are known to be insecticidal, but most studies have investigated their effects on coffee quality and flavor. More research is required to bridge this gap in knowledge, so that coffee can be bred to be more resistant to pests. Furthermore, we report on some pesticidal plants that have been used for control of coffee pests. Locally sourced pesticidal plants have been underutilized and offer a sustainable alternative to conventional insecticides and could be used to augment breeding for resilience of coffee plants.

Climate change, unseasonal fire and urbanization are contributing to the decline of Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis populations in the Turks and Caicos Islands (TCI). Infestation of pines with the invasive pine tortoise scale (PTS, Toumeyella parvicornis) is accelerating this decline. Pine trees in the Bahamas are larger and healthier and are not infested with PTS although they are subject to some of the same environmental pressures as the trees in TCI. Volatile compounds were collected from wild and nursery-reared P. caribaea var. bahamensis from TCI and the Bahamas and characterized using GC/MS analysis, to look for differences between the compounds detected in insect-infested pines of TCI and the healthy pines of the Bahamas. Ten compounds contributing at least 1% of the total detected peak areas in any one of the samples were selected for further study. Eight of these compounds were identified using authentic standards and mass spectral libraries. The main constituents in the samples were α- and β-pinene as well as β-phellandrene, and, together with β-myrcene, their contents varied the most between samples collected at different locations. Principal-component analysis showed that the two structural isomers of pinene, together with β-myrcene and β-phellandrene, contributed 98.4% of the variance between samples. There was a positive relationship between the concentrations of the two structural isomers of pinene and between levels of β-myrcene and β-phellandrene. The results are discussed in relation to the biology and adaptations of invasive scale insects, the importance of monoterpenes in pine as a defense against insect predation, whether these compounds can be used as indicators of tree health, and future directions for research into conserving the Caicos pine., (Copyright © 2015 Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta AG, Zürich.)

International trade in Brazilian rosewood, Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex Benth., is regulated by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). One problem in enforcing these regulations is the difficulty in distinguishing the wood of D. nigra from that of a closely-related but unregulated species, Dalbergia spruceana Benth. Using LC-MS to analyse methanol extracts of xylaria specimens, we identified a chemical marker for D. nigra heartwood, and determined its structure as the neoflavonoid 6-hydroxy-7-methoxy-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (4'-O-methylmelanettin; dalnigrin), using spectroscopic techniques. Dalnigrin was present in all nine available heartwood specimens of D. nigra, but it was not detected in extracts of 59 other heartwood samples representing 15 species of Dalbergia, including D. spruceana. Five other phenolic compounds were also isolated from D. nigra heartwood and similarly identified as the neoflavonoids 3'-hydroxymelanettin, melanettin, melannein and dalbergin, and the isoflavone caviunin. In extracts of D. spruceana heartwood, pseudobaptigenin was identified by LC-MS to be a major phenolic component that was not detected in wood extracts of D. nigra. We conclude that chemical analysis, in combination with anatomical investigation, can provide persuasive evidence to support the positive identification of untreated heartwood of D. nigra., (2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Extracts of whole booklice (Liposcelis bostrychophila)-sequentially extracted in hexane and aqueous 80% methanol (80%MeOH)-repel conspecifics. A methanol-soluble fraction (MFr) of the 80% methanol extract was more repellent than either its corresponding water fraction (WFr) or the hexane extract. The repellent effect of the MFr was repeatable across extracts prepared on different occasions over a 1 month period. Gas chromatography, mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses showed that saturated (C(16); C(18)) monoenoic (C(16:1); C(18:1)) and a dienoic fatty acid (C(18:2)) and the corresponding methyl esters of all but C(16:1) and C(18) constituted approximately 95% and 30%, of the detected compounds in the methanol fractions and the hexane extract, respectively. Qualitative thin layer chromatography showed that cholesterol was present in methanol fractions and the hexane extract, and also enabled tentative identification of triacylglycerols and phospholipids in the methanol fractions. Extracts of wheatgerm, dried skimmed milk powder, active yeast, and wholemeal flour-L. bostrychophila dietary components-were analyzed by GC-MS, and C(16), C(18:1) and C(18:2) were detected, indicating that C(18) and the methyl esters were not directly extractable and/or that they were products of booklice metabolism. A fatty acid amide (stearamide) previously identified in cuticular extracts of L. bostrychophila was not detected, and therefore was not responsible for the observed biological activity. Pure fatty acids and fatty acid methyl esters repelled settling of L. bostrychophila at 10 mM, with the exception of palmitic and stearic acids, indicating, among other things, a difference between the efficacy of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The effect of concentrations <10 mM was less significant, although palmiteoleic acid appeared to be attractive to L. bostrychophila at 0.1 mM. Fatty acids and fatty acid methyl esters were at a much lower concentration than 10 mM in the repellent methanol fractions, indicating that an interaction between known and as yet unidentified compounds is likely. The significance of fatty acids in relation to the biology and behavior of L. bostrychophila and their potential for use in traps and monitoring are discussed.

No-choice and binary-choice bioassays were used to test the effect of a range of plant-derived insecticides on the behaviour of larvae of the black blow fly Phormia regina (Meigen). Azadirachtin (100 and 10 ppm), pyrethrum extract (10 ppm) and the naphthoquinone BTG 505 (1000 ppm) acted as deterrents for P. regina larvae. The mortality of larvae was reduced in instances where they moved away from a treated diet. Larvae given a choice were heavier, when compared with larvae reared exclusively on diets containing either azadirachtin (100 or 10 ppm) or the naphthoquinones, BTG 504 (1000 ppm) or BTG 505 (1000 ppm). The deterrent effect of azadirachtin, pyrethrum and the naphthoquinone BTG 505 together with their larvicidal activity, could be utilized in prophylaxis against myiasis infections due to larvae of Phormia regina.

The forward-backward asymmetry in np-->dpi(0), which must be zero in the center-of-mass system if charge symmetry is respected, has been measured to be [17.2+/-8.0(stat)+/-5.5(syst)]x10(-4), at an incident neutron energy of 279.5 MeV. This observable is compared to recent chiral effective field theory calculations, with implications regarding the du quark mass difference.

A methanol extract of the pod surfaces of Cajanus cajan, a feeding stimulant for fifth-instar Helicoverpa armigera, was shown to contain four main phenolic compounds. Three of these were identified as isoquercitrin, quercetin, and quercetin-3-methyl ether, by comparing UV spectra and HPLC retention times with authentic standards. The fourth compound was isolated by semipreparative HPLC and determined to be 3-hydroxy-4-prenyl-5-methoxystilbene-2-carboxylic acid (stilbene) by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Quercetin, isoquercitrin, and quercetin-3-methyl did not affect the selection-behavior of fifth-instar H. armigera. However, larvae were deterred from feeding on glass-fiber disks impregnated with the stilbene. Furthermore, larvae exposed to quercetin-3-methyl ether consumed significant amounts of both disks. In a binary-choice bioassay, a combination of quercetin-3-methyl ether and the stilbene on one disk and pure quercetin-3-methyl ether on the other disk resulted in increased consumption of both glass-fiber disks by larvae. In contrast, consumption was reduced if the combination was presented to larvae on one disk with purified stilbene on the other disk. Cajanus cajan cultivars that varied in their susceptibility to H. armigera were surveyed forthe presence of the four phenolic compounds. An absence of quercetin and higher concentrations of isoquercitrin than the cultivated variety characterized pod surface extracts of pod-borer-resistant cultivars. In addition, the ratio of the stilbene to quercetin-3-methyl ether was greater in the pod-borer-resistant cultivars. These findings are discussed in relation to the identification of chemical characters that can be used for crop improvement.

Spin-dependent lepton-nucleon scattering data have been used to investigate the validity of the concept of quark-hadron duality for the spin asymmetry A1. Longitudinally polarized positrons were scattered off a longitudinally polarized hydrogen target for values of Q2 between 1.2 and 12 GeV2 and values of W2 between 1 and 4 GeV2. The average double-spin asymmetry in the nucleon resonance region is found to agree with that measured in deep-inelastic scattering at the same values of the Bjorken scaling variable x. This finding implies that the description of A1 in terms of quark degrees of freedom is valid also in the nucleon resonance region for values of Q2 above 1.6 GeV2.

Larvae of the black blowfly, Phormia regina (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) were exposed for 24 h to artificial diets that contained one of the following alkaloids: arecoline, caffeine, nicotine, quinine, sparteine or strychnine at either 1000 or 100 p.p.m. Each of the alkaloids caused reduced weight gain, relative to a control population in a no-choice bioassay and, with the exception of quinine, all alkaloids caused reduced larval weights in a choice bioassay. Larvae were unable to move away from diets containing arecoline (1000 and 100 p.p.m) and congregated away from diets containing 1000 p.p.m. quinine. Arecoline (1000 p.p.m) and both concentrations of nicotine caused significant mortality of larvae. Over a longer period (120 h), 10 and 1 p.p.m. nicotine resulted in significant numbers of larvae congregating away from a treated diet. Ten p.p.m. nicotine caused reduced weight gain over 120 h, although larvae provided with a choice were less affected. Exposure of larvae to dried residues of nicotine for 2 h did not affect subsequent development.

Experiments were conducted to observe the feeding and food selection-behaviour of different instars of the pod-borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in response to choices between the cultivated and a wild species of Cajanus. First and second instars fed upon a cultivated variety of Cajanus cajan in preference to a wild species, C. scarabaeoides and on flowers of C. cajan, rather than pods or leaves of C. cajan. First and second instars preferred pods of C. scarabaeoides with trichomes removed to pods with trichomes present. All instars fed upon pods of C. cajan rather than those of C. scarabaeoides. Solvent extraction of the pod surfaces affected the feeding of larvae, in some instances. They preferred the unextracted pods of C. cajan; the extracted pod of C. scarabaeoides (first and second instars) or the unextracted pod of C. scarabaeoides (fourth and fifth instars). Glass-fibre disc bioassays showed that the methanol, hexane and water extracts from the pod-surface of C. cajan stimulated the feeding of fifth instars. The experiments have shown that characteristics of C. cajan, such as either the compounds present or the type and distribution of trichomes on the plant surfaces, can determine the susceptibility of C. cajan to pod-borer larvae.

The parity-violating longitudinal analyzing power, A(z), has been measured in pvectorp elastic scattering at an incident proton energy of 221 MeV. The result obtained is A(z) = [0.84+/-0.29(stat)+/-0.17(syst)]x10(-7). This experiment is unique in that it selects a single parity violating transition amplitude (3P2 - 1D2) and consequently directly constrains the weak meson-nucleon coupling constant h(pp)(rho). When this result is taken together with the existing pvectorp parity violation data, the weak meson-nucleon coupling constants h(pp)(rho) and h(pp)(omega) can, for the first time, both be determined.

A new compound (1), named ericifolione, has been isolated from the hexane extract of the aerial parts of Kunzea ericifolia Rehb. (Myrtaceae) by bioassay-guided fractionation. It exhibits moderate insecticidal activity in comparison with natural pyrethrum extract.

The spines of 35 rabbits (32 New Zealand white and 3 AC/J), ranging in age from 3 months to 8 1/2 years, were investigated systematically for spontaneous degenerative changes. Three types of lesion were observed. (1) The nucleus pulposus underwent chondroid metaplasia throughout the length of the vertebral column by the age of 2 years. (2) Hydroxyapatite deposition was found in the nucleus pulposus in 12 of 20 animals examined roentgenographically. The lesion occurred principally in the distal thoracic segments and was first observed in 3-month-old rabbits. (3) Spondylosis occurred in each of four macerated spines from animals greater than 24 months old. Portions of the spine spared by disc calcification were affected.

Primary treatment by epidural injection of cortisone in patients suffering from characteristic diskogenic disease was helpful in 82% of patients. However, when given after three months of back pain, after previous laminectomies, and in patients actually suffering from an unstable spine which required fusion, epidural injections were of little value. No complications resulted from the injection and there was no compelling evidence to indicate that the placement of the needle by radiologic means is necessary. Because of these benefits and the fact that all of the patients were candidates for laminectomy, the use of this injection prior to surgery should be considered. The number of injections that may reasonably be given, the degree to which the patient should become asymptomatic, and the period of time during which relief continues remain to be clarified by a larger and more sustained study.