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3. Reflecting on research produced after more than 60 years of exclosures in the Kruger National Park

Author

Wigley-Coetsee, Corli, primary, Strydom, Tercia, additional, Govender, Danny, additional, Thompson, Dave I., additional, Govender, Navashni, additional, Botha, Judith, additional, Simms, Chenay, additional, Manganyi, Adolf, additional, Kruger, Laurence, additional, Venter, Jacques, additional, Greaver, Cathy, additional, and Smit, Izak P., additional

Published
2022
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8. The status of rhinoceroses in South African National Parks

Author

Ferreira, Sam M., Bissett, Charlene, Cowell, Carly R., Gaylard, Angela, Greaver, Cathy, Hayes, Jessica, Hofmeyr, Markus, Moolman-van der Vyver, Lizette, and Zimmermann, David

Abstract

African rhinoceroses (rhinos) experienced a poaching onslaught since 2008 with the epicentre in South Africa where most of the world's rhinos occur. South African national parks, under the management of South African National Parks (SANParks), are custodian to 49% of South Africa's white and 31% of the country's black rhinos. We collated information on rhino population sizes in seven national parks from 2011 to 2015. We include and report on rhino surveys in Kruger National Park during 2014 and 2015. South-western black rhinos increased over the study period, which allows SANParks to achieve its contribution to South Africa's 2020 target of 260 individuals. South-central black rhinos declined over the study period because of poaching in the Kruger National Park, making it difficult for SANParks to realise a 9% increase per annum for its expected contribution to the South African target of 2800 individuals. For southern white rhinos, SANParks requires 5% annual growth for its contribution to the South African target of 20 400 individuals. To continue to evaluate the achievement of these targets, SANParks needs annual population estimates relying on total counts, mark-recapture techniques and block-based sample counts to track trends in rhino populations. SANParks' primary challenge in achieving its contribution to South Africa's rhino conservation targets is associated with curbing poaching in Kruger National Park. CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS: The status and trends of rhino species in SANParks highlight key challenges associated with achieving the national targets of South Africa. Conservation managers will need to improve the protection of southern white rhino, while the Department of Environmental Affairs need to be made aware of the challenges specifically associated with not achieving targets for south-central black rhino. Outcomes for south-western black rhino have already realised and the good conservation efforts should continue.

Published
2017

10. The status of rhinoceroses in South African National Parks

Author

Ferreira, Sam M., primary, Bissett, Charlene, additional, Cowell, Carly R., additional, Gaylard, Angela, additional, Greaver, Cathy, additional, Hayes, Jessica, additional, Hofmeyr, Markus, additional, Moolman-van der Vyver, Lizette, additional, and Zimmermann, David, additional

Published
2017
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17. Density-dependent regulation of the critically endangered black rhinoceros population in Ithala Game Reserve, South Africa.

Author

Greaver, Cathy, Ferreira, Sam, and Slotow, Rob

Subjects
*GAME reserves, *BLACK rhinoceros, *ENDANGERED species, *DEMOGRAPHIC surveys
Abstract

Ensuring the persistence of populations of endangered species requires an understanding of, and response to, the causes of population declines. Species occurring in small populations are vulnerable to stochastic problems that are environmental, demographic, or genetic in nature and can reduce survival as much as the deterministic threats of habitat degradation. Critically endangered black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis) populations declined throughout Africa since 1960, with numbers steadily increasing at a continental level, but remaining lower than three generations ago. However, size, demographics, trends, and factors affecting these, are poorly known. We used 18 years (1990-2008) of long-term sightings data from Ithala Game Reserve, Kwa Zulu- Natal, South Africa, to determine population estimates, growth rate and fecundity over time, as well as sex and age structure and age-specific probabilities of survival. Calf survivorship between the ages of 0 and 1 year was 74% for females and 94% for males. Age-specific survivorship for both sexes was significantly higher from yearling to subadult age-classes (1-6 years) than for adults (7-30 years). The most frequent cause of mortality was attributed to unknown causes while fighting injuries was recorded as the second most common cause of mortality, particularly among subadult and adult males. There was no significant difference in the sex ratios at birth, although the proportion of females in the population was 0.58. There was strong evidence for density-dependent regulation, with density in conception year a key driver of population performance (birth rate). The population does not appear to be at ecological carrying capacity; however, social effects are delaying conception. To mitigate density-dependent social effects, we recommend an adaptive management strategy of pre-selecting individuals for removal from the reserve, so as to maintain stability in the social organization of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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